Deformation conditions for fracturing in the Middle Devonian sequence of the central Appalachians during the Late Paleozoic Alleghenian orogeny

AAPG Bulletin

Volumn 98, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 2263-2299

  Evans, Mark A ^a   De Lisle, Amanda ^a   Leo, Jeremy ^a,b   Lafonte, Christopher J ^a,c  

^a CENTRAL CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Garmin International Inc   (United States)

^c BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; HYDROCARBONS; LANDFORMS; MINERALOGY; MINERALS;

BRINE INCLUSIONS; CARBON STABLE ISOTOPES; CLASSIFICATION MODELS; DEFORMATION CONDITIONS; FLUID CONDITIONS; FLUID INCLUSION MICROTHERMOMETRY; FOLD-THRUST BELTS; HYDROCARBON FLUIDS;

FRACTURE;

ALLEGHANIAN OROGENY; BRINE; CARBON; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; DEVONIAN; FLUID DYNAMICS; FLUID INCLUSION; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; FRACTURE; HYDROCARBON; MINERALIZATION; OXYGEN; QUARTZ; SHALE; STABLE ISOTOPE; SYNTECTONIC SEDIMENT; THERMOMECHANICS; VEIN (GEOLOGY);

APPALACHIANS; PENNSYLVANIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84919341368     PISSN: 01491423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1306/07221413135     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Aase, N. E., and O. Walderhaug, 2005, The effect of hydrocarbons on quartz cementation: diagenesis in the Upper Jurassic sandstones of the Miller Field, North Sea, revisited: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 11, p. 215-223, doi:10.1144/1354-079304-648.
2. Ahmadhadi, F., J.-M. Danial, M. Azzizadeh, and O. Lacombe, 2008, Evidence for pre-folding vein development in the Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation in the Central Zagros fold belt, Iran: Tectonics, v. 27, p. TC1016, doi:10.1029/2O06TC0O1978.
3. Alderton, D. H. M., N. Oxtoby, H. Brice, N. Grassineau, and R. E. Bevins, 2004. The link between fluids and rank variation in the South Wales Coalfield; evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes: Geofluids, v. 4, p. 221-236.
4. Bakker, R. J., 2003, Package FLUIDS 1. Computer programs for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modeling bulk fluid properties: Chemical Geology, v. 194, p. 3-23, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541 (02) 00268-1.
5. Bakker, R. J., and P. E. Brown, 2003, Computer modeling in fluid inclusion research, in I. Samson, A. Anderson, and D. Marshall, eds., Fluid Inclusions: Analysis and Interpretation, Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series Volume 32, p. 175-212.
6. Baldwin, B., and C. O. Butler, 1985. Compaction curves: AAPG Bulletin, v. 69, p. 622-625.
7. Beach, A., 1980, Numerical models of hydraulic fracturing and the interpretation of syntectonic veins: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 425-438, doi:10.1016/0191-8141 (80) 90004-8.
8. Becker, S. P., P. Eichhubl, S. E. Laubach, R. M. Reed, R. H. Lander, and R. J. Bodnar, 2010, A 48 M.Y. History of fracture opening, temperature, and fluid pressure: Cretaceous Travis Peak Formation, East Texas basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1081-1093.
9. Bellahsen, N., P. Fiore, and D. D. Pollard, 2006, The role of fractures in the structural interpretation of Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 850-867, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.01.013.
10. Bergbauer, S., and D. D. Pollard, 2004, A new conceptual foldfracture model including prefolding joints, based on Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 294-307, doi:10.1130/B25225.1.
11. Blanchet, A., M. Pagel, F. Walgenwitz, and A. Lopez, 2003. Microspectrofluorimetric and microthermometric evidence for variability in hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowths; implications for inclusion trapping in the Alwyn North Field, North Sea: Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, p. 1477-1490, doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.08.003.
12. Bodnar, R. J., 1993, Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-NaCl solutions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 683-684, doi:10.1016/0016-7037 (93) 90378-A.
13. Bodnar, R. J., 2003, Reequilibration of fluid inclusions, in I. Samson, A. Anderson, and D. Marshall, eds., Fluid Inclusions: Analysis and Interpretation: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series Volume 32, p. 213-231.
