메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue , 2015, Pages 125-132

An Update on the arsenal for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: Polymyxin antibiotics

Author keywords

Acinetobacter infections drug therapy; Anti bacterial Agents administration dosage; Colistin administration dosage; Polymyxins pharmacology; Polymyxins therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

CARBAPENEM; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; POLYMYXIN B; RIFAMPICIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 84918556534     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.014     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (43)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 4143120992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: an emerging challenge to clinicians
    • Jain R., Danziger L.H. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: an emerging challenge to clinicians. Ann Pharmacother 2004, 38(9):1449-1459.
    • (2004) Ann Pharmacother , vol.38 , Issue.9 , pp. 1449-1459
    • Jain, R.1    Danziger, L.H.2
  • 2
    • 54949148412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007
    • Hidron A.I., Edwards J.R., Patel J., Horan T.C., Sievert D.M., Pollock D.A., et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29(11):996-1011.
    • (2008) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 996-1011
    • Hidron, A.I.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Patel, J.3    Horan, T.C.4    Sievert, D.M.5    Pollock, D.A.6
  • 3
    • 84864122292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: relation to severity of infection
    • Lee Y.T., Kuo S.C., Yang S.P., Lin Y.T., Tseng F.C., Chen T.L., et al. Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: relation to severity of infection. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(2):209-215.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-215
    • Lee, Y.T.1    Kuo, S.C.2    Yang, S.P.3    Lin, Y.T.4    Tseng, F.C.5    Chen, T.L.6
  • 5
    • 0038369924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP
    • Garnacho-Montero J., Ortiz-Leyba C., Jiménez-Jiménez F.J., Barrero-Almodovar A.E., Garcia-Garmendia J.L., Bernabeu-Wittell M., et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(9):1111-1118.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , Issue.9 , pp. 1111-1118
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Ortiz-Leyba, C.2    Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.3    Barrero-Almodovar, A.E.4    Garcia-Garmendia, J.L.5    Bernabeu-Wittell, M.6
  • 7
    • 56049089389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current control and treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections
    • Karagoergopoulos D.E., Falagas M.E. Current control and treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:751-762.
    • (2008) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.8 , pp. 751-762
    • Karagoergopoulos, D.E.1    Falagas, M.E.2
  • 8
    • 84918528105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockville, MD: MedWatch the FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. . (Accessed 2014 Mar 31).
    • Tygacil (tigecycline):Drug safety communication - Increased risk of death. Rockville, MD: MedWatch the FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2013. (Accessed 2014 Mar 31). http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm370170.htm.
    • (2013)
  • 11
    • 33144460009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities
    • Fournier P.E., Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42(5):692-699.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , Issue.5 , pp. 692-699
    • Fournier, P.E.1    Richet, H.2
  • 12
    • 0035193696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hetero-resistance: an under-recognised confounder in diagnosis and therapy?
    • Rinder H. Hetero-resistance: an under-recognised confounder in diagnosis and therapy?. J Med Microbiol 2001, 50:1018-1020.
    • (2001) J Med Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 1018-1020
    • Rinder, H.1
  • 14
    • 37849036253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin heteroresistance in acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy
    • Hawley J.S., Murray C.K., Jorgensen J.H. Colistin heteroresistance in acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:351-352.
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 351-352
    • Hawley, J.S.1    Murray, C.K.2    Jorgensen, J.H.3
  • 15
    • 35348938075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of colistin against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics model
    • Tan C., Li J., Nation R.L. Activity of colistin against heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:3413-3415.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 3413-3415
    • Tan, C.1    Li, J.2    Nation, R.L.3
  • 16
    • 79959248672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients
    • Garonzik S.M., Li J., Thamlikitkul V., Paterson D.L., Shoham S., Jacob J., et al. Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55(7):3284-3294.
