Human immunodeficiency virus: Resistance to antiretroviral drugs in developing countries

Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

Volumn 9780387893709, Issue , 2010, Pages 75-94

  Baggaley, Rebecca F ^a,b   Petersen, Maya L ^c   Soares, Marcelo A ^d   Boily, Marie Claude ^a   Bastos, Francisco I ^e  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^e Brazil   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84919619201     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Adje, C., R. Cheingsong, T. H. Roels, C. Maurice, G. Djomand, W. Verbiest, K. Hertogs, B. Larder, B. Monga, M. Peeters, S. Eholie, E. Bissagene, M. Coulibaly, R. Respess, S. Z. Wiktor, T. Chorba and J. N. Nkengasong (2001). "High prevalence of genotypic and phenotypic HIV-1 drug-resistant strains among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 26(5):501-6.
2. Akileswaran, C., M. N. Lurie, T. P. Flanigan and K. H. Mayer (2005). "Lessons learned from use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa." Clin Infect Dis 41(3):376-85.
3. Babic, D. Z., M. Zelnikar, K. Seme, A. M. Vandamme, J. Snoeck, J. Tomazic, L. Vidmar, P. Karner and M. Poljak (2006). "Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations and HIV-1 non-B subtypes in newly diagnosed drug-naive patients in Slovenia, 2000-2004." Virus Res 118(1-2):156-63.
4. Baggaley, R. F., N. M. Ferguson and G. P. Garnett (2005). "The epidemiological impact of antiretroviral use predicted by mathematical models: a review." Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2:9.
5. Baggaley, R. F., G. P. Garnett and N. M. Ferguson (2006). "Modelling the impact of antiretroviral use in resource-poor settings." PLoS Med 3(4):e124.
6. Balakrishnan, P., N. Kumarasamy, R. Kantor, S. Solomon, S. Vidya, K. H. Mayer, M. Newstein, S. P. Thyagarajan, D. Katzenstein and B. Ramratnam (2005). "HIV type 1 genotypic variation in an antiretroviral treatment-naive population in southern India." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21(4):301-5.
7. Bangsberg, D. R., A. R. Moss and S. G. Deeks (2004). "Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy." J Antimicrob Chemother 53(5):696-9.
8. Bennett, D. E., S. Bertagnolio, D. Suthekland, C. F. Gilks (2008). "The World Health Organization's Global Strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV drug resistance." Antivir Ther 13(Suppl 2):1-13.
9. Benson, C. A. (2006). "Structured treatment interruptions - new findings." Top HIV Med 14(3):107-11.
10. Blower, S., E. Bodine, J. Kahn and W. McFarland (2005). "The antiretroviral rollout and drug-resistant HIV in Africa: insights from empirical data and theoretical models." AIDS 19(1):1-14.
11. Blower, S. M., A. N. Aschenbach, H. B. Gershengorn and J. O. Kahn (2001). "Predicting the unpredictable: transmission of drug-resistant HIV." Nat Med 7(9):1016-20.
12. Blower, S. M., H. B. Gershengorn and R. M. Grant (2000). "A tale of two futures: HIV and antiretroviral therapy in San Francisco." Science 287(5453):650-4.
13. Brindeiro, R. M., R. S. Diaz, E. C. Sabino, M. G. Morgado, I. L. Pires, L. Brigido, M. C. Dantas, D. Barreira, P. R. Teixeira and A. Tanuri (2003). "Brazilian network for HIV drug resistance surveillance (HIV-BResNet): survey of chronically infected individuals." AIDS 17(7):1063-9.
14. Chesney, M. A. (2000). "Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy." Clin Infect Dis 30 Suppl 2:S171-6.
15. Chin, B. S., J. Choi, J. G. Nam, M. K. Kee, S. D. Suh, J. Y. Choi, C. Chu and S. S. Kim (2006). "Inverse relationship between viral load and genotypic resistance mutations in Korean patients with primary HIV type 1 infections." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22(11):1142-7.
16. Deeks, S. G., N. S. Hellmann, R. M. Grant, N. T. Parkin, C. J. Petropoulos, M. Becker, W. Symonds, M. Chesney and P. A. Volberding (1999). "Novel four-drug salvage treatment regimens after failure of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor-containing regimen: antiviral activity and correlation of baseline phenotypic drug susceptibility with virologic outcome." J Infect Dis 179(6):1375-81.
17. Deshpande, A., P. Recordon-Pinson, R. Deshmukh, M. Faure, V. Jauvin, I. Garrigue, M. E. Lafon and H. J. Fleury (2004). "Molecular characterization of HIV type 1 isolates from untreated patients of Mumbai (Bombay), India, and detection of rare resistance mutations." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20(9):1032-5.
