Analyzing Oppression

Analyzing Oppression

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-304

  Cudd, Ann E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Material exploitation; Natural hierarchy; Physical deprivation; Psychological forces; Social oppression

Indexed keywords

EID: 84919680265     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/0195187431.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (295)

1. Ackerly, Brooke. 2005. "Comments on Young's 'The Gendered Cycle of Vulnerability in the Less Developed World.'" Presented at the Susan Moller Okin memorial conference, Stanford University, Feb. 4, 2005.
2. Agarwal, Bina. 1997. "Bargaining and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household." Feminist Economics 3:1-51.
3. Allport, Gordon W. 1979. The Nature of Prejudice. 25th anniversary ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
4. Arendell, Terry. 1986. Mothers and Divorce: Legal, Economic, and Social Dilemmas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5. Bailey, Alison. 1998. "Privilege: Expanding on Marilyn Frye's 'Oppression.'" Journal of Social Philosophy 29(3):104-119.
6. Bales, Kevin. 1999. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7. Bales, Kevin. 2002. "The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery." Scientific American (April):80-88.
8. Bar On, Bat-Ami. 2002. The Subject of Violence: Arendtean Exercises in Understanding. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
9. Barbalet, J. M. 1983. Marx's Construction of Social Theory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10. Baron, Marcia. 1987. "Kantian Ethics and Supererogation." Journal of Philosophy 84:237-262.
11. Bartky, Sandra L. 1990. Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York: Routledge.
12. Bay, Christian. 1981. Strategies of Political Emancipation. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
13. Bayles, Michael. 1974. "Coercive Offers and Public Benefits." Personalist 55:139-144.
14. Becker, David. 1995. "The Deficiency of the Concept of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder When Dealing with Victims of Human Rights Violations." In Beyond Trauma, ed. Rolf Kleber, Charles Figley, and Berthold Gersons, pp. 99-131. New York: Plenum Press.
15. Becker, Gary S. 1991. A Treatise on the Family, Enl. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
16. Becker, Neal C., and Ann E. Cudd. 2003. "Poverty, Wage Slavery, or Bondage? Ethical Dilemmas of Child Labor under Globalization," unpublished manuscript.
17. Bem, Sandra. 1981. "Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing." Psychological Review 88:354-364.
18. Bem, Sandra, ed. 1987. Masculinity/Femininity: Basic Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Berger, Ronald J., Searles, Patricia, and Neumann, W. L. 1995. "Rape Law Reform: Its Nature, Origins, and Impact." In Rape and Society, ed. Ronald JBerger and Patricia Searles, pp. 223-232. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
20. Bergmann, Barbara R. 1986. The Economic Emergence of Women. New York: Basic Books.
21. Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. "Two Concepts of Liberty." In Four Essays on Liberty, pp. 118-172. London: Oxford University Press.
22. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "Are Emily and Greg more Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 94(4):991-1013.
23. Blanchard, William H. 1996. Neocolonialism American Style, 1960-2000. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
24. Blau, Francine, and John Graham. 1990. "Black-White Differences in Wealth and Asset Composition." Quarterly Journal of Economics 105(2):321-339.
25. Boski, Pawel. 1988. "Cross-cultural Studies of Person Perception: Effects of Ingroup/Outgroup Membership and Ethnic Schemata." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19:287-328.
26. Brady, Eric. 2002. Major Changes Debated for Title IX. Online. Available: http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2002?12?17?1a?title?ix?cover_x.htm.
27. Branscombe, Nyla. 1998. "Thinking about One's Gender Group's Privileges or Disadvantages: Consequences for Well-being in Women and Men." British Journal of Social Psychology 37(2):167-184.
28. Branscombe, Nyla. 1999. "Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination among African-Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-being." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 135-149.
29. Briere, John. 1997. Psychological Assessment of Adult Posttraumatic States. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Brison, Susan J. 2002. Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of a Self. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
31. Brittan, Arthur, and Mary Maynard. 1984. Sexism, Racism, and Oppression. New York: Blackwell.
32. Browing, Joan, et al. 2000. Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press.
33. Browning, Edgar K., and Jacquelene M. Browning. 1989. Microeconomic Theory and Applications. 3rd ed. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.
