Characteristics and changes of streamflow on the Tibetan Plateau: A review

Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies

Volumn 2, Issue , 2014, Pages 49-68

  Cuo, Lan ^a   Zhang, Yongxin ^b   Zhu, Fuxin ^a   Liang, Liqiao ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; Human activity; River basins; Streamflow; Tibetan Plateau

Indexed keywords

EID: 84918818952     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22145818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Asano Y., Uchida T., Ohte N. Residence times and flow paths of water in steep unchannelled catchments, Tanakami, Japan. J. Hydrol. 2002, 261:173-192.
2. Barnett T.P., Adam J.C., Lettenmaier D.P. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 2005, 438:303-309.
3. Bing L., Shao Q., Liu J., Zhao Z. Runoff characteristic in flood and dry seasons in source regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River based on wavelet analysis. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2011, 31(2):232-238. (in Chinese).
4. Cao J., Qin D., Kang E., Li Y. The change of streamflow of rivers on the Tibetan Plateau that flow to the Pacific and the Indian oceans. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2005, 50(21):2403-2408. (in Chinese).
5. Chang G., Li L., Zhu X., Wang Z., Xiao J., Li F. Changes and influencing factors of surface water resources in the source region of the Yellow River. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2007, 26(3):312-320. (in Chinese).
6. Chen C., Guan Z. The water resources of the Qiang-Tang Plateau and their development and use. J. Nat. Resour. 1989, 4(4):298-307. (in Chinese).
7. Chen J. Water cycle mechanism in the source region of Yangtze River. J. Yangtze River Sci. Res. Inst. 2013, 30(4):1-5. (in Chinese).
8. Chen L., Liu C., Hao F., Dai D., Liu J. Impact of climate on runoff in the source regions of the Yellow River. Earth Sci. Front. 2006, 13(5):321-329. (in Chinese).
9. Chen Y., Cui W., Li W., Chen Y., Zhang H. Utilization of water resources and ecological protection in the Tarim River. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2003, 58(2):215-222. (in Chinese).
10. Chen Y., Xu Z. Possibile impacts of global warming on the streamflow of Tarim River. Sci. China Ser. D 2004, 34(11):1047-1053. (in Chinese).
11. Chen Y., Yang K., Zhou D., Qin J., Guo X. Improving the Noah land surface model in arid regions with an appropriate parameterization of the thermal roughness length. J. Hydrometeorol. 2010, 11:995-1006. 10.1175/2010JHM1185.1.
12. Chen Y., Wang W., Tao C., Zhao F. Climate change impacts on the streamflow in Yalong River basin. Yangtze River 2012, 43(Suppl. (II)):24-29. (in Chinese).
13. Cheng G., Jin H. Permafrost and groundwater on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in northeast China. Hydrogeol. J. 2013, 21:5-23.
14. Cherkauer K.A., Lettenmaier D.P. Hydrologic effects of frozen soils in the upper Mississippi River basin. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1999, 104(D16):19599-19610.
15. Cuo L., Zhang Y., Gao Y., Hao Z., Cairang L. The impacts of climate change and land cover/use transition on the hydrology in the upper Yellow River Basin, China. J. Hydrol. 2013, 502:37-52.
16. Cuo L., Zhang Y., Wang Q., Zhang L., Zhou B., Hao Z., Su F. Climate change on the northern Tibetan Plateau during 1957-2009: spatial patterns and possible mechanisms. J. Clim. 2013, 26(1):85-109. 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00738.1.
17. Ding Y., Liu F. Effects of climatic change of water balance of Qinghai Lake basin for recent thirty years and possible tendency. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 1995, 15(2):128-135. (in Chinese).
18. Ding Y., Ye B., Zhou W. Temporal and spatial precipitation distribution in the Heihe catchment, northwest China, during the past 40a. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 1999, 21(1):42-48. (in Chinese).