    • (2011) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.55 , Issue.7 , pp. 3284-3294
    • Garonzik, S.M.1    Li, J.2    Thamlikitkul, V.3    Paterson, D.L.4    Shoham, S.5    Jacob, J.6
  • 17
    • 84880939299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B in critically ill patients: Implications for selection of dosage regimens
    • Sandri A.M., Landersdorfer C.B., Jacob J., Boniatti M.M., Dalarosa M.G., Falci D.R., et al. Population pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B in critically ill patients: Implications for selection of dosage regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(4):524-531.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 524-531
    • Sandri, A.M.1    Landersdorfer, C.B.2    Jacob, J.3    Boniatti, M.M.4    Dalarosa, M.G.5    Falci, D.R.6
  • 18
    • 33845241673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the dosage units for colistin methanesulfonate: urgent need for international harmonization
    • Li J., Nation R.L., Turnridge J.D. Defining the dosage units for colistin methanesulfonate: urgent need for international harmonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(6):2274-2275.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 2274-2275
    • Li, J.1    Nation, R.L.2    Turnridge, J.D.3
  • 19
    • 33744460483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of international units when dosing colistin will help decrease confusion related to various formulations of the drug around the world
    • Falagas M., Kasiakou S. Use of international units when dosing colistin will help decrease confusion related to various formulations of the drug around the world. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(6):2274-2275.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 2274-2275
    • Falagas, M.1    Kasiakou, S.2
  • 20
    • 0014438853 scopus 로고
    • Colistin sulfate versus sodium colistimethate
    • Goodwin N.J. Colistin sulfate versus sodium colistimethate. Ann Intern Med 1969, 70:232-233.
    • (1969) Ann Intern Med , vol.70 , pp. 232-233
    • Goodwin, N.J.1
  • 21
    • 4444231772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory tract infections
    • Sobieszcyzk M.E., Furuya E.Y., Hay C.M., Pancholi P., Della-Latta P., Hammer S.M., et al. Combination therapy with polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 54:566-569.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 566-569
    • Sobieszcyzk, M.E.1    Furuya, E.Y.2    Hay, C.M.3    Pancholi, P.4    Della-Latta, P.5    Hammer, S.M.6
  • 22
    • 84918580401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schaumburg, IL: Sagent Pharmaceuticals
    • Product Information. Polymyxin B. Schaumburg, IL: Sagent Pharmaceuticals, 2011.
    • (2011)
    • Polymyxin, B.1
  • 23
    • 11144295072 scopus 로고
    • The chemotherapy and pharmacology of the polymyxins
    • Brownlee G., Bushby S.R.M., Short E.I. The chemotherapy and pharmacology of the polymyxins. Brit J Pharmacol 1952, 7:170-188.
    • (1952) Brit J Pharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 170-188
    • Brownlee, G.1    Bushby, S.R.M.2    Short, E.I.3
  • 26
    • 79956309225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80-mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers
    • Couet W., Gregoire N., Gobin P., Saulnier P.J., Frasca D., Marchand S., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80-mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011, 89(6):875-879.
