Self-identification of ecotourists

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 255-279

  Deng, Jinyang ^a   Li, Jian ^b  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ZHEJIANG AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

ecotourism; ecotourists; environmental attitudes; market segmentation; self identification; sustainable development

Indexed keywords

EID: 84919846720     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2014.934374     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Acott, T., La Trobe, H., & Howard, S. (1998). An evaluation of deep ecotourism and shallow ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 6(3), 238–253.
2. American Ecotourism Association. (2008). What is ecotourism? Retrieved 29 January 2008, http://www.seeamericanaturally.com/
3. Ballantine, J.L., & Eagles, P.F. (1994). Defining Canadian ecotourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(4), 210–214.
4. Blamey, R. (1997). Ecotourism: The search for an operational definition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(2), 109–130.
5. Blamey, R.K. & Braithwaite, V.A. (1997). A social values segmentation of the potential ecotourism market. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(1), 29–45.
6. Blamey, R.K., & Hatch, D. (1998). Profiles and motivations of nature-based tourists visiting Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Tourism Research.
7. Bottrill, C.G., & Pearce, D.G. (1995). Ecotourism: Towards a key elements approach to operationalising the concept. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3, 45–54.
8. Boyd, S.W., & Butler, R.W. (1996). Managing ecotourism: An opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism Management, 17(8), 557–566.
9. Boyd, S.W., Butler, R.W., Haider, W., & Perera, A. (1994). Identifying areas for ecotourism in Northern Ontario: Application of a geographical information system methodology. Journal of Applied Recreation, 19(1), 41–46.
10. Braithwaite, V.A. (1982). The structure of social values: Validation of Rokeach's two value models. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21(3), 203–211.
11. Braithwaite, V.A. (1994). Beyond Rokeach's equality-freedom model: Two-dimensional values in a one-dimensional world. Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 67–94.
12. Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2008). Priorities in sustainable tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(1), 1–4.
13. Bricker, K., & Kerstetter. (n.d.). Ecotourists and ecotourism: Benefit segmentation and experience evaluation. Retrieved 25 April 2013, http://rapidlibrary.com/files/ecotourists-and-ecotourism-benefit-segmentation-and-experience-evaluation-pdf_ulcfftxbyqi89on.html
14. Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (2001). Preface. In T. Kirstges & M. Lück (Eds.), Fallstudien zum ‘Nachhaltigen’ und ‘Sanften’ Tourismus Weltweit: Perspektiven und Probleme [Global ecotourism policies and case studies: Perspectives and constraints]. Limburgerhof: FBV Medien Verlags GmbH.
15. Chirgwin, S., & Hughes, K. (1997). Ecotourism: The participants’ perceptions. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 8(2), 2–7.
16. Cleaver, M., & Muller, T.E. (2002). The socially aware baby boomer: Gaining a lifestyle-based understanding of the new wave of ecotourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(3), 173–190.
17. Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Diamantis, D. (1999). The characteristics of UK's ecotourists. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(2), 99–102.
19. Dunlap, R.E., Van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G., & Jones, R.E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the New Environmental Paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425–442.
20. Fennell, D. (1999). Ecotourism: An introduction. London: Routledge.
21. Giannecchini, J. (1993). Ecotourism: New partners, new relationships. Conservation Biology, 7(2), 429–432.
22. Hasegawa, T., & Gudykunst, W.B. (1998). Silence in Japan and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(5), 668–684.
23. Higham, J., & Lück, M. (2002). Urban ecotourism: A contradiction in term? Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 36–51.
24. Holden, A., & Sparrowhawk, J. (2002). Understanding the motivations of ecotourists: The case of trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(6), 435–446.
25. Howard, D.R., & Gitelson, R. (1989). An analysis of the difference between state welcome center users and nonusers: A profile of Oregon vacations. Journal of Travel Research, 28(1), 38–40.
26. Hvenegaard, G.T. (1994). Ecotourism: A status report and conceptual framework. Journal of Tourism Studies, 5(2), 24–35.
27. Hvenegaard, G.T. (2002). Using tourist typologies for ecotourism research. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 7–18.
28. Laarman, J., & Durst, P. (1987). Nature travel and tropical forests. Raleigh: FREI Working Paper Series, Southeastern Center for Forest Economics Research.
29. Lawton, L. (2001). Ecotourism in public protected areas. In D. Weaver (Ed.), Encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 287–302). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
30. Lawton, L. (2009). Birding festivals, sustainability, and ecotourism: An ambiguous relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 259–267.
31. Lindberg, K. (1991). Policies for maximising nature tourism's ecological and economic benefits. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
32. Lindberg, K., Enriquez, J., & Sproule, K. (1996). Ecotourism questioned: Case studies from Belize. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 543–562.
33. Lück, M. (2003). The “New Environmental Paradigm”: Is the scale of Dunlap and Van Liere applicable in a tourism context? Tourism Geographies, 5(2), 228–240.
