Using the systems framework for postural control to analyze the components of balance evaluated in standardized balance measures: A scoping review

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 122-132.e29

  Sibley, Kathryn M ^a,b   Beauchamp, Marla K ^c   Van Ooteghem, Karen ^d   Straus, Sharon E ^e,f   Jaglal, Susan B ^a,b  

^a TORONTO REHABILITATION INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^e ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Accidental falls; Aging; Chronic disease; Postural balance; Psychometrics; Rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

BALANCE COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTING SYSTEM; BALANCE IMPAIRMENT; BERG BALANCE SCALE; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CINAHL; COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTING; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISABILITY; DYNAMIC GAIT INDEX; DYNAMICS; EMBASE; EXERCISE; FALLING; GAIT; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; INSTRUMENT VALIDATION; MEASUREMENT; MEDLINE; MOTOR SYSTEM; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; PHYSIOTHERAPIST; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PSYCHOMETRY; RATING SCALE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SCIENTIST; SCORING SYSTEM; SITTING; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; STANDING; SUPINE POSITION; SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK FOR POSTURAL CONTROL; TASK PERFORMANCE; TINETTI (ASSESSMENT); VALIDATION STUDY; BIOMECHANICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOTHERAPY;

BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; DISABILITY EVALUATION; HUMANS; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; POSTURAL BALANCE; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 84919418401     PISSN: 00039993     EISSN: 1532821X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.06.021     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (207)

1. M.E. Tinetti, and C. Kumar The patient who falls: it's always a tradeoff JAMA 303 2010 258 266
2. S.F. Tyson, M. Hanley, J. Chillala, A. Selley, and R.C. Tallis Balance disability after stroke Phys Ther 86 2006 30 38
3. D.L. Sturnieks, A. Tiedemann, K. Chapman, B. Munro, S.M. Murray, and S.R. Lord Physiological risk factors for falls in older people with lower limb arthritis J Rheumatol 31 2004 2272 2279
4. C.F. Dillon, Q. Gu, H.J. Hoffman, and C.-W. Ko Vision, hearing, balance, and sensory impairments in Americans aged 70 years and older: United States, 1999-2006 NCHS Data Brief 31 2010 1 8
5. L.D. Gillespie, M.C. Robertson, and W.J. Gillespie Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9 2012 CD007146
6. T.E. Howe, L. Rochester, F. Neil, D.A. Skelton, and C. Ballinger Exercise for improving balance in older people Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11 2011 CD004963
7. C. Sherrington, A. Tiedemann, N. Fairhall, J.C. Close, and S.R. Lord Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations N S W Public Health Bull 22 2011 78 83
8. F.B. Horak Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing 35 2006 ii7 11
9. R. Orr, J. Raymond, and M. Fiatarone Singh Efficacy of progressive resistance training on balance performance in older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Sports Med 38 2008 317 343
10. K.M. Sibley, S.E. Straus, E.L. Inness, N.M. Salbach, and S.B. Jaglal Balance assessment practices and use of standardized balance measures among Ontario physical therapists Phys Ther 91 2011 1583 1591
11. T.E. Howe, and D.A. Skelton Consensus on core outcome measures of function are needed to progress our knowledge of "best practice" exercise components for older people Age Ageing 40 2011 532 533
12. S.F. Tyson, and L.A. Connell How to measure balance in clinical practice: a systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions Clin Rehabil 23 2009 824 840
13. P.Q. McGinnis, S.F. Wainwright, L.M. Hack, K. Nixon-Cave, and S. Michlovitz Use of a Delphi panel to establish consensus for recommended uses of selected balance assessment approaches Physiother Theory Pract 26 2010 358 373
14. P.K. Pardasaney, M.D. Slavin, R.C. Wagenaar, N.K. Latham, P. Ni, and A.M. Jette Conceptual limitations of balance measures for community-dwelling older adults Phys Ther 93 2013 1351 1368
15. N. Bernstein Co-ordination and regulation of movements 1967 Pergamon Pr New York
16. F.B. Horak, and J.M. Macpherson Postural orientation and equilibrium L.B. Rowell, J.T. Shepherd, Handbook of physiology, Section 12, Exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems 1996 American Physiological Society New York 255 292
17. M.H. Woollacott, and A. Shumway-Cook Changes in postural control across the life span - a systems approach Phys Ther 70 1990 799 807
18. F.B. Horak, D.M. Wrisley, and J. Frank The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits Phys Ther 89 2009 484 498
19. H. Arksey, and L. O'Malley Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework Int J Soc Res Methodol 8 2005 19 32
20. D. Levac, H. Colquhoun, and K. O'Brien Scoping studies: advancing the methodology Implement Sci 5 2010 69
21. H.M. Daudt, C. van Mossel, and S.J. Scott Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework BMC Med Res Methodol 13 2013 48
22. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D.G. Altman Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement Open Med 3 2009 e123 e130
23. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Grey Matters: a practical search tool for evidence-based medicine 2013. Available at: http://www.cadth.ca/en/resources/finding-evidence-is/grey-matters. Accessed April 26, 2013.
24. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Postural control in the older adult Clin Geriatr Med 12 1996 637 658
25. M.J. Hilliard, K.M. Martinez, and I. Janssen Lateral balance factors predict future falls in community-living older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89 2008 1708 1713
26. M. Lacour, L. Bernard-Demanze, and M. Dumitrescu Posture control, aging, and attention resources: models and posture-analysis methods Neurophysiol Clin 38 2008 411 421
27. C.B. de Oliveira, I.R. de Medeiros, N.A. Frota, M.E. Greters, and A.B. Conforto Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: main tools for evaluation J Rehabil Res Dev 45 2008 1215 1226
28. Rehabilitation Measures Database [May 20, 2014]. Available at: www.rehabmeasures.org. Accessed May 20, 2014.
29. E.M. Ardolino, K.J. Hutchinson, G. Pinto Zipp, M. Clark, and S.J. Harkema The ABLE Scale: the development and psychometric properties of an outcome measure for the spinal cord injury population Phys Ther 92 2012 1046 1054
30. D. Kairy, N. Paquet, and J. Fung A postural adaptation test for stroke patients Disabil Rehabil 25 2003 127 135
31. I. Hsueh, J. Chen, and C. Wang Development of a computerized adaptive test for assessing balance function in patients with stroke Phys Ther 90 2010 1336 1344
32. W.-H. Hou, J.-H. Chen, and Y.-H. Wang Development of a set of functional hierarchical balance short forms for patients with stroke Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92 2011 1119 1125
33. B.L. Riemann, K.M. Guskiewicz, and E.W. Shields Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability J Sport Rehabil 8 1999 71 82
34. T.N. Hunt, M.S. Ferrara, R.A. Bornstein, and T.A. Baumgartner The reliability of the modified Balance Error Scoring System Clin J Sport Med 19 2009 471 475
35. P.K. Padgett, J.V. Jacobs, and S.L. Kasser Is the BESTest at its best? A suggested brief version based on interrater reliability, validity, internal consistency, and theoretical construct Phys Ther 92 2012 1197 1207
36. F. Franchignoni, F. Horak, M. Godi, A. Nardone, and A. Giordano Using psychometric techniques to improve the Balance Evaluation Systems Test: the mini-BESTest J Rehabil Med 42 2010 323 331
37. T. Haines, S.S. Kuys, G. Morrison, J. Clarke, P. Bew, and S. McPhail Development and validation of the balance outcome measure for elder rehabilitation Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88 2007 1614 1621
38. S. Mackintosh, N. Datson, and C. Fryer A balance screening tool for older people: reliability and validity Int J Ther Rehabil 13 2006 558 561
39. B. Lindmark, Å. Liljenäs, and K. Hellström Assessment of minor or moderate balance disorders: a reliability study and comparison with healthy subjects Adv Physiother 14 2012 3 9
40. K. Berg, S. Wood-Dauphinee, J.I. Williams, and D. Gayton Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument Physiother Canada 41 1989 304 311
41. C. Chou, C. Chien, I. Hsueh, C. Sheu, C. Wang, and C. Hsieh Developing a short form of the Berg Balance Scale for people with stroke Phys Ther 86 2006 195 204
42. U. Hohtari-Kivimaki, M. Salminen, T. Vahlberg, and S.L. Kivela Short Berg Balance Scale - correlation to static and dynamic balance and applicability among the aged Aging Clin Exp Res 24 2012 42 46
43. S.F. Tyson, and L.H. DeSouza Development of the Brunel Balance Assessment: a new measure of balance disability post stroke Clin Rehabil 18 2004 801 810
44. M. Thomas, J. Jankovic, and M. Suteerawattananon Clinical gait and balance scale (GABS): validation and utilization J Neurol Sci 217 2004 89 99
45. A. Shumway-Cook, and F.B. Horak Assessing the influence of sensory interaction of balance: suggestion from the field Phys Ther 66 1986 1548 1550
46. J.A. Howe, E.L. Inness, A. Venturini, J.I. Williams, and M.C. Verrier The Community Balance and Mobility Scale - a balance measure for individuals with traumatic brain injury Clin Rehabil 20 2006 885 895
47. A. Desai, V. Goodman, N. Kapadia, B.L. Shay, and T. Szturm Relationship between dynamic balance measures and functional performance in community-dwelling elderly people Phys Ther 90 2010 748 760
48. A. Shumway-Cook, M. Baldwin, N.L. Polissar, and W. Gruber Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults Phys Ther 77 1997 812 819