19. Ding Y., Ye B., Han T., Liu S., Shen Y., Xie C. The regional differences in climate and streamflow change in western China over the past 50 years. Sci. China Ser. D 2007, 37(2):206-214. (in Chinese).
20. Dong X., Yao Z., Chen C. Runoff variation and responses to precipitation in the source regions of the Yellow River. Resour. Sci. 2007, 29(3):67-73. (in Chinese).
21. Fan H., He D. Regional climate and its change in the Nujiang River Basin. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2012, 67(5):621-630. (in Chinese).
22. FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC Harmonized World Soil Database (Version 1.0) 2008, FAO/IIASA, Rome, Italy/Laxenburg, Austria.
23. Fu L., Chen Y., Li W., Xu C., He B. Influence of climate change on runoff and water resources in the headwaters of the Tarim River. Arid Land Geogr. 2008, 31(2):237-242. (in Chinese).
24. Fu L., Chen Y., Li W., He B., Xu C. Relation between climate change and runoff volume in the headwaters of the Tarim River during the last 50 years. J. Desert Res. 2010, 30(1):204-209. (in Chinese).
25. Fujita K., Ageta Y. Effect of summer accumulation on glacier mass balance on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by mass-balance model. J. Glaciol. 2000, 46:244-252.
26. Gao X., Zhang S., Ye B., Jiao C. Glacier runoff change in the upper streamflow of Yarkant River and its impact on river runoff during 1961-2006. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2010, 32(3):445-453. (in Chinese).
27. Gao X., Ye B.S., Zhang S.Q., Qiao C.J., Zhang X.W. Glacier runoff variation and its influence on river runoff during 1961-2006 in the Tarim River Basin, China. Sci. China Earth 2010, 53:880-891. 10.1007/s11430-010-0073-4.
28. Gao Y., Cuo L., Zhang Y. Changes in moisture flux over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979-2011 and possible mechanisms. J. Clim. 2014, 27:1876-1893. 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00321.1.
29. Guan Z., Chen C. Streamflow and water resources in Tibetan Autonomous Region. Nat. Resour. 1980, 2:25-35. (in Chinese).
30. Guan D., Zhang W. Characterisitcs of the Che'erchen River, Xinjiang. J. Northwest Hydroelectr. Power 2004, 20(4):39-41. (in Chinese).
31. Guo D., Wang H., Li D. A projection of permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Platau during the 21st century. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2012, 117:D05106. 10.1029/2011JD016545.
32. Huang J., Xu Z., Gong T. Characteristics and driving factors of the runoff variations in the Yarlung Zangbo River. J. China Hydrol. 2007, 27(5):31-35. (in Chinese).
33. Huang R., Zhou D. The impact of climate change on the runoff of the Yellow River and ecosystem and frozen soil in its source area. Chin. J. Nat. 2012, 34(1):1-9. (in Chinese).
34. Hudson A.M., Quade J. Long-term east-west asymmetry in monsoon rainfall on the Tibetan Plateau. Geology 2013, 41(3):351-354.
35. Huo Z., Feng S., Kang S., Li W., Chen S. Effects of climate changes and water-related human activities on annual stream flows of the Shiyang river basin in arid north-west China. Hydrol. Process. 2008, 22:3155-3167.
36. Immerzeel W.W., Droogers P., de Jong S.M., Bierkens M.F.P. Large-scale monitoring of snow cover and runoff simulation in Himalayan river basins using remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 2009, 113:40-49.
37. Immerzeel W.W., van Beek L.P.H., Bierkens M.F.P. Climate change will affect the Asia water towers. Sciences 2010, 328:1382-1385.
38. Jin H., Wang S., Lu L., He R., Chang X., Luo D. Features and degradation of frozen Ground in the sources area of the Yellow River, China. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2010, 32(1):10-17. (in Chinese).
39. Jin L., Qin N., Mao X. Features of runoff in the upper reaches of the Tongtian River and its climatic probability forecast in recent 45 years. Clim. Environ. Res. 2005, 10(2):220-228. (in Chinese).