34. Luo, Y., & Deng, J. (2008). The New Environmental Paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 392–402.
35. Manchin, J. (2007, October 5). Park system must become self-sufficient. The Dominion Post, p. 5A.
36. Mehmetoglu, M. (2005). A case study of nature-based tourists: Specialist versus generalist. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(4), 357–369.
37. Mehmetoglu, M. (2007). Typologising nature-based tourists by activity – theoretical and practical implications. Tourism Management, 28, 651–660.
38. Nelson, J.G. (1994). The spread of ecotourism: Some planning implications. Environmental Conservation, 21(3), 248–255.
39. Orams, M.B. (1995). Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism. Tourism Management, 16(1), 3–8.
40. Orams, M.B. (2001). Types of ecotourism. In D.B. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 23–36). Wallingford: CABI.
41. Page, S.J., & Dowling, R.K. (2002). Ecotourism. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
42. Palacio, V., & McCool, S.F. (1997). Identifying ecotourists in Belize through benefit segmentation: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 234–243.
43. Parsons, E.C.M., Warburton, C.A., Woods-Ballard, A., Hughes, A., Johnston, P., Bates, H., & Luck, M. (2003). Whale-watching tourists in west Scotland. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(2), 93–113.
44. Perdue, R.R., & Botkin, M.R. (1988). Visitor survey versus conversion study. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(1), 76–87.
45. Perkins, H.E., & Brown, P.R. (2002). Environmental values and the so-called true ecotourist. Journal of Travel Research, 51(6), 793–803.
46. Preece, N., Oosterzee, P., & James, D. (1995). Biodiversity conservation and ecotourism: An investigation of linkages, mutual benefits and future opportunities. Retrieved 29 January 2008, http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper5/index.html
47. Priskin, J. (2003). Characteristics and perceptions of coastal and wildflower nature-based tourists in the Central Coast Region of Western Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 499–528.
48. Ray, P.H. (1996). Excerpts from the Integral Culture Survey: A study of the emergence of transformational values in America. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from https://www.wisdomuniversity.org/exsintegralculturesurvey.pdf
49. Ryan, C. (1999). Issues of sustainability in tourism. Tourism Management, 20(2), 177.
50. Stone, M., & Wall, G. (2003). Ecotourism and community development: Case studies from Hainan, China. Environmental Management, 33(1), 12–24.
51. Stewart, W.P., Lue, C., Fesenmaier, D. R., & Anderson, R. (1993). A comparison between welcome center visitors and general highway auto travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 40–46.
52. Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (1999). Consumer behavior in tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
53. Tao, C., Eagles, P.F.J., & Smith, S.L.J. (2004). Profiling Taiwanese ecotourists using a self-definition approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(2), 149–168.
54. The International Ecotourism Society. (2000). Ecotourism statistical fact sheet. Retrieved 24 March 2008, http://www.ecotourism.org
55. The International Ecotourism Society. (2004). Consumer demand and operator support for socially and environmentally responsible tourism. Retrieved 21 April 2008, http://www.travelersphilanthropy.org/webarticlesnet/articlefiles/12-Consumer%20Demand%20Report.pdf
56. Tobias, D., & Mendelsohn, R. (1991). Valuing ecotourism in a tropical rain-forest reserve. Ambio, 20(2), 91–93.
57. Tourism Queensland. (1999). Queensland ecotourism plan. Brisbane: Department of Tourism, Small Business and Industry.
58. Tubb, K.N. (2003). An evaluation of the effectiveness of interpretation within Dartmoor National Park in reaching the goals of sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 476–497.
59. Uysal, M., Jurowski, C., Noe, F.P., & McDonald, C.D. (1994). Environmental attitude by trip and visitor characteristics. Tourism Management, 15(4), 284–294.
60. Weaver, D.B. (2001). Ecotourism as mass tourism: Contradiction or reality? Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42, 104–112.
61. Weaver, D.B. (2002). Hard-core ecotourists in Lamington National Park, Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 19–35.
62. Weaver, D.B. (2005). Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 439–455.
63. Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2002). Overnight ecotourist market segmentation in the Gold Coast Hinterland of Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 270–280.
64. Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1168–1179.
65. West Virginia Division of Forestry. (2006). West Virginia's forests: A growing resource for our future. Charleston, WV. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://www.wvforestry.com/A%20Growing%20Resource%20for%20our%20Future.pdf
66. West Virginia Division of Tourism. (2005). West Virginia Division of Tourism: 2005 annual report. Charleston, WV: Author.
67. West Virginia Division of Tourism. (2009). West Virginia division of tourism market plan-2010. Retrieved 10 May 2013, http://www.wvcommerce.org/App_Media/assets/pdf/industryinformation/reports/Tourism_Marketing_Plan_2010.pdf
68. Wright, P.A. (2001). Ecotourists: Not a homogenous market segment. In D.B. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 37–62). New York, NY: CABI Publishing.
69. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2000). Tourism highlights. Madrid: Author.
70. Zografos, C., & Allcroft, D. (2007). The environmental values of potential ecotourists: A segmentation study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(1), 44–66.