49. G.F. Marchetti, and S.L. Whitney Construction and validation of the 4-item dynamic gait index Phys Ther 86 2006 1651 1660
50. D.M. Wrisley, G.F. Marchetti, D.K. Kuharsky, and S.L. Whitney Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the functional gait assessment Phys Ther 84 2004 906 918
51. S. Blomqvist, and B. Rehn Validity and reliability of the Dynamic One Leg Stance (DOLS) in people with vision loss Adv Physiother 9 2007 129 135
52. L. Tesio, L. Perucca, F.P. Franchignoni, and M.A. Battaglia A short measure of balance in multiple sclerosis: validation through Rasch analysis Funct Neurol 12 1997 255 265
53. M.E. Tinetti Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients J Am Geriatr Soc 34 1986 119 126
54. R.P. Di Fabio, and R. Seay Use of the "fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: validity and reliability Phys Ther 77 1997 904 917
55. S.L. Whitney, D.M. Wrisley, G.F. Marchetti, M.A. Gee, M.S. Redfern, and J.M. Furman Clinical measurement of sit-to-stand performance in people with balance disorders: validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test Phys Ther 85 2005 1034 1045
56. W. Dite, and V.A. Temple A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83 2002 1566 1571
57. D.J. Rose, N. Lucchese, and L.D. Wiersma Development of a multidimensional balance scale for use with functionally independent older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87 2006 1478 1485
58. P.W. Duncan, D.K. Weiner, J. Chandler, and S. Studenski Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance J Gerontol 45 1990 M192 M197
59. R.A. Newton Validity of the multi-directional reach test: a practical measure for limits of stability in older adults J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 2001 M248 M252
60. C. MacKnight, and K. Rockwood A hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility Age Ageing 24 1995 126 130
61. P. Kluding, B. Swafford, P. Cagle, and B. Gajewski Reliability, responsiveness, and validity of the Kansas University Standing Balance Scale J Geriatr Phys Ther 29 2006 93 99
62. S. Clark, D.J. Rose, and K. Fujimoto Generalizability of the limits of stability test in the evaluation of dynamic balance among older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 1997 1078 1084
63. G. Jarnlo, and E. Nordell Reliability of the modified figure of eight - a balance performance test for elderly women Physiother Theory Pract 19 2003 35 43
64. S.D. Lark, P.W. McCarthy, and D.A. Rowe Reliability of the parallel walk test for the elderly Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92 2011 812 817
65. K.M. Fox, G. Felsenthal, J.R. Hebel, S.I. Zimmerman, and J. Magaziner A portable neuromuscular function assessment for studying recovery from hip fracture Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 1996 171 176
66. C. Benaim, D.A. Perennou, J. Villy, M. Rousseaux, and J.Y. Pelissier Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) Stroke 30 1999 1862 1868
67. C.W. Chien, J.H. Lin, C.H. Wang, I.P. Hsueh, C.F. Sheu, and C.L. Hsieh Developing a Short Form of the Postural Assessment Scale for people with Stroke Neurorehabil Neural Repair 21 2007 81 90
68. O. Pyöriä, U. Talvitie, and J. Villberg The reliability, distribution, and responsiveness of the Postural Control and Balance for Stroke Test Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 2005 296 302
69. L.I. Wolfson, R. Whipple, P. Amerman, and A. Kleinberg Stressing the postural response: a quantitative method for testing balance J Am Geriatr Soc 34 1986 845 850
70. M. Visser, J. Marinus, B.R. Bloem, H. Kisjes, B.M. van den Berg, and J.J. van Hilten Clinical tests for the evaluation of postural instability in patients with Parkinson's disease Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 2003 1669 1674
71. J. Jacobs, F. Horak, K. Van Tran, and J. Nutt An alternative clinical postural stability test for patients with Parkinson's disease J Neurol 253 2006 1404 1413
72. J.L. Medell, and N.B. Alexander A clinical measure of maximal and rapid stepping in older women J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55 2000 M429 M433