18. Dilernia, D. A., L. Lourtau, A. M. Gomez, J. Ebenrstejin, J. J. Toibaro, C. T. Bautista, R. Marone, M. Carobene, S. Pampuro, M. Gomez-Carrillo, M. H. Losso and H. Salomon (2007). "Drug-resistance surveillance among newly HIV-1 diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina." AIDS 21(10):1355-60.
19. Dunne, M. (2007). "Antiretroviral drug development: the challenge of cost and access." AIDS 21 Suppl 4:S73-9.
20. Eshleman, S. H., S. E. Hudelson, A. Gupta, R. Bollinger, A. D. Divekar, R. R. Gangakhedkar, S. S. Kulkarni, M. R. Thakar, R. S. Paranjape and S. Tripathy (2005). "Limited evolution in the HIV type 1 pol region among acute seroconverters in Pune, India." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21(1):93-7.
21. Farmer, P., F. Leandre, J. S. Mukherjee, M. Claude, P. Nevil, M. C. Smith-Fawzi, S. P. Koenig, A. Castro, M. C. Becerra, J. Sachs, A. Attaran and J. Y. Kim (2001). "Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings." Lancet 358(9279):404-9.
22. Harries, A. D., D. S. Nyangulu, N. J. Hargreaves, O. Kaluwa and F. M. Salaniponi (2001). "Preventing antiretroviral anarchy in sub-Saharan Africa." Lancet 358(9279):410-4.
23. Hira, S. K., K. Panchal, P. A. Parmar and V. P. Bhatia (2004). "High resistance to antiretroviral drugs: the Indian experience." Int J STD AIDS 15(3):173-7.
24. Holmes, C. B., H. Zheng, N. A. Martinson, K. A. Freedberg and R. P. Walensky (2006). "Optimizing treatment for HIV-infected South African women exposed to single-dose nevirapine: balancing efficacy and cost." Clin Infect Dis 42(12):1772-80.
25. Jiang, S., H. Xing, X. Si, Y. Wang and Y. Shao (2006). "Polymorphism of the protease and reverse transcriptase and drug resistance mutation patterns of HIV-1 subtype B prevailing in China." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(4):512-4.
26. Kassu, A., M. Fujino, M. Matsuda, M. Nishizawa, F. Ota and W. Sugiura (2007). "Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 in treatment-naive patients in north Ethiopia." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23(4):564-8.
27. Laurent, C., N. Diakhate, N. F. Gueye, M. A. Toure, P. S. Sow, M. A. Faye, M. Gueye, I. Laniece, C. Toure Kane, F. Liegeois, L. Vergne, S. Mboup, S. Badiane, I. Ndoye and E. Delaporte (2002). "The Senegalese government's highly active antiretroviral therapy initiative: an 18-month follow-up study." AIDS 16(10):1363-70.
28. Ledergerber, B., M. Egger, M. Opravil, A. Telenti, B. Hirschel, M. Battegay, P. Vernazza, P. Sudre, M. Flepp, H. Furrer, P. Francioli and R. Weber (1999). "Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study." Lancet 353(9156):863-8.
29. Maia Teixeira, S. L., F. I. Bastos, M. A. Hacker, M. L. Guimaraes and M. G. Morgado (2006). "Trends in drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naive intravenous drug users of Rio de Janeiro." J Med Virol 78(6):764-9.
30. McLean, A. R. and M. A. Nowak (1992). "Competition between zidovudine-sensitive and zidovudine-resistant strains of HIV." AIDS 6(1):71-9.
31. Miller, V., C. Sabin, K. Hertogs, S. Bloor, J. Martinez-Picado, R. D'Aquila, B. Larder, T. Lutz, P. Gute, E. Weidmann, H. Rabenau, A. Phillips and S. Staszewski (2000). "Virological and immunological effects of treatment interruptions in HIV-1 infected patients with treatment failure." AIDS 14(18):2857-67.
32. Mills, E. J., J. B. Nachega, I. Buchan, J. Orbinski, A. Attaran, S. Singh, B. Rachlis, P. Wu, C. Cooper, L. Thabane, K. Wilson, G. H. Guyatt and D. R. Bangsberg (2006). "Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: a meta-analysis." JAMA 296(6):679-90.
33. Mukherjee, J. S., L. Ivers, F. Leandre, P. Farmer and H. Behforouz (2006). "Antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings. Decreasing barriers to access and promoting adherence." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 43 Suppl 1:S123-6.
34. Nagelkerke, N. J., P. Jha, S. J. de Vlas, E. L. Korenromp, S. Moses, J. F. Blanchard and F. A. Plummer (2002). "Modelling HIV/AIDS epidemics in Botswana and India: impact of interventions to prevent transmission. " Bull World Health Organ 80(2):89-96.