34. Bulhan, Hussein A. 1985. Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Burg, Steven L. 1997. "Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina?" In Century of Genocide, ed. Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, pp. 424-433. New York: Garland Publishing.
36. Burge, Tyler. 1986. "Individualism and Psychology." Philosophical Review 45:3-45.
37. Burke, Edmund. 2001. Reflections on the French Revolution. New York: Collier; Bartleby.com., www.bartleby.com/24/3/.
38. Calhoun, Cheshire. 1989. "Responsibility and Reproach." Ethics 99:389-406.
39. Chang, Iris. 2000. "The Rape of Nanking." In War's Dirty Secret, ed. Anne Barstow, pp. 46-56. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
40. Chodorow, Nancy. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Churchland, Paul M. 1982. "The Anti-realist Epistemology of Van Fraassen's The Scientific Image." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 63(2):226-235.
42. Clatterbaugh, Kenneth. 1996. "Are Men Oppressed?" In Rethinking Masculinity, ed. Larry May, Robert Strikwerda, and Patrick D. Hopkins. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
43. Cohen, G. A. 1988. History, Labour, and Freedom: Themes from Marx. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
44. Cohen, Joshua. 2001. "Taking People as They Are." Philosophy and Public Affairs 30(4):363-386.
45. Connolly, John. 1976. "A Dialectical Approach to Action Theory." Inquiry 19:427-472.
46. Copp, David. 2002. "Social Unity and the Identity of Persons." Journal of Political Philosophy 10(4):365-391.
47. Cornell, Drucilla. 1998. At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex, and Equality. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
48. Crafts, Hannah. 2002. The Bondwoman's Narrative. New York: Warner Books.
49. Crocker, Jennifer, and Brenda Major. 1989. "Social Stigma and Self-esteem: The Self-protective Properties of Stigma." Psychological Review 96(4):608-630.
50. Cudd, Ann E. 1990. "Conventional Foundationalism and the Origin of Norms." Southern Journal of Philosophy 28:485-503.
51. Cudd, Ann E. 1994. "Enforced Pregnancy, Rape, and the Image of Woman." Journal of Philosophical Studies 25:22-44.
52. Cudd, Ann E. 1996. "Is Pareto Optimality a Criterion of Justice?" Social Theory and Practice 22:1-34.
53. Cudd, Ann E. 2005. "How to Explain Oppression." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 35(1):20-49.
54. D'Souza, Dinesh. 2002. "Two Cheers for Colonialism." Chronicle of Higher Education (May 10, 2002):B7.
55. Darity, Jr., W. 2000. "Give Affirmative Action Time to Act." Chronicle of Higher Education (Dec. 1):18.
56. Davidson, Donald. 1980. Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
57. Davidson, Donald. 1984. Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
58. Davis, Angela Y. 1981. Women, Race, & Class. New York: Random House.
59. de Beauvoir, Simone. 1971. The Second Sex. Trans. H. M. Parshley. New York: Penguin.
60. De Leon, Brunilda. 1993. "Sex Role Identity among College Students: A Cross-cultural Analysis." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 15:476-489.
61. DeBruin, Debra A. 1998. "Identifying Sexual Harassment: The Reasonable Woman Standard." In Violence against Women: Philosophical perspectives, ed. Stanley French, pp. 107-122. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
62. DeGeorge, Richard. 1983. "Social Reality and Social Relations." Review of Metaphysics 37:3-20.
63. Dhawan, Nisha, Ira Roseman, R. K. Naidu, and S. I. Rettek. 1995. "Selfconcepts across Two Cultures: India and the United States." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 26:606-621.
64. Dobb, Maurice. 1947. Studies in the Development of Capitalism. New York: International Publishers.
65. Dobrin, Adam. 1996. Statistical Handbook on Violence in America. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx Press.
66. Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. 2002. "Growth is Good for the Poor." Journal of Economic Growth 7(3):195-225.
67. Downs, Donald A. 1996. More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Dressler, Joshua. 1995. Understanding Criminal Law. 2nd ed. United States of America: Legal Text Series, A Times Mirror Higher Education Group Company.
69. Drèze, Jean, and Amartya Sen. 1989. Hunger and Public Action. New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Dublin, Thomas, and Kerry Harney (n.d.). How Did Immigrant Textile Workers Struggle to Achieve an American Standard of Living? The 1912 Lawrence Strike.
71. Dummett, Michael A. E. 1978. Truth and Other Enigmas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
72. Elster, Jon. 1983a. Explaining Technical Change: A Case Study in the Philosophy of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Elster, Jon. 1983b. Sour Grapes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Elster, Jon. 1984. Ulysses and the Sirens: Studies in Rationality and Irrationality. Rev. ed.
75. Elster, Jon. 1985. Making Sense of Marx. New York: Cambridge University Press.
76. Enloe, Cynthia H. 2000. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Estrich, Susan. 1987. Real Rape. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
78. Ezorsky, Gertrude. 1991. Racism and Justice: The Case for Affirmative Action. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
79. Faludi, Susan. 1999. Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man. New York: W. Morrow.
80. Fanon, Frantz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
81. Felson, Richard B., and James T. Tedeschi. 1993. "A Social Interactionist Approach to Violence: Cross-cultural applications." Violence and Victims 8:295-310.
82. Ferguson, Ann. 1991. Sexual Democracy: Women, Oppression, and Revolution. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
83. Ferraro, Kathleen. 1996. "The Dance of Dependency: A Genealogy of Domestic Violence Discourse." Hypatia 11(4): 77-91.
84. Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition. 2nd ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
85. Flax, Jane. 1981. "Psychoanalysis and the Philosophy of Science: Critique or Resistance?" Journal of Philosophy 78:561-568.
86. Fleisher, Belton M., and Thomas J. Kniesner. 1980. Labor Economics: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
87. Flew, Anthony. 1985. Thinking about Social Thinking: The Philosophy of the Social Sciences. New York: Blackwell.
88. Folbre, Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint. New York: Routledge.
89. Folbre, Nancy, and Heidi Hartmann. 1988. "The Rhetoric of Self-interest: Ideology and Gender in Economic Theory." In The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric, ed. Arjo Klamer, Donald N. McCloskey, and Robert M. Solow, pp. 184-205. New York: Cambridge University Press.
90. Frankfurt, Harry. 1988. "Coercion and Moral Responsibility." In The Importance of What We Care About, pp. 26-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Fraser, Nancy. 1995. "From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Post-Socialist' Age." New Left Review 212:68-93.
92. Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition. New York: Routledge.
93. Freeman, Steven, and Debbie Kaminer. 1994. Hate Crimes Laws: A Comprehensive Guide. Anti-Defamation League.
94. Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.
95. French, Stanley, ed. 1998. Violence against Women. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
96. Friedan, Betty. 1963. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton.
97. Friedman, Marilyn, and Larry May. 1985. "Harming Women as a Group." Social Theory and Practice 11:207-234.
98. Frye, Marilyn. 1983. The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory. Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press.
99. Fuchs, Victor. 1989. Women's Quest for Economic Equality. Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(1):25-41.
100. Gauthier, David P. 1986. Morals by Agreement. New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Gauthier, Jeffrey. 1997. Hegel and Feminist Social Criticism: Justice, Recognition, and the Feminine. Albany: State University of New York Press.
102. Gilbert, Margaret. 1989. On Social Facts. New York: Routledge.
103. Gilbert, Margaret. 1996. Living Together: Rationality, Sociality, and Obligation. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
104. Gilman, Charlotte P. 1966. Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. New York: Harper & Row.
105. Gottlieb, Roger S., ed. 1990. Thinking the Unthinkable: Meanings of the Holocaust. Mahwah: Paulist Press.
106. Gould, Carol C. 1978. Marx's Social Ontology: Individuality and Community in Marx's Theory of Social Reality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
107. Gould, Carol C. 1988. Rethinking Democracy: Freedom and Social Cooperation in Politics, Economy, and Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.
