Observed Southern Ocean cloud properties and shortwave reflection. Part I: Calculation of SW flux from observed cloud properties

Journal of Climate

Volumn 27, Issue 23, 2014, Pages 8836-8857

  Mccoy, Daniel T ^a   Hartmann, Dennis L ^a   Grosvenor, Daniel P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; GRAPHIC METHODS; ICE; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; LIQUIDS; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; RADIOMETERS; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOLAR RADIATION; SPECTROMETERS;

CLOUD LIQUID WATER PATH; ICE CLOUD PROPERTIES; MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; MULTIANGLE IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL; SHORT-WAVE RADIATION; UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN; VERTICAL STRUCTURES;

RADIATION;

CLOUD; CLOUD WATER; CLOUDSAT; MISR; MODIS; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SEASONAL VARIATION; SHORTWAVE RADIATION; SOLAR RADIATION;

SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 84919667053     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00287.1     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Austin, R. T., and G. L. Stephens, 2001: Retrieval of stratus cloud microphysical parameters using millimeter-wave radar and visible optical depth in preparation for CloudSat: 1. Algorithm formulation. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 233-28 242, doi:10.1029/2000JD000293.
2. Bennartz, R., 2007: Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number concentration from satellite. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007547.
3. Berner, A. H., C. S. Bretherton, R. Wood, and A. Muhlbauer, 2013: Marine boundary layer cloud regimes and POC formation in a CRM coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12 549-12 572, doi:10.5194/acp-13-12549-2013.
4. Bony, S., and Coauthors, 2006: How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes? J. Climate, 19, 3445-3482, doi:10.1175/JCLI3819.1.
5. Brenguier, J. L., H. Pawlowska, L. Schuller, R. Preusker, J. Fischer, and Y. Fouquart, 2000: Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: Droplet effective radius versus number concentration. J.Atmos. Sci., 57, 803-821, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0803:RPOBLC>2.0.CO;2.
6. Breon, F. M., and M. Doutriaux-Boucher, 2005: A comparison of cloud droplet radii measured from space. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 1796-1805, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.852838.
7. Bromwich, D. H., and Coauthors, 2012: Tropospheric clouds in Antarctica. Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2011RG000363.
8. Caldwell, P. M., Y. Y. Zhang, and S. A. Klein, 2013: CMIP3 subtropical stratocumulus cloud feedback interpreted through a mixed-layer model. J. Climate, 26, 1607-1625, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00188.1.
9. Chen, R. Y., R. Wood, Z. Q. Li, R. Ferraro, and F. L. Chang, 2008: Studying the vertical variation of cloud droplet effective radius using ship and space-borne remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A02, doi:10.1029/2007JD009596.
10. Chepfer, H., S. Bony,D.Winker, G. Cesana, J. L.Dufresne, P. Minnis, C. J. Stubenrauch, and S. Zeng, 2009: The GCM-Oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product (CALIPSO-GOCCP). J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H16, doi:10.1029/2009JD012251.
11. Chubb, T. H., J. B. Jensen, S. T. Siems, and M. J. Manton, 2013: In situ observations of supercooled liquid clouds over the Southern Ocean during the HIAPER pole-to-pole observation campaigns. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5280-5285, doi:10.1002/grl.50986.
12. Curry, J. A., 1986: Interactions among turbulence, radiation and microphysics in Arctic stratus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 90-106, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0090:IATRAM>2.0.CO;2.
13. Deng, M., G. G. Mace, Z. E. Wang, and H. Okamoto, 2010: Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment validation for cirrus cloud profiling retrieval using CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J15, doi:10.1029/2009JD013104.
14. Evan, A. T., A. K. Heidinger, and D. J. Vimont, 2007: Arguments against a physical long-term trend in global ISCCP cloud amounts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04701, doi:10.1029/2006GL028083.
15. Foot, J. S., 1988: Some observations of the optical-properties of clouds. I: Stratocumulus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 129-144, doi:10.1002/qj.49711447907.