35. Ojesina, A. I., J. L. Sankale, G. Odaibo, S. Langevin, S. T. Meloni, A. D. Sarr, D. Olaleye and P. J. Kanki (2006). "Subtype-specific patterns in HIV Type 1 reverse transcriptase and protease in Oyo State, Nigeria: implications for drug resistance and host response." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22(8):770-9.
36. Oyugi, J. H., J. Byakika-Tusiime, K. Ragland, O. Laeyendecker, R. Mugerwa, C. Kityo, P. ugyenyi, T. C. Quinn and D. R. Bangsberg (2007). "Treatment interruptions predict resistance in HIV-positive individuals purchasing fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda." AIDS 21(8):965-71.
37. Palella, F. J., Jr., K. M. Delaney, A. C. Moorman, M. O. Loveless, J. Fuhrer, G. A. Satten, D. J. Aschman and S. D. Holmberg (1998). "Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators." N Engl J Med 338(13):853-60.
38. Paraschiv, S., D. Otelea, M. Dinu, D. Maxim and M. Tinischi (2007). "Polymorphisms and resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes of HIV-1 F subtype Romanian strains." Int J Infect Dis 11(2):123-8.
39. Parreira, R., J. Piedade, A. Domingues, D. Lobao, M. Santos, T. Venenno, J. L. Baptista, S. A. Mussa, A. T. Barreto, A. J. Baptista and A. Esteves (2006). "Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from Beira, Mozambique." Microbes Infect 8(9-10):2442-51.
40. Phillips, A. N., C. Sabin, D. Pillay and J. D. Lundgren (2007). "HIV in the UK 1980-2006: reconstruction using a model of HIV infection and the effect of antiretroviral therapy." HIV Med 8(8):536-46.
41. Phillips, A. N., D. Pillay, A. H. Miners, D. E. Bennett, C. F. Gilks, J. D. Lundgren (2008). "Outcomes for monitoring of patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in resource-limited settings with viral, CD4 cell count, or clinical observation alone: A Computer Simulation Model." Lancet 371(9622):1443-51.
42. Pires, I. L., M. A. Soares, F. A. Speranza, S. K. Ishii, M. C. Vieira, M. I. Gouvea, M. A. Guimaraes, F. E. de Oliveira, M. M. Magnanini, R. M. Brindeiro and A. Tanuri (2004). "Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance mutations and subtypes in drug-naive, infected individuals in the army health service of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." J Clin Microbiol 42(1):426-30.
43. Razafindratsimandresy, R., D. Rajaonatahina, J. L. Soares, D. Rousset and J. M. Reynes (2006). "High HIV type 1 subtype diversity and few drug resistance mutations among seropositive people detected during the 2005 second generation HIV surveillance in Madagascar." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22(6):595-7.
44. Ribeiro, R. M., S. Bonhoeffer and M. A. Nowak (1998). "The frequency of resistant mutant virus before antiviral therapy." AIDS 12(5):461-5.
45. Richman, D. D., S. C. Morton, T. Wrin, N. Hellmann, S. Berry, M. F. Shapiro and S. A. Bozzette (2004). "The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the United States." AIDS 18(10):1393-401.
46. Rosen, S., M. P. Fox and C. J. Gill (2007). "Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review." PLoS Med 4(10):e298.
47. Sa-Ferreira, J. A., P. A. Brindeiro, S. Chequer-Fernandez, A. Tanuri and M. G. Morgado (2007). "Human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtypes and antiretroviral drug resistance profiles among drug-naive Brazilian blood donors." Transfusion 47(1):97-102.
48. Soares, E. A., A. F. Santos, T. M. Sousa, E. Sprinz, A. M. Martinez, J. Silveira, A. Tanuri and M. A. Soares (2007). "Differential drug resistance acquisition in HIV-1 of subtypes B and C." PLoS ONE 2(1):e730.
49. Spacek, L. A., H. M. Shihab, M. R. Kamya, D. Mwesigire, A. Ronald, H. Mayanja, R. D. Moore, M. Bates and T. C. Quinn (2006). "Response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients attending a public, urban clinic in Kampala, Uganda." Clin Infect Dis 42(2):252-9.
50. Stevens, W., S. Kaye and T. Corrah (2004). "Antiretroviral therapy in Africa." BMJ 328(7434):280-2.
51. Sukasem, C., V. Churdboonchart, K. Sirisidthi, S. Riengrojpitak, S. Chasombat, C. Watitpun, W. Piroj, M. Tiensuwan and W. Chantratita (2007). "Genotypic resistance mutations in treatmentnaive and treatment-experienced patients under widespread use of antiretroviral drugs in Thailand: implications for further epidemiologic surveillance." Jpn J Infect Dis 60(5):284-9.