    • (2011) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.89 , Issue.6 , pp. 875-879
    • Couet, W.1    Gregoire, N.2    Gobin, P.3    Saulnier, P.J.4    Frasca, D.5    Marchand, S.6
  • 27
    • 84868028805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and renal disposition of polymyxin B in an animal model
    • Abdelraouf A., He K., Ledesma K.R., Hu M., Tam V.H. Pharmacokinetics and renal disposition of polymyxin B in an animal model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56(11):5724-5727.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , Issue.11 , pp. 5724-5727
    • Abdelraouf, A.1    He, K.2    Ledesma, K.R.3    Hu, M.4    Tam, V.H.5
  • 28
    • 2442644015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate
    • Li J., Milne R.W., Nation R.L., Turnidge J.D., Smeaton T.C., Coulthard K. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 53:837-840.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.53 , pp. 837-840
    • Li, J.1    Milne, R.W.2    Nation, R.L.3    Turnidge, J.D.4    Smeaton, T.C.5    Coulthard, K.6
  • 30
    • 84864390284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of colistin in cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular administration of colistin methanefulfonate
    • Imberti R., Cusato M., Accetta G., Marino V., Procaccio F., Del Gaudio A., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin in cerebrospinal fluid after intraventricular administration of colistin methanefulfonate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 6(8):4416-4421.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.6 , Issue.8 , pp. 4416-4421
    • Imberti, R.1    Cusato, M.2    Accetta, G.3    Marino, V.4    Procaccio, F.5    Del Gaudio, A.6
  • 31
    • 0032940951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis with intravenous meropenem and intraventricular polymyxin B: Case report and review
    • Segal-Maurer S., Mariano N., Qavi A., Urban C., Rahal J.J. Successful treatment of ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis with intravenous meropenem and intraventricular polymyxin B: Case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28:1134-1138.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 1134-1138
    • Segal-Maurer, S.1    Mariano, N.2    Qavi, A.3    Urban, C.4    Rahal, J.J.5
  • 32
    • 84861503214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: Is this the right dosing strategy?. A preliminary study
    • Dalfino L., Puntillo F., Mosca A., Monno R., Spada M.L., Coppolecchia S., et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: Is this the right dosing strategy?. A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1720-1729.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.54 , pp. 1720-1729
    • Dalfino, L.1    Puntillo, F.2    Mosca, A.3    Monno, R.4    Spada, M.L.5    Coppolecchia, S.6
  • 34
    • 67749145541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria
    • Plachouras D., Karvanen M., Friberg L.E., Papadomichelakis E., Antoniadou A., Tsangaris I., et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(8):3430-3436.
    • (2009) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.53 , Issue.8 , pp. 3430-3436
    • Plachouras, D.1    Karvanen, M.2    Friberg, L.E.3    Papadomichelakis, E.4    Antoniadou, A.5    Tsangaris, I.6
  • 35
    • 77955637263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FAUC/MIC is the most predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii in murine thigh and lung infection models
    • Dudhani R.V., Turnidge J.D., Nation R.L., Li J. fAUC/MIC is the most predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii in murine thigh and lung infection models. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1984-1990.
    • (2010) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.65 , pp. 1984-1990
    • Dudhani, R.V.1    Turnidge, J.D.2    Nation, R.L.3    Li, J.4
  • 36
    • 84891742685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Third Informational Supplement
    • CLSI document M100-S23. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute;
    • CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Third Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S23. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2013.
    • (2013)
  • 37
    • 84878487174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin MIC variability by method for contemporary clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli
    • Hindler J.A., Humphries R.M. Colistin MIC variability by method for contemporary clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51(6):1678-1684.
    • (2013) J Clin Microbiol , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 1678-1684
    • Hindler, J.A.1    Humphries, R.M.2
  • 38
    • 0035171243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines
    • Gales A.C., Reis A.O., Jones R.N. Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines. J Clin Micro 2001, 39(1):183-190.
    • (2001) J Clin Micro , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 183-190
    • Gales, A.C.1    Reis, A.O.2    Jones, R.N.3
  • 39
    • 34447560960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies
    • Falagas M.E., Kasiakou S.K. Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Crit Care 2006, 10(1):R27.
    • (2006) Crit Care , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. R27
    • Falagas, M.E.1    Kasiakou, S.K.2
  • 40
    • 84898606478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro assessment and multicenter cohort study of comparative nephrotoxicity rates associated with colistimethate versus polymyxin B therapy
    • Phe K., Lee Y., McDaneld P.M., Prasad N., Yin T., Figueroa D.A., et al. In vitro assessment and multicenter cohort study of comparative nephrotoxicity rates associated with colistimethate versus polymyxin B therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58(5):2740-2746.
    • (2014) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 2740-2746
    • Phe, K.1    Lee, Y.2    McDaneld, P.M.3    Prasad, N.4    Yin, T.5    Figueroa, D.A.6
  • 43
    • 84897982911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistin methanesulfonate sodium
    • Tuon F.F., Rigatto M.H., Lopes C.K., Kamei L.K., Rocha J.L., Zavascki A.P. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistin methanesulfonate sodium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014, 43(4):349-352.