108. Gould, Stephen J. 1996. The Mismeasure of Man. Rev. and expanded ed. New York: Norton.
109. Griffin, Susan. 1979. Rape: The Power of Consciousness. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
110. Grünbaum, Adolf. 1984. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press.
111. Grünbaum, Adolf. 1993. Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, Inc.
112. Hale, Susan. 1991. "Against Supererogation." American Philosophical Quarterly 28:273-285.
113. Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John. 1961. The Federalist Papers. New York: New American Library.
114. Hampton, Jean. 1991. "A New Theory of Retribution." In Liability and Responsibility, ed. R. G. Frey, pp. 377-414. New York: Cambridge University Press.
115. Han, Gyuseog, and Bonsoon Park. 1995. "Children's Choice in Conflict: Application of the Theory of Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 26: 298-313.
116. Hanson, F. A. 1975. Meaning in Culture. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
117. Hardy, Amy, and Miles Moffeit, 2004. "Camouflaging Criminals: Sexual Violence in the Military."Amnesty Now Spring: 22-26.
118. Hartmann, Heidi I. 1979. "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union." Capital and Class 8:1-33.
119. Harvey, J. 1996. "Oppression, Moral Abandonment, and the Role of Protest." Journal of Social Philosophy 27(1):156-171.
120. Harvey, J. 1999. Civilized Oppression. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
121. Haslanger, Sally. 2002. "On Being Objective and Being Objectified." In A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity, ed. Louise M. Antony and Charlotte E. Witt, pp. 209-253. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
122. Haslanger, Sally. 2004a. "Oppressions: Racial and Other." In Racism in Mind, ed. Michael P. Levine and Tamas Patak. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
123. Haslanger, Sally. 2004b. "What Are We Talking About? The Semantics and Politics of 'Race' and 'Gender.'" Paper presented at Feminist Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition conference, London, Ontario, June 6.
124. Hayek, Friedrich A. von. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
125. Hearne, Vicki. 1986. Adam's Task: Calling Animals by Name. New York: Knopf.
126. Heberle, Renee. 1996. "Deconstructive Strategies and the Movement against Sexual Violence." Hypatia 11:63-76.
127. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 1977. Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
128. Helburn, Suzanne W., and Barbara R. Bergmann. 2002. America's Child Care Problem: The Way Out. New York: Palgrave for St. Martin's Press.
129. Herman, Barbara. 1991. "Agency, Attachment, and Difference." Ethics 101(4):775-797.
130. Herman, Judith L. 1992. Trauma and Recovery. New York: BasicBooks.
131. Heyd, David. 1982. Supererogation: Its Status in Ethical Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
132. Hill, Thomas E. 1991. Autonomy and Self Respect. New York: Cambridge University Press.
133. Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
134. Hirschmann, Nancy J. 2003. The Subject of Liberty: Toward a Feminist Theory of Freedom. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
135. Hobbes, Thomas. 1985. Leviathan. Ed. C. B. Macpherson. London: Penguin.
136. Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
137. Hoffman, C., and N. Hurst. 1990. "Gender Stereotypes: Perception or Rationalization?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:197-208.
138. Hofstadter, Douglas R. 1985. Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern. New York: Basic Books.
139. Homiak, Marcia L. 1985. "The Pleasure of Virtue in Aristotle's Moral Theory." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66:93-110.
140. Homiak, Marcia L. 1990. "Politics as Soul-Making: Aristotle on Becoming Good." Philosophia 20:167-193.
141. Homiak, Marcia L. 1991. "On the Malleability of Character." In Feminist Ethics, ed. Claudia Card, pp. 52-80. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
142. Hume, David. 1964. Essays Moral, Political and Literary. Ed. Thomas Hill Green, Thomas Hodge Grose. London: Scientia Verlag.