52. Tebit, D. M., J. Ganame, K. Sathiandee, Y. Nagabila, B. Coulibaly and H. G. Krausslich (2006). "Diversity of HIV in rural Burkina Faso." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 43(2):144-52.
53. Teixeira, P. R., M. A. Vitoria and J. Barcarolo (2004). "Antiretroviral treatment in resourcepoor settings: the Brazilian experience." AIDS 18 Suppl 3:S5-7.
54. Toni, T. D., P. Recordon-Pinson, A. Minga, D. Ekouevi, D. Bonard, L. Bequet, C. Huet, H. Chenal, F. Rouet, F. Dabis, M. E. Lafon, R. Salamon, B. Masquelier and H. J. Fleury (2003). "Presence of key drug resistance mutations in isolates from untreated patients of Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: ANRS 1257 study." AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19(8):713-7.
55. Turner, D., B. Brenner, J. P. Routy, D. Moisi, Z. Rosberger, M. Roger and M. A. Wainberg (2004). "Diminished representation of HIV-1 variants containing select drug resistanceconferring mutations in primary HIV-1 infection. " J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37(5):1627-31.
56. UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic (2008). Available at www.unaids.org.
57. Valle-Bahena, O. M., J. Ramos-Jimenez, R. Ortiz-Lopez, A. Revol, A. Lugo-Trampe, H. A. Barrera-Saldana and A. Rojas-Martinez (2006). "Frequency of protease and reverse transcriptase drug resistance mutations in naive HIV-infected patients." Arch Med Res 37(8):1022-7.
58. Vardavas, R. and S. Blower (2007). "The emergence of HIV transmitted resistance in Botswana: "when will the WHO detection threshold be exceeded?"" PLoS ONE 2:e152.
59. Vergne, L., S. Diagbouga, C. Kouanfack, A. Aghokeng, C. Butel, C. Laurent, N. Noumssi, M. Tardy, A. Sawadogo, J. Drabo, H. Hien, L. Zekeng, E. Delaporte and M. Peeters (2006). "HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations among newly diagnosed patients before scalingup programmes in Burkina Faso and Cameroon. " Antivir Ther 11(5):575-9.
60. Viani, R. M., K. Hsia, P. Hubbard, J. Ruiz-Calderon, R. Lozada, J. Alvelais, M. Gallardo and S. A. Spector (2007). "Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in pregnant women and in newly diagnosed adults at Tijuana General Hospital, Baja California, Mexico." Int J STD AIDS 18(4):235-8.
61. Walensky, R. P., M. C. Weinstein, Y. Yazdanpanah, E. Losina, L. M. Mercincavage, S. Toure, N. Divi, X. Anglaret, S. J. Goldie and K. A. Freedberg (2007). "HIV drug resistance surveillance for prioritizing treatment in resource-limited settings." AIDS 21(8):973-82.
62. Weiser, S., W. Wolfe, D. Bangsberg, I. Thior, P. Gilbert, J. Makhema, P. Kebaabetswe, D. Dickenson, K. Mompati, M. Essex and R. Marlink (2003). "Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 34(3):281-8.
63. Wensing, A. M., D. A. van de Vijver, G. Angarano, B. Asjo, C. Balotta, E. Boeri, R. Camacho, M. L. Chaix, D. Costagliola, A. De Luca, I. Derdelinckx, Z. Grossman, O. Hamouda, A. Hatzakis, R. Hemmer, A. Hoepelman, A. Horban, K. Korn, C. Kucherer, T. Leitner, C. Loveday, E. MacRae, I. Maljkovic, C. de Mendoza, L. Meyer, C. Nielsen, E. L. Op deCoul, V. Ormaasen, D. Paraskevis, L. Perrin, E. Puchhammer-Stockl, L. Ruiz, M. Salminen, J. C. Schmit, F. Schneider, R. Schuurman, V. Soriano, G. Stanczak, M. Stanojevic, A. M. Vandamme, K. Van Laethem, M. Violin, K. Wilbe, S. Yerly, M. Zazzi and C. A. Boucher (2005). "Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in untreated individuals in Europe: implications for clinical management." J Infect Dis 192(6):958-66.
64. WHO (2004). Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach (2003 revision). Geneva, World Health Organization.
65. WHO (2006). Treat, train, retain: The AIDS and health workforce plan. Geneva, World Health Organization.
66. WHO (2007). Towards universal access. Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.
67. Wilson, D. P., J. Kahn and S. M. Blower (2006). "Predicting the Epidemiological impact of Antiretroviral allocation strategies in Kwazulu-natal: The effect of the urban-rural divide." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(38):14228-33.