DG IV and the origins of a supranational competition policy: Establishing an economic constitution for Europe

The History of the European Union: Origins of a Trans- and Supranational Polity 1950-72

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 129-147

  Seidel, Katja ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84919555891     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203926482     Document Type: Chapter

References (57)

1. Michelle Cini, Lee McGowan Competition Policy in the European Union, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998, p. 1.
2. Notable exceptions are Sibylle Hambloch 'Die Entstehung der Verordnung 17 von 1962 im Rahmen der EWG-Wettbewerbsordnung', Europarecht, vol. 37, no. 6 (2002), pp. 877-97;
3. Laurent Warlouzet 'La France et la mise en place de la politique de la concurrence communautaire (1957-64)', in Eric Bussière, Michel Dumoulin and Sylvain Schirmann (eds.), Europe organisée, Europe du libre-échange. Fin XIXe siècle Années 1960, Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 2006, pp. 175-201. I am grateful to Sibylle Hambloch for kindly making some of the interviews she conducted with DG IV officials available to me.
4. Lee McGowan and Stephen Wilks 'The First Supranational Policy in the European Union: Competition Policy', European Journal of Political Research, vol. 28, no. 2 (1995), pp. 141-69.
5. For a definition of (institutional) culture see Michelle Cini, 'La Commission européenne: lieu d'émergence de cultures administratives. L'exemple de la DG IV et de la DG XI', Revue française de science politique, vol. 46, no. 3 (1996), pp. 457-72, here p. 458.
6. See also Michelle Cini Policing the Internal Market: the Regulation of Competition in the European Commission, PhD, Exeter: Exeter University, 1994, p. 33.
7. Jarle Trondal 'Political Dynamics of the Parallel Administration of the European Commission', in Andy Smith (ed.), Politics and the European Commission: Actors, Interdependence, Legitimacy, London: Routledge, 2004, pp. 67-82, here p. 74.
8. Cini and McGowan Competition Policy, p. 13.
9. See David J. Gerber Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe: Protecting Prometheus, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, for early twentieth century attempts to realize competition legislation in Europe.
10. Rapport des chefs de delegation aux ministres des Affaires étrangères, Bruxelles 21 avril 1956, esp. Title II, chapter I, published on European Navigator, http://www.ena.lu?lang=1&doc=13904 (accessed 4 November 2007).
11. Hanns Jürgen Küsters Die Gründung der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1982, p. 180.
12. Warlouzet 'La France', p. 179.
13. Küsters Die Gründung, p. 366.
14. Hans von der Groeben Aufbaujahre der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Das Ringen um den Gemeinsamen Markt und die Politische Union (1958-1966), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1982, p. 80, footnote 51.
15. Alfred Müller-Armack, Auf dem Weg nach Europa. Erinnerungen und Ausblicke, Tübingen: Rainer Wunderlich, Stuttgart: C. E. Poeschel, 1971, p. 114.
16. Cini Policing, p. 44.
17. Warlouzet 'La France', p. 179.
18. Cini 'La Commission', p. 466.
19. Bernhard Löffler Soziale Marktwirtschaft und administrative Praxis: das Bundeswirtschaftsministerium unter Ludwig Erhard, Stuttgart: Steiner, 2002, see especially chapter B.3.
20. Gerber Protecting, p. 235.
21. 'The Eurocrats', The Economist, 29 July 1961, p. 449
22. See also Brigitte Leucht 'Tracing European Mentalities: Free competition in postWW II transatlantic Europe', in Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Wilfried Loth, Charles Barthel (eds.), Cultures politiques, opinions publiques et integration européenne, Brussels: Bruylant, 2007, pp. 337-53, herep.343f., mentioningasimilarcaseofajourneyorganizedbytheUSEuropeanCooperationAdministration(ECA)forGermananti-trustexpertstotheUS.
23. P. VerLoren van Themaat Wettbewerbspolitik (Erste Diskussionsgrundlage), 23 May 1958, 001/2, ACDP, I-659.
24. Johan de Vries The Netherlands Economy in the Twentieth Century, Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp. B.V., 1978, p. 103.