143. Hurley, Susan L. 1989. Natural Reasons. New York: Oxford University Press.
144. Idson, Todd L., and Hollis F. Price. 1992. "An Analysis of Wage Differentials by Gender and Ethnicity in the Public Sector." Review of Black Political Economy (Winter):75-97.
145. Institute for Women's Policy Research. 2002. The Status of Women in Kansas. Washington, DC: Author.
146. Institute for Women's Policy Research. 2003. "Gender Wage Gap Stagnant." News Release. Sept. 26.
147. International Development Research Centre. 2001. The Responsibility to Protect.
148. Jacobsen, Joyce P. 1994. The Economics of Gender. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
149. Jones, Peter. 1999. "Group Rights and Group Oppression." Journal of Political Philosophy 7:353-377.
150. Judd, Dennis R., and Susan S. Fainstein, eds. 1999. The Tourist City. New Haven: Yale University Press.
151. Kant, Immanuel. 1969. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
152. Kernohan, Andrew W. 1998. Liberalism, Equality, and Cultural Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
153. Kincaid, A. D. 1994. Comparative National Development: Society and Economy in the New Global Order. Ed. A. Douglas Kincaid and Alejandro Portes. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
154. King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1964. Why We Can't Wait. New York: Harper & Row.
155. Kozol, Jonathon. 1991. Savage Inequalities. New York: Crown.
156. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
157. Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Clarendon Press.
158. Lee, Sunhwa. 2004. "Women's Work Supports, Job Retention, and Job Mobility: Child Care and Employer-Provided Health Insurance Help Women Stay on Jobs." Research News Reporter. November.
159. Lewis, David K. 1969. Convention, A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
160. Lipset, Seymour M. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword. New York: W.W. Norton.
161. Locke, John. 1980. Second Treatise of Government. Ed. C. B. Macpherson. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
162. Locke, John. 1983. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
163. Lopez-Claros, Augusto, and Saadia Zahidi. 2005. "Women's Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap." World Economic Forum. Accessed online at http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gender_gap.pdf on Oct. 18, 2005.
164. Lott, Bernice E., and Diane Maluso, eds. 1995. The Social Psychology of Interpersonal Discrimination. New York: Guilford Press.
165. Lugones, Maria. 1990. "Structure/Antistructure and Agency under Oppression." Journal of Philosophy 90 (October):500-507.
166. Lytton, H., and D. M. Romney. 1991. "Parents' Differential Socialization of Boys and Girls: A Meta-analysis." Psychological Bulletin 109:267-296.
167. Mackie, John L. 1965. "Causes and Conditions." American Philosophical Quarterly 17:245-264.
168. MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1983. "Feminism, Marxism, Method and the State." Signs, Journal of Women and Culture in Society 7(3):515-545.
169. MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1987. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
170. Maguigan, Holly. 1991. "Battered Women and Self-Defense: Myths and Misconceptions in Current Reform Proposals." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140-198.
171. Mahoney, Rhona. 1995. Kidding Ourselves: Babies, Breadwinning, and Bargaining Power. New York: Basic Books.
172. Mandela, Nelson. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown.
173. Mandelbaum, Maurice. 1955. The Phenomenology of Moral Experience. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
174. Martin, Rex. 1993. A System of Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
175. Marx, Karl. 1964. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Ed. Dirk J. Struik. 1st American ed. New York: International Publishers.
176. Marx, Karl. 1967. Capital. Ed. Frederick Engels. 100th Anniversary Edition ed. Vol. I. New York: International Publishers.
177. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1978. The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. 2nd ed. New York: Norton.