40. Kang E., Yang Z., Lai Z. Runoff of snow and ice melt water and mountainous rivers. Glaciers and their Environments in China - The Present, Past and Future 2000, 190-233. Science Press, Beijing, (in Chinese). Y. Shi (Ed.).
41. Li H., Jiang Z., Wei W. Drought and flood change of Tarim River basin in recent 40 years. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2007, 27(6):801-807. (in Chinese).
42. Li L., Wang Z., Wang Q. Influence of climatic change on flow over the upper reaches of Heihe River. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2006, 26(1):40-46. (in Chinese).
43. Li L., Dai S., Shen H., Li H., Xiao J. Response of water resources to climate change and its future trend in the source region of the Yangtze River. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2012, 67(7):941-950. (in Chinese).
44. Li X., Ran Y.H., Nan Z.T., Jin H.J. A frozen ground distribution map of China made by integrating existing permafrost maps and modeling results. Research Monograph of Cold and Arid Regions Engineering and Environment: A Collection of the Papers Dedicated to the 70th Birthday of Academician Guodong Cheng 2012, 229-239. Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou, (in Chinese). W. Ma, F.J. Niu (Eds.).
45. Li Z.L., Xu Z.X., Li J.Y., Li Z.J. Shift trend and step changes for runoff time series in the Shiyang River basin, northwest China. Hydrol. Process. 2008, 22:4639-4646.
46. Li X., Yang D. Analysis on the utilization efficiency of water resources in the upper reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang. Arid Zone Res. 2002, 19(1):23-26. (in Chinese).
47. Li Y., Li X., Cui B., Peng H., Yi W. Trend of stream flow in Lake Qinghai basin during the past 50 years (1956-2007) - Take Buha River and Shaliu River for examples. J. Lake Sci. 2010, 22(5):757-766. (in Chinese).
48. Lin H., Wu Z. Contribution of the autumn Tibetan Plateau snow cover to seasonal prediction of North American winter temperature. J. Clim. 2011, 24:2801-2813.
49. Lin X., Zhang Y., Yao Z., Gong T., Wang H., Liu L. Trend analysis of the runoff variation in Lhasa River Basin in Tibetan Plateau during the last 50 years. Prog. Geogr. 2007, 26(3):58-67. (in Chinese).
50. Liu C., Su W., Yang Y. Impacts of climate change on the runoff and estimation on the future climatic trends in the headwater regions of the Yellow River. J. Arid Land Resour. Environ. 2012, 26(4):97-101. (in Chinese).
51. Liu S., Zhang Y., Zhang Y., Ding Y. Estimation of glacier runoff and future trends in the Yangtze River source region, China. J. Glaciol. 2009, 55(190):353-361.
52. Liu T. Hydrological characteristics of Yalungzangbo River. Acta Geogr. Sin. 1999, 54(Suppl.):157-164. (in Chinese).
53. Liu T., Fang H., Willems P., Bao A.M., Chen X., Veroustraete F., Dong Q.H. On the relationship between historical land-use change and water availability: the case of the lower Tarim River region in northwestern China. Hydrol. Process. 2013, 27:251-261.
54. Liu Y., Fan N., An S., Bai X., Liu F., Xu Z., Wang Z., Liu S. Characteristics of water isotopes and hydrograph separation during the wet season in the Heishui River, China. J. Hydrol. 2008, 353:314-321.
55. Liu Y., Hoskins B., Blackburn M. Impact of Tibetan orography and heating on the summer flow over Asia. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 85B:1-19.
56. Lu A., Jia S., Yan H., Yang G. Temporal variations and trend analysis of the snowmelt runoff timing across the source regions of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River. Resour. Sci. 2009, 31(10):1704-1709. (in Chinese).
57. Ma Z., Kang S., Zhang L., Tong L., Su X. Analysis of impacts of climate variability and human activity on streamflow for a river basin in arid region of northwest China. J. Hydrol. 2008, 352(3-4):239-249.