16. Grosvenor, D. P., and R. Wood, 2014: The effect of solar zenith angle on MODIS cloud optical and microphysical retrievals within marine liquid water clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7291-7321, doi:10.5194/acp-14-7291-2014.
17. Grosvenor, D. P., T.W.Choularton, T. Lachlan-Cope,M.W.Gallagher, J.Crosier, K. N. Bower, R. S. Ladkin, and J.R.Dorsey, 2012: In-situ aircraft observations of ice concentrations within clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula and Larsen Ice Shelf. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11 275-11 294, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11275-2012.
18. Haynes, J. M., C. Jakob, W. B. Rossow, G. Tselioudis, and J. Brown, 2011: Major characteristics of Southern Ocean cloud regimes and their effects on the energy budget. J. Climate, 24, 5061-5080, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4052.1.
19. Heymsfield,A. J., S. Matrosov, and B. Baum, 2003: Ice water path-optical depth relationships for cirrus and deep stratiform ice cloud layers. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1369-1390, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1369:IWPDRF>2.0.CO;2.
20. Heymsfield,A. J., and Coauthors, 2008: Testing IWC retrieval methods using radar and ancillary measurements with in situ data. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 135-163, doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1606.1.
21. Horvath, A., and R. Davies, 2007: Comparison of microwave and optical cloud water path estimates from TMI, MODIS, and MISR. J. Geophys. Res., 112,D01202, doi:10.1029/2006JD007101.
22. Huang, J., P. Minnis, B. Lin, Y. Yi, T.-F. Fan, S. Sun-Mack, and J. K. Ayers, 2006: Determination of ice water path in ice-overwater cloud systems using combined MODIS and AMSR-E measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21801, doi:10.1029/2006GL027038.
23. Huang, Y., S. T. Siems, M. J. Manton, L. B. Hande, and J. M. Haynes, 2012: The structure of low-altitude clouds over the Southern Ocean as seen by CloudSat. J. Climate, 25, 2535-2546, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00131.1.
24. Jin, Z. H., Y. L. Qiao, Y. J. Wang, Y. H. Fang, and W. N. Yi, 2011: A new parameterization of spectral and broadband ocean surface albedo. Opt. Express, 19, 26 429-26 443, doi:10.1364/OE.19.026429.
25. Kato, S., and N. G. Loeb, 2003: Twilight irradiance reflected by the earth estimated from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measurements. J. Climate, 16, 2646-2650, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2646:TIRBTE>2.0.CO;2.
26. Kay, J. E., and A. Gettelman, 2009: Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011773.
27. King, M. D., S.-C. Tsay, S. E. Platnick, M. Wang, and K.-N. Liou, 1997: Cloud retrieval algorithms for MODIS: Optical thickness, effective particle radius, and thermodynamic phase. NASA MODIS Algorithm Theoretical Basis Doc. ATBDMOD-05, 83 pp.
28. King, N. J., and G. Vaughan, 2012: Using passive remote sensing to retrieve the vertical variation of cloud droplet size in marine stratocumulus: An assessment of information content and the potential for improved retrievals from hyperspectral measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D15206, doi:10.1029/2012JD017896.
29. King, N. J., K. N. Bower, J. Crosier, and I. Crawford, 2013: Evaluating MODIS cloud retrievals with in situ observations from VOCALS-REx. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 191-209, doi:10.5194/acp-13-191-2013.
30. Kirkpatrick, S., C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, 1983: Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 220, 671-680, doi:10.1126/science.220.4598.671.
31. Klein, S. A., and D. L.Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1587:TSCOLS>2.0.CO;2.
32. Korhonen, H., K. S. Carslaw, D. V. Spracklen, G. W. Mann, and M. T. Woodhouse, 2008: Influence of oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and seasonality over the remote Southern Hemisphere oceans: A global model study. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15204, doi:10.1029/2007JD009718.
33. Kruger, O., and H. Grassl, 2011: Southern Ocean phytoplankton increases cloud albedo and reduces precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08809, doi:10.1029/2011GL047116.
34. Loeb, N. G., and R. Davies, 1996: Observational evidence of plane parallel model biases: Apparent dependence of cloud optical depth on solar zenith angle. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1621-1634, doi:10.1029/95JD03298.