178. Matsuda, Mari J., et al. 1993. Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
179. May, Larry. 1987. The Morality of Groups: Collective Responsibility, Groupbased Harm, and Corporate Rights. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
180. May, Larry. 1992. Sharing Responsibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
181. McGary, Howard, and Bill E. Lawson. 1992. Between Slavery and Freedom: Philosophy and American Slavery. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
182. Meyerson, Denise. 1991. False Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press.
183. Mill, John S. 1873. Autobiography. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.
184. Mill, John S. 1978. On Liberty. Hackett.
185. Mill, John S. 1988. The Subjection of Women. Indianapolis: Hackett.
186. Mill, John S., and Harriet Hardy Taylor Mill, eds. 1970. Essays on Sex Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
187. Miller, Joan G. 1984. "Culture and the Development of Everyday Social Explanation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (May):961-978.
188. Mincer, Jacob, and Solomon Polachek. 1974. "Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women." Journal of Political Economy. 82:S76-S108.
189. Monson, Jamie. 2004/2005. "Freedom Railway: The Unexpected Successes of a Cold War Development Project." Boston Review. December-January.
190. Morris, Herbert. 1968. "Persons and Punishment." Monist 52:475-501.
191. Murphy, Jeffrie G. 1979. Retribution, Justice, and Therapy: Essays in the Philosophy of Law. Boston: D. Reidel.
192. Murphy, Jeffrie G., and Jules L. Coleman 1990. Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence. Rev. ed. ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
193. N.a. 2004. "Female Kicker Says She was Raped." New York Times, Feb. 18, D6.
194. Nafisi, Azar. 2003. Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books. New York: Random House.
195. Neath, Jeanne. 1997. "Social Causes of Impairment, Disability, and Abuse." Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 8:195-230.
196. North, Douglass. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
197. Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
198. Oakes, Penelope, S. Alexander Haslam, and John C. Turner. 1994. Stereotyping and Social Reality. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
199. O'Connor, Peg. 2002. Oppression and Responsibility: A Wittgensteinian Approach to Social Practices and Moral Theory. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
200. Oddou, Gary, and Mark Medenhall. 1984. "Person Perception in Cross-cultural Settings: A Review of Cross-cultural and Related Cognitive Literature." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 8:77-96.
201. Okin, Susan M. 1979. Women in Western Political Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
202. Okin, Susan M. 1989. Justice, Gender, and the Family. New York: Basic Books.
203. Okin, Susan M. 1994. "Gender Inequality and Cultural Differences." Political Theory 22:5-24.
204. Omolade, Barbara. 1980. "Black Women and Feminism." In The Future of Difference, ed. Hester Eisenstein and Alice Jardiner, pp. 247-256. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
205. Ostaszewski, Pawel, and Leonard Green. 1995. "Self Control and Discounting of Delayed Rewards from an Individual Differences and Comparative Perspective." Polish Psychological Bulletin 26:231-238.
206. Parijs, Philippe van. 1995. Real Freedom for All: What (If Anything) Can Justify Capitalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
207. Pettit, Philip. 1993. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
208. Pettit, Philip, and Michael Smith. 1996. "Freedom in Belief and Desire." Journal of Philosophy 93:429-449.
209. Piercy, Marge. 1976. Woman on the Edge of Time. New York: Knopf.
210. Piper, Adrian. 1990. "Higher-order Discrimination." In Identity, Character, and Morality, ed. Amelie Oskenberg Rorty, pp. 285-309. Cambridge: MIT Press.
211. Pinto, Amancio. 1992. "Category Norms: Production, Frequency, and Typicality Measures." Jornal de Psicologia 10(3):10-15.
212. Pogge, Thomas. 2002. World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
213. Quine, W. V. O. 1969. Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.
214. Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
215. Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
216. Raz, Joseph. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
217. Reiman, Jeffrey. 1987. "Exploitation, Force, and the Moral Assessment of Capitalism." Philosophy and Public Affairs 16:3-41.
218. Rhode, Deborah L. 1989. Justice and Gender. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
219. Rich, Adrienne. 1980. "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (Summer):631-660.
220. Roemer, John E. 1988. Free to Lose. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
221. Roiphe, Katie. 1993. The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism on Campus. New York: Little and Brown.
222. Roth, Alvin E., and Marilda A. Oliveira Sotomayor. 1990. Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-theoretic Modeling and Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
223. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1987. Basic Political Writings. Indianapolis: Hackett.