73. C.D. Ford-Smith, J.F. Wyman, R.K. Elswick Jr., T. Fernandez, and R.A. Newton Test-retest reliability of the Sensory Organization Test in noninstitutionalized older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 1995 77 81
74. M.Y. Pang, F.M. Lam, G.H. Wong, I.H. Au, and D.L. Chow Balance performance in head-shake computerized dynamic posturography: aging effects and test-retest reliability [Erratum appears in Phys Ther 2011;91:598] Phys Ther 91 2011 246 253
75. J.M. Guralnik, E.M. Simonsick, and L. Ferrucci A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission J Gerontol 49 1994 M85 94
76. H. Fujisawa, and R. Takeda A new clinical test of dynamic standing balance in the frontal plane: the side-step test Clin Rehabil 20 2006 340 346
77. B.L. Riemann, N.A. Caggiano, and S.M. Lephert Examination of a clinical method of assessing postural control during a functional performance task J Sport Rehabil 8 1999 171 183
78. R.W. Bohannon Single limb stance times: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from individuals at least 60 years of age Top Geriatr Rehabil 22 2006 70 77
79. L. DePasquale, and L. Toscano The Spring Scale Test: a reliable and valid tool for explaining fall history J Geriatr Phys Ther 32 2009 159 167
80. T. Teranishi, I. Kondo, and S. Sonoda A discriminative measure for static postural control ability to prevent in-hospital falls: reliability and validity of the Standing Test for Imbalance and Disequilibrium (SIDE) Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 1 2010 11 16
81. J. Hertel, S.J. Miller, and C.R. Denegar Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests J Sport Rehabil 9 2000 104 116
82. K.D. Hill, J. Bernhardt, A.M. McGann, D. Maltese, and D. Berkovits A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly Physiother Canada 48 1996 257 262
83. E.S. Hile, J.S. Brach, S. Perera, D.M. Wert, J.M. VanSwearingen, and S.A. Studenski Interpreting the need for initial support to perform tandem stance tests of balance Phys Ther 92 2012 1316 1328
84. J.H. Bruinsma, M.M. Gebraad, and K.A. Brumels Clinician's corner: reliability of the time-on-ball test Clin Kinesiol 62 2008 1 3
85. D. Podsiadlo, and S. Richardson The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons J Am Geriatr Soc 39 1991 142 148
86. P. Botolfsen, J.L. Helbostad, R. Moe-Nilssen, and J.C. Wall Reliability and concurrent validity of the Expanded Timed Up-and-Go test in older people with impaired mobility Physiother Res Int 13 2008 94 106
87. J.M. Simpson, C. Worsfold, E. Reilly, and N. Nye A standard procedure for using TURN180: testing dynamic postural stability among elderly people Physiotherapy 88 2002 342 353
88. F. La Porta, M. Franceschini, S. Caselli, P. Cavallini, S. Susassi, and A. Tennant Unified Balance Scale: an activity-based, bed to community, and aetiology-independent measure of balance calibrated with Rasch analysis J Rehabil Med 43 2011 435 444
89. M.S. Clark The Unilateral Forefoot Balance Test: reliability and validity for measuring balance in late midlife women NZ J Physiother 35 2007 110 118
90. C.D. Faria, L.F. Teixeira-Salmela, and S. Nadeau Clinical testing of an innovative tool for the assessment of biomechanical strategies: the Timed "Up and Go" Assessment of Biomechanical Strategies (TUG-ABS) for individuals with stroke J Rehabil Med 45 2013 241 247
91. E. Rodby-Bousquet, A. Ágústsson, G. Jónsdóttir, T. Czuba, A.-C. Johansson, and G. Hägglund Interrater reliability and construct validity of the Posture and Postural Ability Scale in adults with cerebral palsy in supine, prone, sitting and standing positions Clin Rehabil 28 2014 82 90
92. G.P. Williams, V. Robertson, K.M. Greenwood, P.A. Goldie, and M.E. Morris The high-level mobility assessment tool (HiMAT) for traumatic brain injury, part 2: content validity and discriminability Brain Inj 19 2005 833 843
93. G. Williams, V. Robertson, K. Greenwood, P. Goldie, and M.E. Morris The high-level mobility assessment tool (HiMAT) for traumatic brain injury, part 1: item generation Brain Inj 19 2005 925 932
94. S. Yamaji, and S. Demura Reliability and fall experience discrimination of Cross Step Moving on Four Spots Test in the elderly Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94 2013 1312 1319
95. M.E. Tinetti, and C. Kumar The patient who falls: it's always a tradeoff JAMA 303 2010 258 266