58. Mamat A., Halik W., Yang X. The climatic changes of Qarqan River Basin and its impact on the runoff. Xinjiang Agric. Sci. 2010, 47(5):996-1001. (in Chinese).
59. Manabe S., Broccoli A.J. Mountains and arid climate of middle latitudes. Science 1990, 247:192-195.
60. Mao W., Sun B., Wang T., Luo G., Zhang C., Huo L. Change trends of temperature, precipitation and runoff volume in the Kaxgar River Basin since recent 50 years. Arid Zone Res. 2006, 23(4):531-538. (in Chinese).
61. Meng Y., Liu G. Stable isotopic information for hydrological investigation in Hailuogou watershed on the eastern slope of Mount Gongga, China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2013, 69:29-39.
62. Michel R.L. Tritium hydrology of the Mississippi River basin. Hydrol. Process. 2004, 18:1255-1269.
63. Milly P.C.D., Dunne K.A., Vecchia A.V. Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature 2005, 438:347-350.
64. Molg T., Masssion F., Schere D. Mid-latitude westerlies as a driver of glacier variability in monsoonal High Asia. Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 10.1038/NCLIMATE2055.
65. Nan S., Zhao P., Yang S., Chen J. Springtime tropospheric temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and evolutions of the tropical Pacific SST. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2009, 114:D10104. 10.1029/2008JD011559.
66. Nie Z., Chen Z., Shen J., Zhang G., Cheng X. Environmental isotopes as tracers of hydrological cycle in the recharge area of the Heihe River. Geogr. Geo-Inform. Sci. 2005, 21:104-108. (in Chinese).
67. Niu Y., Zhang X. Preliminary analysis on variations of hydrologic and water resources regime and its genesis of the Yellow River source region. Yellow River 2005, 27(3):31-36. (in Chinese).
68. Niu L., Ye B.S., Li J., Sheng Y. Effect of permafrost degradation on hydrological processes in typical basins with various permafrost coverage in Western China. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2010, 41(1):85-92. (in Chinese). 10.1007/s11430-010-4073-1.
69. Palazzi E., von Hardenberg J., Provenzale A. Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: observations and future scenarios. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2013, 118:85-110. 10./1029/2012JD018697.
70. Pu T., He Y., Zhu G., Zhang N., Du J., Wang C. Characteristics of water stable isotopes and hydrograph separation in Baishui catchment during the wet season in Mt. Yulong region, south western China. Hydrol. Process. 2013, 27:3641-3648. 10.1002/hyp.9479.
71. Sabit M., Tohti A. An analysis of water resources and its hydrological characteristics of Yarkend River Valley. J. Xinjiang Norm. Univ. 2005, 24(1):74-78. (in Chinese).
72. Shen D., Chen C. Water resources of the Tibetan Plateau. J. Nat. Resour. 1996, 11(1):8-14. (in Chinese).
73. Sorg A., Bolch T., Stoffel M., Solomina O., Beniston M. Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan (Central Asia). Nat. Clim. Change 2012, 10.1038/nclimate1592.
74. Sun B., Mao W., Feng Y., Chang T., Zhang L., Zhao L. Study on the change of air temperature, precipitation and runoff volume in the Yarkant River Basin. Arid Zone Res. 2006, 23(2):203-209. (in Chinese).
75. Sun W., Cheng B., Li R. Multi-time scale correlations between runoff and regional climate variations in the source region of the Yellow River. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2009, 64(1):117-127. (in Chinese).
76. Tian K., Liu J., Kang S., Campbell I.B., Zhang F., Zhang Q., Lu W. Hydrothermal pattern of frozen soil in Nam Co lake basin, the Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Geol. 2009, 57(8):1775-1784.
77. Tian L., Yao T., MacClune K., White J.W.C., Schilla A., Vaughn B., Vachon R., Ichiyanagi K. Stable isotopic variations in west China: a consideration of moisture sources. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007, 112:D10112. 10.1029/2006JD007718.