224. Ryan, William. 1976. Blaming the Victim. New York: Vintage Books.
225. Sacks, Oliver W. 1989. Seeing Voices. Berkeley: University of California Press.
226. Sadker, Myra, and David Sadker. 1994. Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.
227. Salholz, Eloise, and Douglas Waller. 1991. "Tailhook: Scandal Time." Newsweek, July 6: 40.
228. Salzman, Todd. 2000. "'Rape Camps,' Forced Impregnation, and Ethinic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia." In War's Dirty Secret, ed. Anne Barstow, pp. 46-56. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
229. Sassen, Saskia. 2002. "Global Cities and Survival Circuits." In Global Woman, ed. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild, pp. 254-274. New York: Metropolitan Books.
230. Satz, Debra, and John Ferejohn. 1994. "Rational Choice and Social Theory." Journal of Philosophy 41:71-87.
231. Schacht, Richard. 1994. The Future of Alienation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
232. Schelling, Thomas C. 1971. "Dynamic Models of Segregation." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1:143.
233. Schelling, Thomas C. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York: W. W. Norton.
234. Schiller, Bradley R. 1989. The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination. 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
235. Schmitz, Susanne. 1996. Race and Gender Discrimination across Urban Labor Markets. New York: Garland.
236. Schneider, Elizabeth M. 1986. "The Dialectic of Rights and Politics: Perspectives from the Women's Movement." New York U. Law Review 61:589.
237. Schotter, Andrew. 1981. The Economic Theory of Social Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
238. Schultz, Vicki. 1991. "Telling Stories about Women and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex Segregation in the Workplace in Title VII Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argument." In Feminist Legal Theory, ed. Katherine T.Bartlett and Roseanne Kennedy, pp.124-155. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
239. Searles, Patricia, and Ronald J. Berger, eds. 1995. Rape and Society: Readings on the Problem of Sexual Assault. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
240. Sellars, Wilfrid. 1963. Science, Perception and Reality. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
241. Sen, Amartya K. 1995. "Gender Inequality and Theories of Justice." In Women, Culture, and Development, ed. Martha Nussbaum and Jonathon Glover, pp. 259-273. New York: Oxford University Press.
242. Sen, Amartya K. 1999. Development as Freedom.1st ed. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House.
243. Shalom, Stephen R. 1981. The United States and the Philippines: A Study of Neocolonialism. Philadelphia, Penn.: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
244. Sher, George. 1987. Desert. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
245. Simon, Thomas. 1995. "Group Harm." Journal of Social Philosophy 2:123-137.
246. Skrypnek, B. J., and M. Snyder (1982). "On the Self-perpetuating Nature of Stereotypes about Men and Women." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18:277-291.
247. Smith, Stephanie H., George I. Whitehead, and Nan M. Sussman. 1990. "The Positivity Bias in Attributions: Two Cross-cultural Investigations." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21:283-301.
248. Snyder, M., E. D. Tanke, and E. Berscheid. 1977. "Social Perception and Interpersonal Behavior: On the Self-fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35:656-666.
249. Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon Press.
250. Spencer, Steven, Claude Steele, and Diane Quinn. 1999. "Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35(1):4-28.
251. Steele, Claude. 1997. "A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance." American Psychologist 52(6):613-629.
252. Steele, Shelby. 1990. The Content of Our Character. New York: St. Martin's Press.
253. Steinem, Gloria. 1983. Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: New American Library.
254. Stern, Daniel. 1985. The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. New York: Basic Books.
255. Stevens, Evelyn P. 1993. "Marianism: The Other Face of Machismo in Latin America." In Gender Basics: Feminist Perspectives on Women and Men, ed.Anne Minas, pp.456-462. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing.