96. S.F. Tyson, M. Hanley, J. Chillala, A. Selley, and R.C. Tallis Balance disability after stroke Phys Ther 86 2006 30 38
97. D.L. Sturnieks, A. Tiedemann, K. Chapman, B. Munro, S.M. Murray, and S.R. Lord Physiological risk factors for falls in older people with lower limb arthritis J Rheumatol 31 2004 2272 2279
98. C.F. Dillon, Q. Gu, H.J. Hoffman, and C.-W. Ko Vision, hearing, balance, and sensory impairments in Americans aged 70 years and older: United States, 1999-2006 NCHS Data Brief 31 2010
99. L.D. Gillespie, M.C. Robertson, and W.J. Gillespie Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9 2012 CD007146
100. T.E. Howe, L. Rochester, F. Neil, D.A. Skelton, and C. Ballinger Exercise for improving balance in older people Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11 2011 CD004963
101. C. Sherrington, A. Tiedemann, N. Fairhall, J.C. Close, and S.R. Lord Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations N S W Public Health Bull 22 2011 78 83
102. F.B. Horak Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing 35 2006 ii7 ii11
103. R. Orr, J. Raymond, and M. Fiatarone Singh Efficacy of progressive resistance training on balance performance in older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Sports Med 38 2008 317 343
104. K.M. Sibley, S.E. Straus, E.L. Inness, N.M. Salbach, and S.B. Jaglal Balance assessment practices and use of standardized balance measures among Ontario physical therapists Phys Ther 91 2011 1583 1591
105. T.E. Howe, and D.A. Skelton Consensus on core outcome measures of function are needed to progress our knowledge of "best practice" exercise components for older people Age Ageing 40 2011 532 533
106. S.F. Tyson, and L.A. Connell How to measure balance in clinical practice: a systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions Clin Rehabil 23 2009 824 840
107. P.Q. McGinnis, S.F. Wainwright, L.M. Hack, K. Nixon-Cave, and S. Michlovitz Use of a Delphi panel to establish consensus for recommended uses of selected balance assessment approaches Physiother Theory Pract 26 2010 358 373
108. P.K. Pardasaney, M.D. Slavin, R.C. Wagenaar, N.K. Latham, P. Ni, and A.M. Jette Conceptual limitations of balance measures for community-dwelling older adults Phys Ther 93 2013 1351 1368
109. N. Bernstein Co-ordination and regulation of movements 1967 Pergamon Pr New York
110. F.B. Horak, and J.M. Macpherson Postural orientation and equilibrium L.B. Rowell, J.T. Shepherd, Handbook of physiology, Section 12, Exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems 1996 American Physiological Society New York 255 292
111. M.H. Woollacott, and A. Shumway-Cook Changes in postural control across the life span - a systems approach Phys Ther 70 1990 799 807
112. F.B. Horak, D.M. Wrisley, and J. Frank The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits Phys Ther 89 2009 484 498
113. H. Arksey, and L. O'Malley Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework Int J Soc Res Methodol 8 2005 19 32
114. D. Levac, H. Colquhoun, and K. O'Brien Scoping studies: advancing the methodology Implement Sci 5 2010 69
115. H.M. Daudt, C. van Mossel, and S.J. Scott Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework BMC Med Res Methodol 13 2013 48
116. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D.G. Altman Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement Open Med 3 2009 e123 e130
117. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Grey Matters: a practical search tool for evidence-based medicine 2013. Available at: http://www.cadth.ca/en/resources/finding-evidence-is/grey-matters. Accessed April 26, 2013.
118. B.E. Maki, and W.E. McIlroy Postural control in the older adult Clin Geriatr Med 12 1996 637 658
119. M.J. Hilliard, K.M. Martinez, and I. Janssen Lateral balance factors predict future falls in community-living older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89 2008 1708 1713
120. M. Lacour, L. Bernard-Demanze, and M. Dumitrescu Posture control, aging, and attention resources: models and posture-analysis methods Neurophysiol Clin 38 2008 411 421
121. C.B. de Oliveira, I.R. de Medeiros, N.A. Frota, M.E. Greters, and A.B. Conforto Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: main tools for evaluation J Rehabil Res Dev 45 2008 1215 1226