78. Vache K.B., McDonnell J.J. A process-based rejectionist framework for evaluating catchment runoff model structure. Water Resour. Res. 2006, 42:W02409. 10.1029/2005WR004247.
79. Wang B., Bao Q., Hoskins B., Wu G., Liu Y. Tibetan Plateau warming and precipitation change in East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L14702. 10.1029/2008GL034330.
80. Wang G., Wang J., Wu Y. Features of eco-environment changes in Heihe River basin over recent 10 years. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2002, 22(5):527-534. (in Chinese).
81. Wang H., Li D. Correlation of surface sensible heat flux in the arid region of northwestern China with the northern boundary of the East Asia summer monsoon and Chinese summer precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011, 116:D19114. 10.1029/2011JD015696.
82. Wang J. Analysis of the characteristics of water resources in the Sanjiangyuan of Qinghai Province. J. Water Resour. Water Eng. 2007, 18(1):90-94. (in Chinese).
83. Wang J., Meng J. Characteristics and tendencies of annual runoff variations in the Heihe River basin during the past 60 years. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2008, 28(1):83-88. (in Chinese).
84. Wang K., Cheng G., Ding Y., Shen Y., Jiang H. Characteristics of water vapor transport and atmospheric circulation for precipitation over the source regions of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2006, 28(1):8-14. (in Chinese).
85. 2 effects on streamflow. Nature 1985, 314:149-152.
86. Wu Q., Zhang T. Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2008, 113:D13108. 10.1029/2007JD009539.
87. Xie C., Ding Y., Han H., Wang J. Analysis on the runoff change and its response to the climatic factors at the source regions of Yellow River. J. Arid Land Resour. Environ. 2006, 20(4):7-11. (in Chinese).
88. Xie Z., Wang X., Feng Q., Kang E., Li Q., Cheng L. Glacial runoff in China: an evaluation and prediction for the future 50 years. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2006, 28(4):457-466. (in Chinese).
89. Xu C., Chen Y., Hamid Y., Tashpolat T., Chen Y., Ge H., Li W. Long-term change of seasonal snow cover and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim River basin, northwestern China. Hydrol. Process. 2009, 23:2045-2055.
90. Xu C., Fan K., Xiao T. The analysis of the characteristics and change of the streamflow in Jinsha River. Yangtze River 2010, 41(7):10-14. (in Chinese).
91. Xu H., Ye M., Song Y., Wei J. The dynamic variation of water resources and its tendency in Tarim River basin. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2005, 60(3):487-494. (in Chinese).
92. Xu P., Feng Y., Yang G., Wen X., Wang D. Study on changes of water environment in source regions of Yangtze River, Yellow River, Lantsang River and its factors. J. Northwest Sci. Technol. Univ. Agric. For. 2004, 32(3):10-14. (in Chinese).
93. Xu Z.X., Gong T.L., Li J.Y. Decadal trend of climate in the Tibetan Plateau - regional temperature and precipitation. Hydrol. Process. 2008, 22:3056-3065.
94. Yan H. Preliminary study of the characteristics of surface water resources in the source region of the Yellow River. Water Resour. Water Eng. 2000, 11(1):31-34. (in Chinese).
95. Yan H., Jia S. Hydrological elements change of Qinghai Province in past 50 years. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2003, 25(2):193-198. (in Chinese).
96. Yanai M., Li C., Song Z. Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 70(1):319-351.
97. Yang J., Ding Y., Liu S., Lu A., Chen R. Glacier change and its effect on surface runoff in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. J. Nat. Resour. 2003, 18(5):595-602. (in Chinese).
98. Yang K., Ye B., Zhou D., Wu B., Foken T., Qin J., Zhou Z. Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Change 2011, 109:517-534. 10.1007/s10584-011-0099-4.
99. Yang M., Zhang B., Wang H., Yuan J. The study on the change of mountainous runoff Heihe River basin from 1950 to 2004. Resour. Sci. 2009, 31(3):413-419. (in Chinese).