14. Bourdet, J., and P. Eadington, 2012, Fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy of inclusion oil: CISRO Technical Report EP129625, 60 p.
15. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, 2004, CIE Technical Report: Colorimetry, CIE15:2004: Paris, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, 82 p.
16. Conliffe, J., N. F. Blarney, M. Feely, J. Parnell, and A. G. Ryder, 2010, Hydrocarbon migration in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from fluid inclusion studies: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 16, p. 67-76, doi:10.1144/l 354-079309-007.
17. Cox, S., S.-S. Sun, M. A. Etheridge, V. J. Wall, and T. F. Potter, 1995, Structural and geochemical controls on the development of turbidite-hosted gold-quartz vein deposits, Wattle Gully Mine, central Victoria, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 1722-1746, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.6.1722.
18. De Witt, W., 1974, Geologic map of the Beans Cove and Hyndman quadrangles and part of the Fairhope quadrangle, Bedford County, Pennsylvania: United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations, Map 1-801, scale 1:24, 000, 1 sheet.
19. Duncan, A., C. Hanks, W. K. Wallace, P. B. O'Sullivan, and T. M. Parris, 2012, An integrated model of the structural evolution of the central Brooks Range foothills, Alaska, using structural geometry, fracture distribution, geochronology, and microthermometry: AAPG Bulletin, v. 96, p. 2245-2274, doi:10.1306/04031209037.
20. 2O system I. Pure systems from 0 to 1000° C and 0 to 8000 bar: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 2605-2617, doi:10.1016/0016-7037 (92) 90347-L.
21. 2O system n. Mixtures from 50 to 1000° C and 0 to 1000 bar: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 2619-2631, doi:10.101670016-7037 (92) 90348-M.
22. Dutkiewicz, A., and J. Ridley, 2003, Hydrocarbon pseudo-inclusions in barite: How to recognize and avoid artifacts: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 73, p. 171-176, doi:10.1306/080502730171.
23. Dykstra, J., 1987. Compaction correction for burial history curves: application to Lopatin's method for source rock maturation determination: Geobyte, v. 2, p. 16-23.
24. Ellis, A. J., 1959, The solubility of calcite in carbon dioxide solutions: American Journal of Science, v. 257, p. 354-365, doi:10.2475/ajs.257.5.354.
25. Ellis, A. J., 1963, The solubility of calcite in sodium chloride solutions at high temperatures: American Journal of Science, v. 261, p. 259-267, doi:10.2475/ajs.261.3.259.
26. Ellis, M. A., S. E. Laubach, P. Eichhubl, J. E. Olson, and P. Hargrove, 2012, Fracture development and diagenesis of Torridon Group Appalcross Formation, near An Teallach, NW Scotland: millennia of brittle deformation resilience? Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 169, p. 297-310, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492011-086.
27. Engelder, T., 1982, Is there a relationship between regional joints and contemporary stress within the lithosphere of North America?: Tectonics, v. 1, p. 161-177.
28. Engelder, T., 2004, Tectonic implications drawn from differences in the surface morphology on two joint sets in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Virginia: Geology, v. 32, p. 413-416, doi:10.1130/G20216.1.
29. Engelder, T., and P. Geiser, 1980, On the use of regional joint sets as trajectories of paleostress fields during the development of the Appalachian Plateau, New York: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 6319-6341.
30. Engelder, T., and M. R. Gross, 1993, Curving cross joints and the lithospheric stress field in eastern North America: Geology, v. 21, p. 817-820.
31. Engelder, T., G. G. Lash, and R. S. Uzcategui, 2009, Joint sets that enhance production from Middle and Upper Devonian gas shales of the Appalachian Basin: AAPG Bulletin, v. 93, p. 857-889, doi: 10.1306/03230908032.
32. Engelder, T., R. Slingerland, M. Arthur, G. Lash, D. Kohl, and D. P. Gold, 2011, An introduction to the structure and stratigraphy in the proximal portion of the Middle Devonian Marcellus and Burket/Geneseo black shales in the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge, in R. M. Ruffolo and C. N. Ciampaglio, eds., From the Shield to the Sea: Geological Field Trips form the 2011 Joint Meeting of the GSA Northeastern and North-Central Sections: Geological Society of America Field Guide 20, p. 17-24.
