Protein requirements of healthy pregnant women during early and late gestation are higher than current recommendations

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 145, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 73-78

  Stephens, Trina V ^a,b   Payne, Magdalene ^a,b   Ball, Ronald O ^c   Pencharz, Paul B ^d   Elango, Rajavel ^a,b  

^a BC CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Human; IAAO; Pregnancy; Protein; Requirements; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; AMINO ACID MIXTURE; CARBON 13; EGG PROTEIN; PHENYLALANINE; TYROSINE; CARBON; PROTEIN INTAKE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; OXIDATION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PROTEIN INTAKE; RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE; THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; URINALYSIS; YOUNG ADULT; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; CALORIC INTAKE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC USE; DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; MATERNAL NUTRITION; METABOLISM; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PREGNANCY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ADULT; CARBON ISOTOPES; DIET; DIETARY PROTEINS; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHENYLALANINE; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84919742332     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: 15416100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.198622     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. King JC. Physiology of pregnancy and nutrient metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1218S-25S.
2. Pitkin RM. Components of weight gain during pregnancy. In: Schneider HA, Anderson CE, Coursin DBB, editors. Nutritional support of medicine practice. Hagerstown, MD: Harper&Row; 1977.
3. Kalhan SC. Protein metabolism in pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1249S-55S.
4. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of balanced protein energy supplementation during pregnancy on birth outcomes. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl 3):S17.
5. Lawlor DA, Ronalds G, Clark H, Smith GD, Leon DA. Birth weight is inversely associated with incident coronary heart disease and stroke among individuals born in the 1950s: findings from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s prospective cohort study. Circulation 2005;112:1414-8.
6. Luyckx VA, Brenner BM. Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2005;97:S68-77.
7. Harder T, Rodekamp E, Schellong K, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A. Birth weight and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:849-57.
8. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes: energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press; 2005.
9. Bross R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Development of a minimally invasive protocol for the determination of phenylalanine and lysine kinetics in humans during the fed state. J Nutr 1998;128:1913-9.
10. Elango R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Indicator amino acid oxidation: concept and application. J Nutr 2008;138:243-6.
11. Humayun MA, Elango R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Reevaluation of protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:995-1002.
12. Elango R, Humayun MA, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Protein requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1545-52.
13. Elango R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Recent advances in determining protein and amino acid requirements in humans. Br J Nutr 2012;108:S22-30.
14. Tang M, McCabe GP, Elango R, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Campbell WW. Assessment of protein requirement in octogenarian women with use of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:891-8.
15. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, Hod M, Kitzmiller JL, Kjos SL, Oats JN, et al. Summary and recommendations of the fifth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30:S251-60.
16. Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974;32:77-97.
17. Soltani H, Fraser RB. A longitudinal study of maternal anthropometric changes in normal weight, overweight and obese women during pregnancy and postpartum. Br J Nutr 2000;84:95-101.
18. McCarthy EA, Strauss BJG, Walker SP, Permezel M. Determination of maternal body composition in pregnancy and its relevance to perinatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004;59:731-42.
19. Turner JM, Humayun MA, Elango R, Rafii M, Langos V, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Total sulfur amino acid requirement of healthy school-age children as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:619-23.
20. Elango R, Humayun MA, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Lysine requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:360-5.
21. Waterlow JC,Garlick PJ, Millward DJ. Protein turnover inmammalian tissues and in the whole body. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.; 1978.
22. Matthews DE, Motil KJ, Rohrbaugh DK, Burke JF, Young VR, Bier DM. Measurement of leucine metabolism in man from a primed, continuous infusion of L-[1-13C]-leucine. Am J Physiol 1980;238:E473-9.
23. Kriengsinyos W, Wykes LJ, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Oral and intravenous tracer protocols of the indicator amino acid oxidation method provide the same estimate of the lysine requirement in healthy men. J Nutr 2002;132:2251-7.
24. Pillai RR, Elango R, Muthayya S, Ball RO, Kurpad AV, Pencharz PB. Lysine requirement in healthy, school-aged Indian children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. J Nutr 2010;140:54-9.
25. Hoerr RA, Yu YM, Wagner DA, Burke JF, Young VR. Recovery of 13C in breath from NaH13CO3 infused by gut and vein: effect of feeding. Am J Physiol 1989;257:E426-38.
26. Wang Z, Goonewardene LA. The use of mixed models in the analysis of animal experiments with repeated measures data. Can J Anim Sci 2004;84:1-11.
27. Seber GAF. Linear regression analysis. New York: Wiley; 1977.
28. Institute of Medicine. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press; 2009.
29. King JC, Calloway DH, Margen S. Nitrogen retention, total body 40K and weight gain in teenage pregnant girls. J Nutr 1973;103:772-85.
30. Elango R, Humayun MA, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Evidence that protein requirements have been significantly underestimated. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13:52-7.
31. Fulgoni VL III. Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1554S-7S.
32. Bush M. Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 2004. Ottawa, ON; 2006 [cited 2014 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/nutrition/commun/cchs_guide_escc-eng.php.
33. Stephens TV, Woo H, Innis SM, Elango R. Healthy pregnant women in Canada are consuming more dietary protein at 16- and 36-week gestation than currently recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes, primarily from dairy food sources. Nutr Res 2014;34:569-76.
34. British Columbia Ministry of Health. Vital Statistics Agency Annual Report, Figure 9. Victoria, BC; 2011 [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://www.vs.gov.bc.ca/stats/annual/2011/.
35. Higgins AC, Moxley JE, Pencharz PB, Mikolainis D, Dubois S. Impact of the Higgins Nutrition Intervention Program on birth weight: a within-mother analysis. J Am Diet Assoc 1989;89:1097-103.
36. Dubois S, Coulombe C, Pencharz P, Pinsonneault O, Duquette MP. Ability of the Higgins Nutrition Intervention Program to improve adolescent pregnancy outcome. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97:871-8.
37. Cucó G, Arija V, Iranzo R, Vilà J, Prieto MT, Fernández-Ballart J. Association of maternal protein intake before conception and throughout pregnancy with birth weight. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:413-21.
38. Godfrey K, Robinson S, Barker DJ, Osmond C, Cox V. Maternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth. BMJ 1996;312:410-4.
39. Millward DJ, Jackson AA. Protein requirements and the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1498-501; author reply 1501-2.
40. Fukagawa NK. Protein requirements: methodologic controversy amid a call for change. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:761-2.
41. Pencharz P, Jahoor F, Kurpad A, Michaelsen KF, Slater C, Tomé D, Weisell R. Current issues in determining dietary protein and amino-acid requirements. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014;68:285-6.
42. Samuel RS, Moehn S, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. Dietary lysine requirement of sows increases in late gestation. J Anim Sci 2012;90:4896-904.
43. Levesque CL, Moehn S, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. The threonine requirement of sows increases in late gestation. J Anim Sci 2011;89:93-102.