The role of primary care in low- and middle-income countries

Improving Mental Health Care: The Global Challenge

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 96-113

  Goldberg, David ^a   Thornicroft, Graham ^a   van Ginneken, Nadja ^b,c  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c Sangath   (India)

Author keywords

Cost effective treatments; Depression; Epilepsy; LAMIC; Mental disorders; Mental health; Training

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920390808     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118337981.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (82)

1. World Bank. (2012) List of Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available from: http:// data.worldbank.org/country. Accessed on 5 February 2013.
2. World Health Organization. (2011) World Mental Health Atlas. Geneva: World Health Organization.
3. World Health Organization. (1975) Organisation of MentalHealth Services in the Health Services of the Developing Countries. Technical Support Services #564. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4. Harding TW, de Arango MV, Baltazar J et al. (1980) Mental disorders in primary health care, a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychological Medicine 10:231-241.
5. Murthy RS, Wig NN. (1983) The WHO collaborative study for extending mental health care: a training approach to enhancing the availability of mental health manpower in a developing country. American Journal of Psychiatry 140:1486-1490.
6. Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M et al. (2007) Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370:878-889.
7. World Health Organization. (2008) Closing the Gap in a Generation. Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
8. Kigozi F. (2007) Integrating mental health into primary health care - Uganda's experience. South African Psychiatry Review 10:17-19.
9. World Health Organization. (2009) Mental Health Systems in Selected Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A WHO-AIMS Cross-National Analysis. Geneva: WHO.
10. Alonso J, Lepine JP. (2007) Overview of key data from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68 (Suppl. 2):3-9.
11. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. (2005) Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe - a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15:357-376.
12. Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG et al. (2005) Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. New England Journal of Medicine 352 (24):2515-2523.
13. Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J et al. (2007) Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet 370 (9590):841-850.
14. Dua T, Barbui C, Clark N et al. (2011) Evidence based guidelines for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: summary of WHO recommendations. PLoS Medicine 8:1-11.
15. Thornicroft G. (2007) Most people with mental illness are not treated. Lancet 370 (9590):807-808.
16. Eaton J, McCay L, Semrau M et al. (2011) Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 378 (9802):1592-1603.
17. World Health Organization. (2008) Mental Health Gap Action Programme. Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.
18. World Health Organization. (2010) mhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders in No-Specialized Health Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization.
19. Barbui C, Dua T, van Ommeren M et al. (2010) Challenges in developing evidence-based recommendations using the GRADE approach: the case of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. PLoS Medicine 7 (8): e1000322.
20. Hill S, Pang T. (2007) Leading by example: a culture change at WHO. Lancet 369 (9576):1842-1844.
21. Madon T, Hofman KJ, Kupfer L et al. (2007) Public health. Implementation science. Science 318 (5857):1728-1729.
22. Thornicroft G, Lempp H, Tansella M. (2011) The place of implementation science in the translational medicine continuum. Psychological Medicine 41 (10):2015-2021.
23. Tansella M, Thornicroft G. (2009) Implementation science: understanding the translation of evidence into practice. British Journal of Psychiatry 195:283-285.
24. Ventevogel P, Ndayisaba H, van de Put W. (2011) Psychosocial assistance and decentralised mental health care in post conflict Burundi 2000-2008. Intervention 9 (3):315-331.
25. Morón-Nozaleda MG, Gómez de Tojeiro J, Cobos-Muñoz D et al. (2011) Integrating mental health into primary care in Africa: the case of Equatorial Guinea. Intervention 9 (3):304-314.
26. de Jong TVM. (1996) A comprehensive public mental health programme in GuineaBissau: a useful model for African, Asian and Latin-American countries. Psychological Medicine 26:97-108.
27. Jenkins R, Kiima D, Okonji M et al. (2010) Integration of mental health into primary care and community health working in Kenya: context, rationale, coverage and sustainability. Mental Health in Family Medicine 7 (1):37-47.
28. Jenkins R, Kiima D, Njenga F et al. (2010) Integration of mental health into primary care in Kenya. World Psychiatry 9 (2):118-120.
