Reforming libel law: The public law dimension

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 561-585

  Loveland, Ian ^a  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84920412277     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589300060802     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. See R. Jenkins, “Tory MP Left with $250, 000 Bill for Blair Aide Case”, The Times, 3 May 1996.
2. Ashby's case received substantial coverage in both the tabloid and broadsheet press for a fortnight in Nov. and Dec. 1995. For a (perhaps less than entirely impartial) overview see A. Alderson, “The Gambler who Lost it All”, Sunday Times, 24 Dec. 1995.
3. See also J. Coles, “Estranged Bedfellows”, Guardian, 20 Dec. 1995.
4. D. Pallister, “Aitken Accuses Ex-Colleague of ‘Fantasy’ over Arms Sales”, Guardian, 7 Mar. 1996;
5. N. Wood, “Tories New Spin Doctor Co-Wrote Libellous Story”, The Times, 20 Dec. 1995.
6. G. Gibbs, “ Ashdown Sues Over ‘Sex Smear’ ”, Guardian, 6 Feb. 1996.
7. J. Sherman and J. Lansdale, “MP Must Answer Racism Accusation”, The Times, 1 Dec. 1995;
8. S. Bosely, “Shadow Minister Wins Libel Damages”, Guardian, 29 Feb. 1996.
9. [1993] 1 All E.R. 1011.
10. [1964] 3 All E.R. 947;
11. [1962] 2 All E.R. 714.
12. [1993] 4 All E.R. 975.
13. All E.R., p.988.
14. [1993] 1 All E.R. 1011.
15. [1991] 1 All E.R. 720.
16. A-G v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No.2) [1988] 3 All E.R. 545.
17. [1993] 4 All E.R. 975, 994.
18. (1979) 2 E.H.R.R. 245, 271.
19. [1993] 4 All E.R. 975, 997.
20. (1995) 20 E.H.R.R. 442.
21. (1992) 178 C.L.R. 44.
22. (1991) 172 C.L.R. 211.
23. See J. Thomson, “Slouching towards Tenterfield: the Constitutionalization of Tort Law in Australia” (1995) Tort L.Rev. 81.
24. (1991) 172 C.L.R. 211, 218–219.
25. C.L.R., p.220.
26. [1996] 2 All E.R. 35 (CA).
27. [1996] 2 All E.R. 35, 51.
28. All E.R., p.53.
29. All E.R., p.54.
30. All E.R., p.S8.
31. All E.R., p.64.
32. (1964) 376 U.S. 254.
33. See especially H. Kalven, “The New York Times Case: A Note on the Central Meaning of the First Amendment” (1964) Supreme Court Rev. 191;
34. Brennan, “The Supreme Court and the Meiklejohn View of the First Amendment” (1965) 79 Harv.L.R. 1.
35. Kalven, Harv.L.R., p.191.
36. Monitor Patriot v. Roy (1971) 401 U.S. 265
37. Curtis v. Butts (1967) 388 U.S. 130 and
38. Rosenblatt v. Baer (1966) 383 U.S. 75;
39. Walker v. Associated Press (1967) 388 U.S. 130.
40. See H. Kalven, “The Reasonable Man and the First Amendment: Hill, Butts and Walker” (1967) Supreme Court Rev. 267.
41. Rosenbloom v. Metromedia (1971) 403 U.S. 29:
42. Time Inc. v. Hill (1967) 17 L.Ed. 2d 456:
43. Gertz v. Kotert Welch (1974) 418 U.S. 323.
44. (1923) 139 N.E. 86.
45. For a general introduction to the area see Harris, O'Boyle and Warbrick, Law of the ECHR (1995), chap.ll:
46. Janis, Kay and Bradley, European Human Rights Law (1995), chap.6.
47. (1986) 8 E.H.R.R. 407;
48. (1992) 14 E.H.R.R. 445; and
49. (1995) 19 E.H.R.R. 389 respectively.
50. Lingens, E.H.R.R., para.41.
51. E.H.R.R., para. 42.
52. E.H.R.R., para.49.
53. E.H.R.R.
54. (1992) 14 E.H.R.R. paras 43 and 46.
55. (1995) 19 E.H.R.R. 389 para.57.
56. E.H.R.R.
57. “This is underlined by the wording of article 10 where the public's right to receive information and ideas is expressly mentioned”: E.H.R.R., para.58.
58. (1834) 149 E.R. 1044, 1049–1050.
59. [1960] 2 Q.B. 535.
60. (1799) 8 T.R. 293, 298.
61. (1853) 3 C. & K. 386.
62. [1960] 2 Q.B. 535, 565.
63. Q.B., p.569.
64. Q.B., pp.569–570.
65. [1984] 1 Q.B. 9 (CA).
66. Q.B., p.41 (per Fox L.J).
67. Q.B., p.26.
68. (1877) L.R.2C.P. 215.
69. L.R.2C.P., p.221.
70. [1984] 1 Q.B. 9, 35.
71. (1994) 68 A.L.R. 713.
72. A.L.R., p.766.
73. A.L.R., p.787.
74. Joyce v. Senugupta [1993] 1 All E.R. 897.
75. See Brennan J in Garrison v. Louisiana (1964) 379 U.S. 64.
76. Nationwide News v. Wills (1992) 177 C.L.R. 1;
77. Australian Capital Television v. Commonwealth of Australia (1992) 108 A.L.R. 577.
78. For comment see G. Kennet, “Individual Rights, the High Court and the Constitution” (1994) 19 Melbourne U.L.R. 581;
79. H. Lee, “The Australian High Court and Implied Fundamental Guarantees” (1993) Pub.L. 606.
80. A. Cassimatis, “Defamation$the Constitutional Public Officer Defence” (1996) Tort L.Rev. 27;
81. S. Walker, “The Impact of the High Court's Free Speech Cases on Defamation Law” (1995) 17 Sydney L.R. 43.