Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-22

  Klausen, Jytte ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920046308     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Gabriel Weimann, Terror on the Internet: The NewArena, the NewChallenges (Washington, DC: USIP, 2006), p. 38.
2. Brian Michael Jenkins, International Terrorism: A New Kind of Warfare (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1974). Available at http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P5261.html (accessed 6 October 2014)
3. Alex Schmid, “Terrorism as PsychologicalWarfare,” Democracy and Security 1(2) (2005), p. 138.
4. Edna Erez, Gabriel Weimann, and A. Aaron Weisburd, “Jihad, Crime, and the Internet: Content Analysis of Jihadist Discussion Forums” (Washington, DC: USDOJ, 2011). Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236867.pdf (accessed 6 October 2014).
5. Jordàn Javier and Manuel R. Torres, “Internet y actividades terroristas: el caso del 11-M” (Spanish), El Profesional De La Información 16(2) (2007), p. 125.
6. Combating Terrorism Center, “Letter to Mullah Mohammed ‘Omar from Usama bin Laden,” (5 June 2002). Available at http://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/AFGP- 2002-600321-Trans.pdf(accessed 6 October 2014).
7. Combating Terrorism Center, “Letter to Abu Musab al-Zaraqawi from Ayman al-Zawahiri” (9 July 2005). Available at https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/CTC-Zawahiri- Letter-10-05.pdf(accessed 6 October 2014).
8. Combating Terrorism Center, “Unknown (probably Usama bin Laden or Atiyyatullah Abu ‘Abd ar-Rahman) Letter to Nasir al-Wihayshi,” (N.d.). Available at https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/SOCOM-2012-0000016-Trans.pdf (accessed 6 October 2014).
9. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars. The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2001).
10. James Bamford, “The Most WantedMan in the World,” WIRED (August 2014). Available at http://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/#ch-7 (accessed 6 October 2014).
11. In an interview with Wired Magazine Edward Snowden asserted that the 2012 Syrian shut-down was the result of a botched U.S. intelligence operation attempting to put intercepts on one of the main Syrian Internet providers. Akamai, an Internet traffic analysis company based in Cambridge, MA, routinely releases assessments on Twitter, see https://twitter.com/akamai soti/status/491225130316472320.
12. Doug Madory, “Amid Raging Violence, Iraq Orders Internet Shutdowns,” Dyn Research (13 June 2014).Available at http://research.dyn.com/2014/06/amid-raging-violence-iraq-orders-Internetshutdowns/# update01 accessed 6 October 2014
13. GlobalTT, “Coverage: Syria.” (N.d). Available at http://www.globaltt.com/coverage countries/Syria (accessed 6 October 2014)
14. Nina Zipkin, “Have 1,000 Followers? You’re in the 96th Percentile of Twitter Users,” Entrepreneur (19 December 2014). Available at http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/230487 accessed 6 October 2014
15. Erez et al., “Jihad, Crime, and the Internet”; Edna Reid, “Analysis of Jihadi Extremist Groups’ Videos,” Forensic Science Communications (Washington, DC: FBI, July 2009)
16. Abdullah Azzam, “Join the Caravan,” in GillesKepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds., Al Qaeda in its Own Words (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 115
17. Joseph Carter, Shiraz Maher, and Peter Neumann, #Greenbirds: Measuring Importance and Influence in Syrian Foreign Fighter Networks (London: The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, King’s College, 2014)
18. Jytte Klausen, Eliane Barbieri, Aaron Y. Zelin, and Aaron Reichlin-Melnick, “The YouTube Jihadists: A Social Network Analysis of Al-Muhajiroun’s YouTube Propaganda Campaign,” Perspectives on Terrorism 6(1) (2012)
19. The Daily Mail, “The Scum Stole Our Cash: ‘Hip Hop Jihadist’ Who Left £1m London Home to Fight in Syria Complains on Twitter of Being Kidnapped, Tortured and Robbed by FELLOW Islamists” (9 March 2014). Available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2576695/Hip-hopjihadist- claims-kidnapped-tortured-robbed-fellow-Islamists.html (accessed 6 October 2014).
20. “RadicalIslamist” is no longer active but the tweet is available on qaster.com, a South Korean–based website that aggregates question-and-answer threads from Twitter and makes them available in a searchable Internet archive. For more information see www.qaster.com (accessed 6 October 2014).
21. Michael B. Kelley, “One of the Most Popular Sources on Syria Happens to be an Extremist Supporter,” Business Insider (20 January 2014).
22. To view the full discussion on the split between Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIL, see http://forums.islamicawakening.com/f18/ISIL-division-salafi-jihadis-vs-takfeeri-jihadis-70873-print/