29. Mbatia J, Jenkins R. (2010) Development of a mental health policy and system in Tanzania: an integrated approach to achieve equity. Psychiatric Services 61 (10):1028-1031.
30. Baingana F, Onyango Mangen P. (2011) Scaling up of mental health and trauma support among war affected communities in northern Uganda: lessons learned. Intervention 9 (3):291-303.
31. Bhana A, Petersen I, Baillie KL et al. (2010) The MHapp Research Programme Consortium. Implementing the World Health Report 2001 recommendations for integrating mental health into primary health care: a situation analysis of three African countries: Ghana, South Africa and Uganda. International Review of Psychiatry 22 (6):599-610.
32. Ssebunnya J, Kigozi F, Kizza D et al. (2010) MHaPP Research Programme Consortium. Integration of mental health into primary health care in a rural district in Uganda. African Journal of Psychiatry 13:128-131.
33. Budosan B, Frederique Bruno R. (2011) Strategy for providing integrated mental health/ psychosocial support in post earthquake Haiti. Intervention 9 (3):225-236.
34. Chowdhury AN, Brahma A, Banerjee S et al. (2006) Community mental health service by IRMC model involving multi-purpose health workers in Sundarban, India. International Medical Journal 13 (3):185-190.
35. Naqvi HA. (2010) Primary care psychiatry in Pakistan: issues and challenges. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 60 (10):794-795.
36. Budosan B. (2011) Mental health training of primary health care workers: case reports from Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Jordan. Intervention 9 (2):125-136.
37. Sadik S, Abdulrahman S, Bradley M et al. (2011) Integrating mental health into primary health care in Iraq. Mental Health in Family Medicine 8 (1):39-49.
38. Makanjuola V. (2010) Impact of a one week intensive training of the trainers of community health workers in South-West of Nigeria. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 2010 (2): A6, Conference proceedings of the 14th Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists Scientific Meeting, Brisbane.
39. El Gaili DE, Magzoub MM, Schmidt HG. (2002) The impact of a community-oriented medical school on mental health services. Education for Health 15 (2):149-157.
40. Quosh C. (2011) Takamol: multi-professional capacity building in order to strengthen the psychosocial and mental health sector in response to refugee crises. Intervention 9 (3):249-264.
41. Climent CE, de Arango MV, Plutchick R. (1983) Development of an alternative, efficient, low-cost mental health delivery system in Cali, Colombia. Part II: the urban health centre. Social Psychiatry 18:95-102.
42. Hijazi Z, Weissbecker I, Chammay R. (2011) The integration of mental health into primary health care in Lebanon. Intervention 9 (3):265-278.
43. Kohan I, Pérez-Sales P, Huamaní Cisneros M et al. (2011) Emergencies and disasters as opportunities to improve mental health systems: Peruvian experience in Huancavelica. Intervention 9 (3):237-248.
44. Jenkins J, Bobyleva Z, Goldberg D et al. (2009) Integrating mental health into primary care in Sverdlovsk. Mental Health in Family Medicine 6:29-36.
45. Zakroyeva A, Goldberg D, Gask L et al. (2008) Training Russian family physicians in mental health skills. European Journal of General Practice 14 (1):19-22.
46. van Deventer C, Couper I, Wright A et al. (2008) Evaluation of primary mental health care in North West province - a qualitative view. South African Journal of Psychiatry 14 (4):136-140.
47. Chisholm D, James S, Sekar K et al. (2000) Integration of mental health care into primary care. Demonstration cost-outcome study in India and Pakistan. British Journal of Psychiatry 176:581-588.
48. Chisholm D, Lund C, Saxena S. (2007) Cost of scaling up mental healthcare in low- and middle-income countries. British Journal of Psychiatry 191:528-535.
49. Araya R, Rojas G, Fritsch R et al. (2003) Treating depression in primary care in low- income women in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361:995-1000.
50. Araya R, Flynn T, Rojas G et al. (2006) Cost-effectiveness of a primary care treatment program for depression in low-income women in Santiago, Chile. American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (8):1379-1387.
51. Siskind D, Araya R, Kim J. (2010) Cost-effectiveness of improved primary care treatment of depression in women in Chile. British Journal of Psychiatry 197:291-296.
52. Patel V, Weiss H, Chowdhary N et al. (2010) Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (MANAS): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376:2086-2095.
53. Patel V, Weiss HA, Chowdhary N et al. (2011) Lay health worker led intervention for depressive and anxiety disorders in India: impact on clinical and disability outcomes over 12 months. British Journal of Psychiatry 199:459-466.
54. Pereira B, Andrew G, Pednekar S et al. (2011) The integration of the treatment for common mental disorders in primary care: experiences of health care providers in the MANAS trial in Goa, India. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 5:26.