33. Engelder, T., and A. E. Whitaker, 2006, Early jointing in coal and black shales: Evidence for an Appalachian-wide stress field as a prelude to the Alleghanian orogeny: Geology, v. 34, p. 581-584, doi:10.1130/G22367.1.
34. Etheridge, M. A., V. J. Wall, and S. F. Cox, 1984, High fluid pressures during regional metamorphism and deformation: implications for mass transport and deformation mechanisms: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 4344-4358, doi:10.1029/JB089iB06p04344.
35. Evans, M. A., 1994, Joints and decollement zones in the Middle Devonian shales: Evidence for multiple deformation events in the central Appalachian Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 447-460, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1994) 106<0447:JADCZI>2.3. CO;2.
36. Evans, M. A., 1995, Fluid inclusions in veins from the Middle Devonian shales: A record of deformation conditions and fluid evolution in the Appalachian Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 327-339, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1995) 107<0327:FIIVFT>2.3. CO;2.
37. Evans, M. A., 2010, Temporal and spatial changes in deformation conditions during the formation of the Central Appalachian fold-and-thrust belt: Evidence from joints, vein mineral paragenesis, and fluid inclusions, in R. Tollo, M. J. Bartholomew, J. Hibbard, and P. Karabinos, eds., From Rodinia to Pangea: The Lithotectonic Record of the Appalachian Region, Geological Society of America Memoir 206, 477-552.
38. Evans, M. A., and D. A. Battles, 1999, Fluid inclusion and stable isotope analysis of veins from the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province: implications for regional synorogenic hydrologic structure and fluid migration: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. Ill, p. 1841-1860, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1999) 111<1841: FIASIA>2.3. CO;2.
39. Evans, M. A., G. E. Bebout, and C. H. Brown, 2012, Changing fluid conditions during folding: An example from the central Appalachians: Tectonophysics, v. 576-577, p. 99-115, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.002.
40. Evans, M. A., and M. P. Fischer, 2012, Dynamic changes in fluid conditions during growth and development of fold structures: A Review: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 44, p. 2-24, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.08.003.
41. Evans, M. A., and G. C. Hobbs, 2003, Fate of 'warm' migrating fluids in the central Appalachians during the Late Paleozoic Alleghenian orogeny: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 327-331, doi:10.1016/S0375-6742 (03) 00088-8.
42. Faill, R. T., 1979, Geology and mineral resources of the Montoursville south and Muncy quadrangles and part of the Hughesville quadrangle, Lycoming, Northumberland, and Montour counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 144ab: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, p. 114, 2 plates.
43. Faill, R. T., A. D. Glover, and J. H. Way, 1989, Geology and mineral resources of the Blandburg, Tipton, Altoona, and Bellwood quadrangles, Blair, Cambria, Clearfield, and Centre Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 86: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, p. 86, 1 plate.
44. Fall, A., P. Eichhubl, S. P. Cumella, R. J. Bodnar, S. E. Laubach, and S. P. Becker, 2012, Testing the basin-centered gas accumulation model using fluid inclusion observations: Southern Piceance Basin, Colorado: AAPG Bulletin, v. 96, p. 2297-2318.
45. Fischer, M. P., I. C. Higuera-Diaz, M. A. Evans, E. C. Perry, and L. Lefticariu, 2009, Fracture-controlled paleohydrology in a map-scale detachment fold: insights from the analysis of fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz veins: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 31, p. 1490-1510, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.09.004.
46. Fisher, D. M., S. L. Brantley, M. Everett, and J. Dzvonik, 1995, Cyclic fluid flow through a regionally extensive fracture network within the Kodiak accretionary Prism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 12, 881-12, 894, doi:101522.1029/94JB02816.
47. Glass, G. B., 1972, Geology and mineral resources of the Philipsburg 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, Centre and Clearfield Counties: Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 95a: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 241 p., 20 pis.
48. Goldstein, R. H., 2001, Fluid inclusions in sedimentary and diagenetic systems: Lithos, v. 55, p. 159-193, doi:10.1016/S0024-4937 (00) 00044-X.