100. Yang Y., Chen R., Ji X. Variations of glaciers in the Yeniugou watershed of Heihe River basin from 1956 to 2003. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2007, 29(1):100-106. (in Chinese).
101. Yang Z., Yang Z., Liang F., Wang Q. Permafrost hydrological processes in Binggou Basin of Qilian Mountains. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 1993, 15(2):235-241. (in Chinese).
102. Yao T.D., Yao Z.J. Impacts of glacial retreat on runoff on Tibetan Plateau. Chin. J. Nat. 2010, 32(1):4-8. (in Chinese).
103. Yao T.D., Masson-Delmotte V., Gao J., Yu W., Yang X., Risi C., Sturn C., Werner M., Zhao H., He Y., Ren W., Tian L., Shi C., Hou S. A review of climatic controls on δ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: observations and simulations. Rev. Geophys. 2013, 51. 10.1002/rog.20023.
104. Yao T.D., Thompson L., Yang W., Yu W., Gao Y., Guo X., Yang X., Duan K., Zhao H., Xu B., Pu J., Lu A., Xiang Y., Kattel D., Joswiak D. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat. Clim. Change 2012, 10.1038/nclimate1580.
105. Yao Z., Duan R., Liu Z. Changes in precipitation and air temperature and its impacts on runoff in the Nujiang River basin. Resour. Sci. 2012, 34(2):202-210. (in Chinese).
106. Yao Y., Wang R., Deng Z., Yin D., Zhang X., Chen C. Climate evolution and its impact on water resource change in main runoff generating area of upper Yellow River: a case study on Gannan Plateau. J. Desert Res. 2007, 27(5):903-909. (in Chinese).
107. Ye B., Han T., Ding Y. Some changing characteristics of glacier streamflow in northwest China. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 1999, 21(1):54-58. (in Chinese).
108. Ye M., Xu H., Song Y., Ahmait N. Some problems and challenges about water resources utilization in the Tarim River basin. Arid Zone Res. 2006, 23(3):388-392. (in Chinese).
109. You Q., Kang S., Aguilar E., Yan Y. Changes in daily climate extremes in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2005. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2008, 113:D07101.
110. Yuan W., Guo Z., Wu J., Lou Z. Analysis of water resources carrying capacity of Heihe river basin. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2006, 26(7):2108-2114. (in Chinese).
111. Zhang G., Kang S., Fujita K., Huintjes E., Xu J., Yamazaki T., Haginoya S., Yang W., Schere D., Schneider C., Yao T. Energy and mass balance of Zhadang glacier surface, central Tibetan Plateau. J. Glaciol. 2013, 59:137-148.
112. Zhang L., Su F., Yang D., Hao Z., Tong K. Discharge regime and simulation for the upstream of major rivers over Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2013, 118. 10.1002/jgrd.50665.
113. Zhang S., Ding Y., Lu J., Liu S. Simulative study of water-heat process in the Tibetan Plateau (I): soil moisture. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2004, 26(4):384-388. (in Chinese).
114. Zhang S., Ding Y., Lu J., Liu S. Simulative study of water-heat process in the Tibetan Plateau (III): evaporation, short-wave radiation and net radiation. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2004, 27(5):645-648. (in Chinese).
115. Zhang S., Ding Y., Lu J., Liu S. Simulative study of water-heat process in the Tibetan Plateau (II): soil temperature. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2005, 27(1):95-99. (in Chinese).
116. Zhang S., Hua D., Meng X., Zhang Y. Climate change and its driving effect on the runoff in the Three-River Headwaters region. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2011, 66(1):13-24. (in Chinese).
117. Zhang S., Ye B., Liu S., Zhang X., Hagemann S. A modified monthly degree-day model for evaluating glacier runoff changes in China. Part I: Model development. Hydrol. Process. 2011, 26:1686-1696. 10.1002/hyp.8286.