35. Loeb, N. G., and R. Davies, 1997: Angular dependence of observed reflectances: A comparison with plane parallel theory. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6865-6881, doi:10.1029/96JD03586.
36. Loeb, N. G., and J. A. Coakley Jr., 1998: Inference of marine stratus cloud optical depths from satellitemeasurements:Does 1Dtheory apply? J. Climate, 11, 215-233, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0215:IOMSCO>2.0.CO;2.
37. Loeb, N. G., T. Varnai, and R. Davies, 1997: Effect of cloud inhomogeneities on the solar zenith angle dependence of nadir reflectance. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9387-9395, doi:10.1029/96JD03719.
38. Loeb, N. G., B. A. Wielicki, D. R. Doelling, G. L. Smith, D. F. Keyes, S. Kato, N. Manalo-Smith, and T. Wong, 2009: Toward optimal closure of the earth's top-of-atmosphere radiation budget. J. Climate, 22, 748-766, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2637.1.
39. Mace, G. G., 2007: Level 2GEOPROFproduct process description and interface control document algorithm version 5.3. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Rep., 42 pp.
40. Mace, G. G., Q. Q. Zhang, M. Vaughan, R. Marchand, G. Stephens, C. Trepte, and D. Winker, 2009: A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, doi:10.1029/2007JD00975.
41. Mace, M., and M. Deng, 2011: Level 2 CloudSat-CALIPSO combined ice cloud property retrieval product process description document. NASA CloudSat Project Rep., 43 pp.
42. Marchand, R. T., T. P. Ackerman, and C. Moroney, 2007: An assessment of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) stereo-derived cloud top heights and cloud top winds using ground-based radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06204, doi:10.1029/2006JD007091.
43. Marchand, R. T., T. P. Ackerman, M. Smyth, and W. B. Rossow, 2010: A review of cloud top height and optical depth histograms from MISR, ISCCP, and MODIS. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013422.
44. McCoy, D. T., D. L. Hartmann, and D. P. Grosvenor, 2014: Observed Southern Ocean cloud properties and shortwave reflection. Part II: Phase changes and low cloud feedback. J. Climate, 27, 8858-8868, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00288.1.
45. Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663-16 682, doi:10.1029/97JD00237.
46. Morrison, H., G. de Boer, G. Feingold, J. Harrington, M. D. Shupe, and K. Sulia, 2011: Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed-phase clouds. Nat. Geosci., 5, 11-17, doi:10.1038/ngeo1332.
47. Nakajima, T., and M. D. King, 1990: Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1878-1893, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1878:DOTOTA>2.0.CO;2.
48. O'Dell, C. W., F. J. Wentz, and R. Bennartz, 2008: Cloud liquid water path from satellite-based passive microwave observations: Anew climatology over the global oceans. J. Climate, 21, 1721-1739, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1958.1.
49. Painemal, D., and P. Zuidema, 2011: Assessment of MODIS cloud effective radius and optical thickness retrievals over the southeast Pacific with VOCALS-REx in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D24206, doi:10.1029/2011JD016155.
50. Painemal, D., P. Minnis, and S. Sun-Mack, 2013: The impact of horizontal heterogeneities, cloud fraction, and liquid water path on warm cloud effective radii from CERES-like Aqua MODIS retrievals. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9997-10 003, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9997-2013.
51. Platnick, S., 2000: Vertical photon transport in cloud remote sensing problems. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22 919-22 935, doi:10.1029/2000JD900333.
52. Platnick, S., M.D. King, S. A. Ackerman,W. P. Menzel, B. A. Baum, J. C. Riedi, and R. A. Frey, 2003: The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 459-473, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301.
53. Simmonds, I., K. Keay, and E.-P. Lim, 2003: Synoptic activity in the seas around Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 272-288, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0272:SAITSA>2.0.CO;2.
54. Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1419:AGPFTS>2.0.CO;2.
55. Slingo, J. M., 1980: A cloud parametrization scheme derived from GATE data for use with a numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 747-770, doi:10.1002/qj.49710645008.