122. Rehabilitation Measures Database [May 20, 2014]. Available at: www.rehabmeasures.org. Accessed May 20, 2014.
123. E.M. Ardolino, K.J. Hutchinson, G. Pinto Zipp, M. Clark, and S.J. Harkema The ABLE Scale: the development and psychometric properties of an outcome measure for the spinal cord injury population Phys Ther 92 2012 1046 1054
124. D. Kairy, N. Paquet, and J. Fung A postural adaptation test for stroke patients Disabil Rehabil 25 2003 127 135
125. I. Hsueh, J. Chen, and C. Wang Development of a computerized adaptive test for assessing balance function in patients with stroke Phys Ther 90 2010 1336 1344
126. W.-H. Hou, J.-H. Chen, and Y.-H. Wang Development of a set of functional hierarchical balance short forms for patients with stroke Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92 2011 1119 1125
127. B.L. Riemann, K.M. Guskiewicz, and E.W. Shields Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability J Sport Rehabil 8 1999 71 82
128. T.N. Hunt, M.S. Ferrara, R.A. Bornstein, and T.A. Baumgartner The reliability of the modified Balance Error Scoring System Clin J Sport Med 19 2009 471 475
129. P.K. Padgett, J.V. Jacobs, and S.L. Kasser Is the BESTest at its best? A suggested brief version based on interrater reliability, validity, internal consistency, and theoretical construct Phys Ther 92 2012 1197 1207
130. F. Franchignoni, F. Horak, M. Godi, A. Nardone, and A. Giordano Using psychometric techniques to improve the Balance Evaluation Systems Test: the mini-BESTest J Rehabil Med 42 2010 323 331
131. T. Haines, S.S. Kuys, G. Morrison, J. Clarke, P. Bew, and S. McPhail Development and validation of the balance outcome measure for elder rehabilitation Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88 2007 1614 1621
132. S. Mackintosh, N. Datson, and C. Fryer A balance screening tool for older people: reliability and validity Int J Ther Rehabil 13 2006 558 561
133. B. Lindmark, Å. Liljenäs, and K. Hellström Assessment of minor or moderate balance disorders: a reliability study and comparison with healthy subjects Adv Physiother 14 2012 3 9
134. K. Berg, S. Wood-Dauphinee, J.I. Williams, and D. Gayton Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument Physiother Canada 41 1989 304 311
135. C. Chou, C. Chien, I. Hsueh, C. Sheu, C. Wang, and C. Hsieh Developing a short form of the Berg Balance Scale for people with stroke Phys Ther 86 2006 195 204
136. U. Hohtari-Kivimaki, M. Salminen, T. Vahlberg, and S.L. Kivela Short Berg Balance Scale - correlation to static and dynamic balance and applicability among the aged Aging Clin Exp Res 24 2012 42 46
137. S.F. Tyson, and L.H. DeSouza Development of the Brunel Balance Assessment: a new measure of balance disability post stroke Clin Rehabil 18 2004 801 810
138. M. Thomas, J. Jankovic, and M. Suteerawattananon Clinical gait and balance scale (GABS): validation and utilization J Neurol Sci 217 2004 89 99
139. A. Shumway-Cook, and F.B. Horak Assessing the influence of sensory interaction of balance: suggestion from the field Phys Ther 66 1986 1548 1550
140. J.A. Howe, E.L. Inness, A. Venturini, J.I. Williams, and M.C. Verrier The Community Balance and Mobility Scale - a balance measure for individuals with traumatic brain injury Clin Rehabil 20 2006 885 895
141. A. Desai, V. Goodman, N. Kapadia, B.L. Shay, and T. Szturm Relationship between dynamic balance measures and functional performance in community-dwelling elderly people Phys Ther 90 2010 748 760
142. A. Shumway-Cook, M. Baldwin, N.L. Polissar, and W. Gruber Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults Phys Ther 77 1997 812 819
143. G.F. Marchetti, and S.L. Whitney Construction and validation of the 4-item dynamic gait index Phys Ther 86 2006 1651 1660
144. D.M. Wrisley, G.F. Marchetti, D.K. Kuharsky, and S.L. Whitney Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the Functional Gait Assessment Phys Ther 84 2004 906 918
145. S. Blomqvist, and B. Rehn Validity and reliability of the Dynamic One Leg Stance (DOLS) in people with vision loss Adv Physiother 9 2007 129 135
146. L. Tesio, L. Perucca, F.P. Franchignoni, and M.A. Battaglia A short measure of balance in multiple sclerosis: validation through Rasch analysis Funct Neurol 12 1997 255 265
147. M.E. Tinetti Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients J Am Geriatr Soc 34 1986 119 126
148. R.P. Di Fabio, and R. Seay Use of the "fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: validity and reliability Phys Ther 77 1997 904 917
149. S.L. Whitney, D.M. Wrisley, G.F. Marchetti, M.A. Gee, M.S. Redfern, and J.M. Furman Clinical measurement of sit-to-stand performance in people with balance disorders: validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test Phys Ther 85 2005 1034 1045
150. W. Dite, and V.A. Temple A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83 2002 1566 1571
151. D.J. Rose, N. Lucchese, and L.D. Wiersma Development of a multidimensional balance scale for use with functionally independent older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87 2006 1478 1485