25. P. VerLoren van Themaat Wettbewerbspolitik (Erste Diskussionsgrundlage), 23 May 1958, 001/2, ACDP, I-659.
26. http://www-wiwi.uni-muenster.de/~09/ecochron/personen/pm_eucken1.pdf (accessed 27 September 2007).
27. See for example 'The Eurocrats', The Economist, 29 July 1961, p. 449.
28. Interview with Eduard Brackeniers, Brussels, 10 March 2005.
29. Trondal 'Political dynamics', p. 79f.
30. This was published under von der Groeben's name in the EC Bulletin. Von der Groeben, 'Wettbewerbspolitik'.
31. Hans von der Groeben, Vermerk für die Herren Mitglieder der Kommission, Betr: Arbeitsmethoden der Kommission, 29 June 1962, 058/1, ACDP, I-659.
32. Ivo Schwartz 'Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker als "stiller Europäer"', in Christoph Engel, Wernhard Möschel (eds.), Recht und spontane Ordnung. Festschrift für Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker zum achtzigsten Geburtstag, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2006, pp. 459-86, here p. 461.
33. Jacques Houssiaux Concurrence et Marché commun (Collection d'économie moderne), Paris: M. Th. Génin, 1960.
34. Löffler Soziale Marktwirtschaft, p. 72.
35. While in 1958 Robert Marjolin appointed the Belgian economist Robert Triffin as adviser, he does not even mention Triffin in his biography, Le travail d'une vie. Mémoires 1911-1986, Paris: Laffont, 1986.
36. Lawrence Scheinman 'Economic Regionalism and International Administration: The European Community Experience', in Robert S. Jordan (ed.), International
37. Administration: Its Evolution and Contemporary Applications, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 187-227, here p. 212f.
38. Hans J. Michelmann Organizational Effectiveness in a Multinational Bureaucracy, New York: Praeger, 1978, p. 63.
39. Wolfram Kaiser 'Transnational Western Europe since 1945. Integration as political society formation', in Wolfram Kaiser, Peter Starie (eds.), Transnational European Union: Towards a Political Space, London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 17-33, here p. 22.
40. Michelmann Organizational Effectiveness, p. 170.
41. Cf. the author's eye-witness interviews but also Michelmann, Organizational Effectiveness and Cini, Policing.
42. Schwartz 'Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker', p. 473f.; Interview with Aurelio Pappalardo.
43. Hans von der Groeben Deutschland und Europa in einem unruhigen Jahrhundert, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995, p. 346.
44. Michelmann Organizational Effectiveness, p. 78.
45. Von der Groeben Deutschland und Europa, p. 309.
46. Hambloch 'Verordnung 17', p. 880f.
47. Scheinman 'Economic Regionalism', p. 199, footnote 15.
48. See Pieter VerLoren van Themaat 'Einige Betrachtungen über die Entwicklung der Wettbewerbspolitik in Europa vor und seit dem Zustandekommen der Verordnung 17/62', in Ulrich Everling, Karl-Heinz Narjes, Joachim Sedemund (eds.), Europarecht, Kartellrecht, Wirtschaftsrecht. Festschrift für Arved Deringer, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1993, pp. 398-415, here, p. 398.
49. Von der Groeben Deutschland und Europa, p. 309.
50. Hambloch 'Verordnung 17', p. 891.
51. Warlouzet 'La France', p. 179.
52. This is explained in detail in Laurent Warlouzet Quelle Europe économique pour la France? La France et le Marché commun industriel, 1956-1969, PhD, Paris: University of Paris IV, 2007, chapter VI-2.
53. Warlouzet 'La France', p. 191.
54. Hambloch 'Verordnung 17', p. 895.
55. Cini and McGowan Competition Policy, p. 19.
56. VerLoren van Themaat 'Einige Betrachtungen', p. 399. A detailed analysis of the initial proposal of Regulation 17 and the modifications it underwent in the negotiation process is beyond the scope of this chapter. Some of the documents leading to Regulation 17 are published in Reiner Schulze, Thomas Hoeren (eds.), Dokumente zum Europäischen Recht, Band 3: Kartellrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2000. These documents are also accessible at http://www.eu-history.info/ (accessed 28 September 2007).
57. Cini Policing, p. 133.