55. Patel V, Chisholm D, Rabe-Hesketh S et al. (2003) Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of drug and psychological treatments for common mental disorders in general health care in Goa, India: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 361 (9351):33-39.
56. Chisholm D, Saxena S. (2012) Cost-effectiveness of strategies to combat neuropsychiatric conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study. BMJ 344: e609.
57. Vera M, Perez-Pedrogo C, Huertas SE et al. (2010) Collaborative care for depressed patients with chronic medical conditions: a randomized trial in Puerto Rico. Psychiatric Services 61 (2):144-150.
58. Ovuga E, Boardman J, Wasserman D. (2007) Integrating mental health in to primary health care: local initiatives from Uganda. World Psychiatry 6: 60-61.
59. Sharifi V. (2009) Urban mental health in Iran: challenges and future directions. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences 3 (1):9-14.
60. Noknoy S, Rangsin R, Saengcharnchai P et al. (2010) RCT of effectiveness of motivational enhancement therapy delivered by nurses for hazardous drinkers in primary care units in Thailand. Alcohol & Alcoholism 45 (3):263-270.
61. Pillay AL, Lockhat MR. (1997) Developing community mental health services for children in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine 45 (10):1493-1501.
62. Baker-Henningham H, Powell C, Walker S et al. (2005) The effect of early stimulation on maternal depression: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 90:1230-1234.
63. Patel V. (1996) Recognition of common mental disorders in primary care in African countries: should 'mental' be dropped? Lancet 347 (9003):742-744.
64. Patel V, Andrade C. (2003) Pharmacological treatment of severe psychiatric disorders in developing world: lessons from India. CNSDrugs 17 (15):1071-1080.
65. Linden M, Lecrubier Y, Bellantuono C et al. (1999) The prescribing of psychotropic drugs by primary care physicians: an international collaborative study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19 (2):132-140.
66. Goel DS. (2011) Why mental health services in low- and middle-income countries are under-resourced, under-performing: an Indian perspective. National Medical Journal of India 24: 94-97.
67. Wig NN, Murthy RS. (2009) Mental health care in India - past, present and future. The Tribune, October 10.
68. Isaac M. (2011) National mental health programme: time for reappraisal. In: Kulhara P, Avasthi A, Thirunavukarasu M (eds.), Themes and Issues in Contemporary Indian Psychiatry. New Delhi: Indian Psychiatric Society.
69. Ganesan M. (2011) Building up mental health services from scratch: experiences from East Sri Lanka. Intervention 9 (3):359-363.
70. Peterson I, Ssebunnya J, Bhana A et al. (2011) Research Programme Consortium. Lessons from case studies of integrating mental health into primary health care in South Africa and Uganda. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 5: 8.
71. Peterson I, Lund C. (2011) Mental health service delivery in South Africa from 2000 to 2010: one step forward, one step back. South African Medical Journal 101: 751-757.
72. Sharma S, Piachaud J. (2011) Iraq and mental health policy: a post invasion analysis. Intervention 9 (3):332-344.
73. Kakuma R, Minas H, van Ginneken N et al. (2011) Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action. Lancet 378 (9803):1654-1663.
74. Omigbodun OO. (2001) A cost-effective model for increasing access to mental health care at the primary care level in Nigeria. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 4:133-139.
75. Cohen, A. (2001) The Effectiveness of Mental Health Service in Primary Care: The View from the Developing World. Geneva: World Health Organization.
76. Hanlon C, Wondimagegn D, Alem A. (2010) Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Africa. World Psychiatry 9 (3):185-189.
77. Ran MS, Xiang MZ, Chan CLW et al. (2003) Effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention for rural Chinese families experiencing schizophrenia. A randomised controlled trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38:69-75.
78. Chatterjee S, Patel V, Chatterjee A et al. (2003) Evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation model for chronic schizophrenia in rural India. British Journal of Psychiatry 182:57-82.
79. Lam TP, Mak KY, Goldberg D et al. (2012) Western mental health training for traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 126 (6):440-447.
80. Saeed K, Gater R, Husain A et al. (2000) The prevalence, classification of mental disorders among attenders of native faith healers in rural Pakistan. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35 (10):480-485.
81. Razali SM. (2009) Integrating Malay traditional healers into primary health care services in Malaysia: is it feasible? International Medical Journal 16:13-17.
82. Robertson BA. (2006) Does the evidence support collaboration between psychiatry and traditional healers? Findings from three South African studies. South African Psychiatry Review 9:87-90.