49. Goldstein, R. H., and T. J. Reynolds, 1994, Systematics in fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals: SEPM Short Course v. 31, p. 199.
50. Gretener, P. E., 1969, Fluid pressure in porous media, its importance in geology: a review: Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 17, p. 255-295.
51. Hanks, C. L., T. M. Parris, and W. K. Wallace, 2006, Fracture paragenesis and microthermometry in Lisburne Group detachment folds: Implications for the thermal and structural evolution of northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska: AAPG Bulletin, v. 90, p. 1-20, doi: 10.1306/08090504134.
52. Heald, M. T., and R. E. Larease, 1974, Influence of coatings on quartz cementation: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 44, p. 1269-1274.
53. Husson, L., and I. Moretti, 2002, Thermal regime of fold and thrust belts-An application to the Bolivian Sub-Andean zone: Tectonophysics, v. 345, p. 253-280, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (01) 00216-5.
54. 4-rich inclusions from quartz veins in the Valley and Ridge province and the anthracite fields of the Pennsylvania Appalachians: American Mineralogist, v. 76, p. 230-240.
55. Laubach, S. E., 1988, Subsurface fractures and their relationship to stress history in East Texas Basin sandstone: Tectonophysics, v. 156, p. 37-49, doi:10.1016/0040-1951 (88) 90281-8.
56. Laubach, S. E., 2003, Practical approaches to identifying sealed and open fractures: AAPG Bulletin, v. 87, p. 561-579, doi: 10.1306/11060201106.
57. Lash, G. G., and T. Engelder, 2007, Jointing within the outer arc of a forebulge at the onset of the Alleghanian Orogeny: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, p. 774-786, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2006.12.002.
58. Lash, G. G., and T. Engelder, 2009, Tracking the burial and tectonic history of Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin by analysis of joint intersection style: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 265-277.
59. Lash, G., S. Loewy, and T. Engelder, 2004, Preferential jointing of Upper Devonian black shale, Appalachian Plateau, USA: evidence supporting hydrocarbon generation as a joint-driving mechanism, in J. W. Cosgrove and T. Engelder, eds., The Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest of Joints and Other Fractures: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 231, p. 129-151.
60. McLimans, R. K. 1987, The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs: Applied Geochemistry, v. 2, p. 585-603, doi:10.1016/0883-2927 (87) 90011-4.
61. Meunier, J. D., 1989, Assessment of low-temperature fluid inclusions in calcite using microthermometry: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 84, p. 167-170, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.84.1.167.
62. Molenaar, N., J. Cyziene, S. Sliaupa, and J. Craven, 2008, Lack of inhibiting effect of oil emplacement on quartz cementation: Evidence from Cambrian reservoir sandstones, Paleozoic Baltic basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 1280-1295.
63. Mullis, J., 1987, Fluid inclusion studies during very low-grade metamorphism in Low Temperature Metamorphism, M. Frey, ed., London, Blackie, p. 162-199.
64. Nickelsen, R. P., V. D. Hough, and D. Van Ness, 1967, Jointing in the Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 78, p. 609-630, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1967) 78[609:JITAPO]2.0. CO;2.
65. Olson, J. E., S. E. Laubach, and R. H. Lander, 2009, Natural fracture characterization in tight gas sandstones: Integrating mechanics and diagenesis. AAPG Bulletin, v. 93, p. 1535-1549, doi:10.1306/08110909100.
66. Palumbo, F., I. G. Main, and G. Zito, 1999, The thermal evolution of sedimentary basins and its effects on the maturation of hydrocarbons: Geophysical Journal International, v. 139, p. 248-260, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00877.x.
67. Parker, J. M., 1942, Regional systematic jointing in slightly deformed sedimentary rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 53, p. 381-408, doi:10.1130/GSAB-53-381.
68. Parris, T. M., R. C. Burrus, and P. B. O'Sullivan, 2003, Deformation and timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: AAPG Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1823-1846, doi: 10.1306/07100301 111.
69. Parry, W. T., 1998, Fault-fluid compositions from fluid-inclusion observations and solubilities of fracture sealing minerals: Tectonophysics, v. 290, p. 1-26, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (98) 00013-4.