56. Solomon, A., M. D. Shupe, P. O. G. Persson, and H. Morrison, 2011: Moisture and dynamical interactions maintaining decoupled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in the presence of a humidity inversion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10 127-10 148, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10127-2011.
57. Stein, T. H. M., J. Delanoe, and R. J. Hogan, 2011: A comparison among four different retrieval methods for ice-cloud properties using data from CloudSat, CALIPSO, and MODIS. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 1952-1969, doi:10.1175/2011JAMC2646.1.
58. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2002: The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771-1790, doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771.
59. Thomas,M.A., P. Suntharalingam, L. Pozzoli, S.Rast, A. Devasthale, S. Kloster, J. Feichter, and T. M. Lenton, 2010: Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in current climate scenario. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7425-7438, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7425-2010.
60. Vallina, S. M., R. Simó, and S. Gassó, 2006: What controls CCN seasonality in the Southern Ocean?Astatistical analysis based on satellite-derived chlorophyll and CCN and modelestimated OH radical and rainfall. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB1014, doi:10.1029/2005GB002597.
61. Verlinden, K. L., D. W. J. Thompson, and G. L. Stephens, 2011: The three-dimensional distribution of clouds over the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes. J. Climate, 24, 5799-5811, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3922.1.
62. Vidaurre, G., and J. Hallett, 2009: Ice and water content of stratiform mixed-phase cloud. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1292-1306, doi:10.1002/qj.440.
63. Wang, J. H., W. B. Rossow, and Y. C. Zhang, 2000: Cloud vertical structure and its variations from a 20-yr global rawinsonde dataset. J. Climate, 13, 3041-3056, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3041:CVSAIV>2.0.CO;2.
64. Wood, R., and C. S. Bretherton, 2006: On the relationship between stratiform low cloud cover and lower-tropospheric stability. J. Climate, 19, 6425-6432, doi:10.1175/JCLI3988.1.
65. Wood, R., and D. Hartmann, 2006: Spatial variability of liquid water path in marine low cloud: The importance of mesoscale cellular convection. J. Climate, 19, 1748-1764, doi:10.1175/JCLI3702.1.
66. Wu, D. L., and Coauthors, 2009: Vertical distributions and relationships of cloud occurrence frequency as observed by MISR, AIRS, MODIS, OMI, CALIPSO, and CloudSat. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09821, doi:10.1029/2009GL037464.
67. Zelinka, M. D., S. A. Klein, and D. L. Hartmann, 2012: Computing and partitioning cloud feedbacks using cloud property histograms. Part II: Attribution to changes in cloud amount, altitude, and optical depth. J. Climate, 25, 3736-3754, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00249.1.
68. Zelinka, M. D., S. A. Klein, K. E. Taylor, T. Andrews, M. J. Webb, J. M. Gregory, and P. M. Forster, 2013: Contributions of different cloud types to feedbacks and rapid adjustments in CMIP5. J. Climate, 26, 5007-5027, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00555.1.
69. Zhang, Z., 2013: On the sensitivity of cloud effective radius retrieval based on spectral method to bi-modal droplet size distribution: A semi-analytical model. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 129, 79-88, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.05.033.
70. Zhang, Z., and S. Platnick, 2011: An assessment of differences between cloud effective particle radius retrievals for marine water clouds from three MODIS spectral bands. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20215, doi:10.1029/2011JD016216.
71. Zhang, Z., A. S. Ackerman, G. Feingold, S. Platnick, R. Pincus, and H. Xue, 2012: Effects of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity and drizzle on remote sensing of cloud droplet effective radius: Case studies based on large-eddy simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19208, doi:10.1029/2012JD017655.
72. Zinner, T., G. Wind, S. Platnick, and A. S. Ackerman, 2010: Testing remote sensing on artificial observations: Impact of drizzle and 3-D cloud structure on effective radius retrievals. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9535-9549, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9535-2010.