118. Zhang S., Gao X., Ye B., Zhang X., Hagemann S. A modified monthly degree-day model for evaluating glacier runoff changes in China. Part II: Application. Hydrol. Process. 2011, 26:1697-1706. 10.1002/hyp.8291.
119. Zhang X., Shen B., Huang L. Study on the variation law of the annual runoff in Hotan River. J. Nat. Resour. 2007, 22(6):974-979. (in Chinese).
120. Zhang Y., Liu C., Tang Y., Yang Y. Trends in pan evaporation and reference and actual evapotranspiration across the Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007, 112:D12110. 10.1029/2006JD008161.
121. Zhang Y., Ohata T., Kadota T. Land-surface hydrological processes in the permafrost region of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. J. Hydrol. 2003, 283:41-56.
122. Zhang Y., Liu S., Xu J., Shangguan D. Glacier change and glacier runoff variation in the Tuotuo River basin, the source region of Yangtze River in western China. Environ. Geol. 2008, 56:59-68.
123. Zhang Y.H., Song X.F., Wu Y.Q. Use of oxygen-18 isotope to quantify flows in the upriver and middle reaches of the Heihe River, Northwestern China. Environ. Geol. 2009, 58(3):645-653. 10.1007/s00254-008-1539-y.
124. Zhang Y.L., Cheng G., Li X., Han X., Wang L., Li H., Chang X., Flerchinger G.N. Coupling of a simultaneous heat and water model with a distributed hydrological model and evaluation of the combined model in a cold region watershed. Hydrol. Process. 2012, 27:3762-3776. 10.1002/hyp.9514.
125. Zhang Y.Y., Zhang S., Zhai X., Xia J. Runoff variation in the three rivers source region and its response to climate change. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2012, 67(1):71-82. (in Chinese).
126. Zhao L., Ping C.-L., Yang D., Cheng G., Ding Y., Liu S. Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years in Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China. Glob. Planet. Change 2004, 43:19-31.
127. Zhao W., Gao Y. Analysis on annual and decadal runoff variation characteristics of Jinsha River basin. Yangtze River 2011, 42(6):98-100. (in Chinese).
128. Zhao L., Yin L., Xiao H., Cheng G., Zhou M., Yang Y., Li C., Zhou J. Isotope evidence for the moisture origin and composition of surface runoff in the headwaters of the Heihe River basin. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2011, 56:406-416. 10.1007/s11434-010-4278-x.
129. Zhao Q., Ye B., Ding Y., Zhang S., Yi S., Wang J., Shangguan D., Zhao C., Han H. Couple a glacier melt model to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for hydrological modeling in north-western China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2013, 68:87-101. 10.1007/s12665-012-1718-8.
130. Zhou C., Dong S. Characteristics of the Heihe water resources and water environmental protection. J. Nat. Resour. 2002, 17(6):721-728. (in Chinese).
131. Zhou C., Dong S. Water quality of main rivers in the Qaidam Basin and water environmental protection. Resour. Sci. 2002, 24(2):37-41. (in Chinese).
132. Zhou C., Jia S., Yan H., Yang G. Changing trend of water resources in Qinghai Province from 1956 to 2000. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 2005, 27(3):432-437. (in Chinese).
133. Zhou J., Shi W., Shi P., Kong L., Jia Z. Characteristics of mountainous runoff and its responses to climate change in the upper reaches of Shiyang River Basin during 1956-2009. J. Lanzhou Univ. 2012, 48(1):27-34. (in Chinese).
134. Zhou Y.W., Guo D.X. Principal characteristics of permafrost in China. J. Glaciol. Geocryol. 1982, 4(1):1-19. (in Chinese).
135. Zhou Y.W., Qiu G.Q., Guo D.X., Li S.D. Frozen Ground in China 2000, 128-136. Science Press, Beijing, (in Chinese).
136. Zhu Y., Chen J., Chen G. Runoff variation and its impacting factors in the headwaters of the Yangtze River in recent 32 years. J. Yangtze River Sci. Res. Inst. 2011, 28(6):1-4. (in Chinese).