70. Patchen, D. G., K. L. Avery, and R. B. Erwin, Coordinators, 1985, Northern Appalachian Region [correlation chart]: 1 folded sheet in jacket (Correlation of Stratigraphic Units of North America (COSUNA) Project): Tulsa, Oklahoma, AAPG.
71. Prezbindowski, D. R., and R. E. Larese, 1987, Experimental stretching of fluid inclusions in calcite-Implications for diagenetic studies: Geology, v. 15, p. 333-336, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1987) 15<333:ESOFn>2.0. CO;2.
72. o) in Upper Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin: A major revision of USGS Map I-917-E using new subsurface collections: U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3006, one CD-ROM.
73. Rodrigues, N., P. R. Cobbold, H. Loseth, and G. Ruffet, 2009, Widespread bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite ('beef) in a mature source rock (Vaca Muerta Fm, Neuqudn Basin, Argentina): evidence for overpressure and horizontal compression: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 166, p. 695-709, doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-lll.
74. Ruf, J. C, K. A. Rust, and T. Engelder, 1998, Investigating the effect of mechanical discontinuities on joint spacing: Tectonophysics, v. 295, p. 245-257, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (98) 00123-l.
75. Schubert, F., L. W. Diamond, and T. M. Téth, 2007, Fluid-inclusion evidence of petroleum migration through a buried metamorphic dome in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Chemical Geology, v. 244, p. 357-381, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.05.019.
76. Sibson, R. H., J. M. Moore, and A. H. Rankin, 1975, Seismic pumping - A hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 131, p. 653-659, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 131.6.0653.
77. Silliphant, L. J., T. Engelder, and M. Gross, 2002, The state of stress in the limb of the Split Mountain anticline, Utah: constraints placed by transected joints: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 24, p. 155-172, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141 (01) 00055-4.
78. Stamatakos, J., A. M. Hirt, and W. Lowrie, 1996, The age and timing of folding in the Central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 815-829, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1996) 108 <0815:TAATOF> 2.3. CO;2.
79. Stearns, D. W., 1964, Macrofracture patterns on Teton anticline, northwest Montana: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 45, p. 107-108.
80. Stoneley, R., 1983, Fibrous calcite veins, overpressures, and primary oil migration: AAPG Bulletin, v. 73, p. 1427-1428.
81. Taylor, T. R., M. R. Giles, L. A. Hathon, T. N. Diggs, N. R. Braunsdorf, G. V. Birbiglia, M. G. Kittridge, C. I. Macaulay, and I. S. Espejo, 2010, Sandstone diagenesis and reservoir quality prediction: Models, myths, and reality: AAPG Bulletin, v. 94, p. 1093-1132, doi:10.1306/04211009123.
82. Touret, J. L. R., 2001, Fluids in Metamorphic rocks: Lithos, v. 55, p. 1-25, doi:10.1016/S0024-4937 (00) 00036-0.
83. Ulrich, M. R., and R. J. Bodnar, 1988, Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions: D. Barite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 83, p. 1037-1046, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.5.1037.
84. 2 inclusions: Bulletin Minéralogique, v. Ill, p. 257-266.
85. 2: Application to fluid inclusions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 621-629, doi:10.1016/0016-7037 (90) 90358-R.
86. 2 system, in B. De Vivo and M. L. Frezzotti, eds., Fluid Inclusions in Minerals: Methods and Applications, Short Course of the Working group (IMA) "Inclusions in Minerals": Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, p. 171-190.
87. Waples, D. W., 1980, Time and temperature in petroleum formation: Application of Lopatin's method to petroleum exploration: AAPG Bulletin, v. 64, p. 916-926.
88. Younes, A., and T. Engelder, 1999, Fringe cracks: Key structures for the interpretation of progressive Alleghenian deformation of the Appalachian Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 219-239.
89. Zhang, E., and A. Davis, 1993, Coalification patterns of the Pennsylvanian coal measures in the Appalachian foreland basin, western Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 162-174, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1993) 105<0162:CPOTPC>2.3. CO;2.