152. P.W. Duncan, D.K. Weiner, J. Chandler, and S. Studenski Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance J Gerontol 45 1990 M192 M197
153. R.A. Newton Validity of the multi-directional reach test: a practical measure for limits of stability in older adults J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 2001 M248 M252
154. C. MacKnight, and K. Rockwood A hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility Age Ageing 24 1995 126 130
155. P. Kluding, B. Swafford, P. Cagle, and B. Gajewski Reliability, responsiveness, and validity of the Kansas University Standing Balance Scale J Geriatr Phys Ther 29 2006 93 99
156. S. Clark, D.J. Rose, and K. Fujimoto Generalizability of the limits of stability test in the evaluation of dynamic balance among older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 1997 1078 1084
157. G. Jarnlo, and E. Nordell Reliability of the modified figure of eight - a balance performance test for elderly women Physiother Theory Pract 19 2003 35 43
158. G. Johansson, and G. Jarnlo Balance training in 70-year-old women Physiother Theory Pract 7 1991 121 125
159. S.D. Lark, P.W. McCarthy, and D.A. Rowe Reliability of the parallel walk test for the elderly Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92 2011 812 817
160. K.M. Fox, G. Felsenthal, J.R. Hebel, S.I. Zimmerman, and J. Magaziner A portable neuromuscular function assessment for studying recovery from hip fracture Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 1996 171 176
161. C. Benaim, D.A. Perennou, J. Villy, M. Rousseaux, and J.Y. Pelissier Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) Stroke 30 1999 1862 1868
162. A.R. Fugl-Meyer, L. Jaasko, I. Leyman, S. Olsson, and S. Steglind The post-stroke hemiplegic patient, 1: a method for evaluation of physical performance Scand J Rehabil Med 7 1975 13 31
163. C.W. Chien, J.H. Lin, C.H. Wang, I.P. Hsueh, C.F. Sheu, and C.L. Hsieh Developing a Short Form of the Postural Assessment Scale for people with Stroke Neurorehabil Neural Repair 21 2007 81 90
164. O. Pyöriä, U. Talvitie, and J. Villberg The reliability, distribution, and responsiveness of the Postural Control and Balance for Stroke Test Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 2005 296 302
165. L.I. Wolfson, R. Whipple, P. Amerman, and A. Kleinberg Stressing the postural response: a quantitative method for testing balance J Am Geriatr Soc 34 1986 845 850
166. M. Visser, J. Marinus, B.R. Bloem, H. Kisjes, B.M. van den Berg, and J.J. van Hilten Clinical tests for the evaluation of postural instability in patients with Parkinson's disease Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 2003 1669 1674
167. J. Jacobs, F. Horak, K. Van Tran, and J. Nutt An alternative clinical postural stability test for patients with Parkinson's disease J Neurol 253 2006 1404 1413
168. J.L. Medell, and N.B. Alexander A clinical measure of maximal and rapid stepping in older women J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55 2000 M429 M433
169. C.D. Ford-Smith, J.F. Wyman, R.K. Elswick Jr., T. Fernandez, and R.A. Newton Test-retest reliability of the Sensory Organization Test in noninstitutionalized older adults Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 1995 77 81
170. M.Y. Pang, F.M. Lam, G.H. Wong, I.H. Au, and D.L. Chow Balance performance in head-shake computerized dynamic posturography: aging effects and test-retest reliability [Erratum appears in Phys Ther 2011;91:598] Phys Ther 91 2011 246 253
171. J.M. Guralnik, E.M. Simonsick, and L. Ferrucci A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission J Gerontol 49 1994 M85 94
172. H. Fujisawa, and R. Takeda A new clinical test of dynamic standing balance in the frontal plane: the side-step test Clin Rehabil 20 2006 340 346
173. B.L. Riemann, N.A. Caggiano, and S.M. Lephert Examination of a clinical method of assessing postural control during a functional performance task J Sport Rehabil 8 1999 171 183
174. B.L. Johnson, and J.K. Nelson Practical measurements for evaluation in physical education Edina: Burgess Publishing Company 1986
175. R.W. Bohannon Single limb stance times: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from individuals at least 60 years of age Top Geriatr Rehabil 22 2006 70 77
176. L. DePasquale, and L. Toscano The Spring Scale Test: a reliable and valid tool for explaining fall history J Geriatr Phys Ther 32 2009 159 167
177. T. Teranishi, I. Kondo, and S. Sonoda A discriminative measure for static postural control ability to prevent in-hospital falls: reliability and validity of the Standing Test for Imbalance and Disequilibrium (SIDE) Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 1 2010 11 16
178. J. Hertel, S.J. Miller, and C.R. Denegar Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests J Sport Rehabil 9 2000 104 116
179. K.D. Hill, J. Bernhardt, A.M. McGann, D. Maltese, and D. Berkovits A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly Physiother Canada 48 1996 257 262