256. Sunstein, Cass R. 1993. The Partial Constitution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
257. Superson, Anita. 2005. "Deformed Desires and Informed Desire Tests." Hypatia 20(4):109-126.
258. Superson, Anita M., and Ann E. Cudd, eds. 2002. Theorizing Backlash: Philosophical Reflections on the Resistance to Feminism. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
259. Tajfel, Henri. 1978. The Social Psychology of Minorities. London: Minority Rights Group.
260. Tajfel, Henri. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
261. Thomas, Laurence. 1990. "In My Next Life, I'll Be White." Ebony 46 (December):84.
262. Thurow, Lester. 1979. "A Theory of Group and Economic Redistribution." Philosophy and Public Affairs 9:25-41.
263. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald. 1993. Gender and Racial Inequality at Work: The Sources and Consequences of Job Segregation. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press.
264. Troadec, Bertrand. 1995. "Categorisations et Cultures. Approche Interculturalle des Processus Cognitifs de l'Enfant Tahitien." Bulletin de Psychologie 48:288-296.
265. Tuomela, Raimo. 1995. The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
266. Turner, P. J., J. Gervai, and R. A. Hinde. 1993. "Gender-typing in Young Children: Preferences, Behavior and Cultural Differences." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 11:323-342.
267. Tzeng, Oliver C. S., and Jay W. Jackson. 1994. "Effects of Contact, Conflict, and Social Identity on Interethnic Group Hostilities." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 18:259-276.
268. UNDP. 1993. United Nations Development Report.
269. UNICEF. 1997. The State of the World's Children 1997.
270. Van Fraassen, Bas C. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
271. Varian, Hal. 1994. "A Solution to the Problem of Externalities When Agents Are Well Informed." American Economic Review 84(5):1278-1293.
272. Vassiliou, Vasso G., and George Vassiliou. 1974. "Variations of the Group Process Across Cultures." International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 24:55-65.
273. Wade, Francis. 1971. "On Violence." Journal of Philosophy 66:369-377.
274. Waldron, Jeremy. 2003. "Property Rights and Welfare Distribution." In A Companion to Applied Ethics, ed. R. G. Frey, pp.38-49. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
275. Walley, Christine J. 2004/2005. "Best Intentions: The Story of Tanzania's Peoples Park." Boston Review. December-January.
276. Walzer, Michael. 1992. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books.
277. Ward, Colleen. 1985. "Sex Trait Stereotypes in Malaysian Children." Sex Roles 12:35-45.
278. Weiner, Jon. 1985. "The Sears Case: Women's History on Trial." Nation 241(6):161-169.
279. Wellman, Christopher H. 2003. "Nationalism and Secession." In A Companion to Applied Ethics: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, ed. R. G. Frey, pp. 267-278. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
280. Wertheimer, Alan. 1987. Coercion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
281. Wertheimer, Alan. 1994. "Coercion and Exploitative Agreements." APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Law 94:80-84.
282. White, Walter F. 1969. Rope and Faggot. New York: Arno Press.
283. Willett, Cynthia. 1995. Maternal Ethics and Other Slave Moralities. New York: Routledge.
284. Williams, Joan. 2000. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do about It. New York: Oxford University Press.
285. Williams, Patricia J. 1991. The Alchemy of Race and Rights. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
286. Wilson, Glenn D., Paul T. Barrett, and Saburo Iwawaki. 1995. "Japanese Reactions to Reward and Punishment: A Cross-cultural Personality Study." Personality and Individual Differences 19 (July):102-112.
287. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. New York: Macmillan.
288. Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1989. A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
289. World Health Organization. 2000. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
290. Young, Iris M. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
291. Young, Iris M. 1997. Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy, and Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
292. Young, Iris M. 1999. "Gender as Seriality: Thinking about Women as a Social Collective." In Feminist Interpretations of Jean-Paul Sartre, ed. Julien S. Murphy. University Park, Pa.: Penn State University Press.
293. Young, Iris M. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
294. Young, Iris M. 2005. "The Gendered Cycle of Vulnerability in the Less Developed World." Presented at the Susan Moller Okin memorial conference, Stanford University, Feb. 4.
295. Zimmerman, David. 1981. "Coercive Wage Offers." Philosophy and Public Affairs 10(2):130.