180. E.S. Hile, J.S. Brach, S. Perera, D.M. Wert, J.M. VanSwearingen, and S.A. Studenski Interpreting the need for initial support to perform tandem stance tests of balance Phys Ther 92 2012 1316 1328
181. J.H. Bruinsma, M.M. Gebraad, and K.A. Brumels Clinician's corner: reliability of the time-on-ball test Clin Kinesiol 62 2008 1 3
182. D. Podsiadlo, and S. Richardson The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons J Am Geriatr Soc 39 1991 142 148
183. S. Mathias, U.S. Nayak, and B. Isaacs Balance in elderly patients: the "get-up and go" test Arch Phys Med Rehabil 67 1986 387 389
184. P. Botolfsen, J.L. Helbostad, R. Moe-Nilssen, and J.C. Wall Reliability and concurrent validity of the Expanded Timed Up-and-Go test in older people with impaired mobility Physiother Res Int 13 2008 94 106
185. J.M. Simpson, C. Worsfold, E. Reilly, and N. Nye A standard procedure for using TURN180: testing dynamic postural stability among elderly people Physiotherapy 88 2002 342 353
186. F. La Porta, M. Franceschini, S. Caselli, P. Cavallini, S. Susassi, and A. Tennant Unified Balance Scale: an activity-based, bed to community, and aetiology-independent measure of balance calibrated with Rasch analysis J Rehabil Med 43 2011 435 444
187. M.S. Clark The Unilateral Forefoot Balance Test: reliability and validity for measuring balance in late midlife women NZ J Physiother 35 2007 110 118
188. C.D. Faria, L.F. Teixeira-Salmela, and S. Nadeau Clinical testing of an innovative tool for the assessment of biomechanical strategies: the Timed "Up and Go" Assessment of Biomechanical Strategies (TUG-ABS) for individuals with stroke J Rehabil Med 45 2013 241 247
189. E. Rodby-Bousquet, A. Ágústsson, G. Jónsdóttir, T. Czuba, A.-C. Johansson, and G. Hägglund Interrater reliability and construct validity of the Posture and Postural Ability Scale in adults with cerebral palsy in supine, prone, sitting and standing positions Clin Rehabil 28 2014 82 90
190. G.P. Williams, V. Robertson, K.M. Greenwood, P.A. Goldie, and M.E. Morris The high-level mobility assessment tool (HiMAT) for traumatic brain injury, part 2: content validity and discriminability Brain Inj 19 2005 833 843
191. G. Williams, V. Robertson, K. Greenwood, P. Goldie, and M.E. Morris The high-level mobility assessment tool (HiMAT) for traumatic brain injury, part 1: item generation Brain Inj 19 2005 925 932
192. S. Yamaji, and S. Demura Reliability and fall experience discrimination of Cross Step Moving on Four Spots Test in the elderly Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94 2013 1312 1319
193. L.E. Powell, and A.M. Myers The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50A 1995 M28 34
194. J.M. Linacre, A.W. Heinemann, B.D. Wright, C.V. Granger, and B.B. Hamilton The structure and stability of the Functional Independence Measure Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 1994 127 132
195. S.S. Kuys, and S.G. Brauer Validation and reliability of the Modified Elderly Mobility Scale Austr J Ageing 25 2006 140 144
196. F.I. Mahoney, and D.W. Barthel Functional evaluation: the Barthel index Md State Med J 14 1965 61 65
197. J.H. Carr, R.B. Shepherd, L. Nordholm, and D. Lynne Investigation of a new motor assessment scale for stroke patients Phys Ther 65 1985 175 180
198. F.M. Collen, D.T. Wade, G.F. Robb, and C.M. Bradshaw The Rivermead Mobility Index: a further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment Int Disabil Stud 13 1991 50 54
199. H. Cohen, C.A. Blatchly, and L.L. Gombash A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance Phys Ther 73 1993 346 351 discussion 51-4
200. American Thoracic Society ATS statement: guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk test Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 2002 111 117
201. G.P. Jacobson, and C.W. Newman The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116 1990 424 427
202. M.F. Folstein, S.E. Folstein, and P.R. McHugh "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician J Psychiatr Res 12 1975 189 198
203. M.P. Lawton, and E.M. Brody Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living Gerontologist 9 1969 179 186
204. W.O. Spitzer, A.J. Dobson, and J. Hall Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: a concise QL-index for use by physicians J Chronic Dis 34 1981 585 597
205. L.M. Cipriany-Dacko, D. Innerst, J. Johannsen, and V. Rude Interrater reliability of the Tinetti Balance Scores in novice and experienced physical therapy clinicians Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 1997 1160 1164
206. J.H. Suni, P. Oja, and R.T. Laukkanen Health-related fitness test battery for adults: aspects of reliability Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 1996 399 405
207. F. Franchignoni, L. Tesio, M.T. Martino, and C. Ricupero Reliability of four simple, quantitative tests of balance and mobility in healthy elderly females Aging (Milano) 10 1998 26 31