    • (2014) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 349-352
    • Tuon, F.F.1    Rigatto, M.H.2    Lopes, C.K.3    Kamei, L.K.4    Rocha, J.L.5    Zavascki, A.P.6
  • 44
    • 66949152183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) treatment at a tertiary care medical center
    • Hartzell J.D., Neff R., Ake J., Howard R., Olson S., Paolino K., et al. Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) treatment at a tertiary care medical center. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(12):1724-1728.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 1724-1728
    • Hartzell, J.D.1    Neff, R.2    Ake, J.3    Howard, R.4    Olson, S.5    Paolino, K.6
  • 45
    • 46549084905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Betrosian A.P., Frantzeskaki F., Xanthaki A., Douzinas E.E. Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect 2008, 56:432-436.
    • (2008) J Infect , vol.56 , pp. 432-436
    • Betrosian, A.P.1    Frantzeskaki, F.2    Xanthaki, A.3    Douzinas, E.E.4
  • 46
    • 34447130382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of colistin compared with imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study
    • Kallel H., Hergafi L., Bahloul M., Hakim A., Dammak H., Chelly H. Safety and efficacy of colistin compared with imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1162-1167.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1162-1167
    • Kallel, H.1    Hergafi, L.2    Bahloul, M.3    Hakim, A.4    Dammak, H.5    Chelly, H.6
  • 47
    • 84876933127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin vs. the combination of colistin and rifampicin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Aydemir H., Akduman D., Piskin N., Comert F., Horuz E., Terzi A., et al. Colistin vs. the combination of colistin and rifampicin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Epidemiol Infect 2013, 141:1214-1222.
    • (2013) Epidemiol Infect , vol.141 , pp. 1214-1222
    • Aydemir, H.1    Akduman, D.2    Piskin, N.3    Comert, F.4    Horuz, E.5    Terzi, A.6
  • 48
    • 84880379313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial
    • Durante-Mangoni E., Signoriello G., Andini R., Mattei A., De Cristoforo M., Murino P., et al. Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(3):349-358.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-358
    • Durante-Mangoni, E.1    Signoriello, G.2    Andini, R.3    Mattei, A.4    De Cristoforo, M.5    Murino, P.6
  • 49
    • 33745586136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infection from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
    • Motaouakkil S., Charra B., Hachimi A., Nejmi H., Benslama A., Elmdaghri N., et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infection from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2006, 53(4):274-278.
    • (2006) J Infect , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 274-278
    • Motaouakkil, S.1    Charra, B.2    Hachimi, A.3    Nejmi, H.4    Benslama, A.5    Elmdaghri, N.6
  • 50
    • 38349181470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections
    • Bassetti M., Repetto E., Righi E., Boni S., Diverio M., Molinari M.P., et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(2):417-420.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 417-420
    • Bassetti, M.1    Repetto, E.2    Righi, E.3    Boni, S.4    Diverio, M.5    Molinari, M.P.6
  • 51
    • 49749141456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin and rifampicin combination in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
    • Song J.Y., Lee J., Heo J.Y., Noh J.Y., Kim W.J., Cheong H.J., et al. Colistin and rifampicin combination in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agent 2008, 32(3):281-284.
    • (2008) Int J Antimicrob Agent , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 281-284
    • Song, J.Y.1    Lee, J.2    Heo, J.Y.3    Noh, J.Y.4    Kim, W.J.5    Cheong, H.J.6
  • 52
    • 22944482529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events
    • Petrosillo N., Chinello P., Proietti M.F., Cecchini L., Masala M., Franchi C., et al. Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11(8):682-683.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.11 , Issue.8 , pp. 682-683
    • Petrosillo, N.1    Chinello, P.2    Proietti, M.F.3    Cecchini, L.4    Masala, M.5    Franchi, C.6
  • 53
    • 80054088449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system
    • Pogue J.M., Lee J., Marchaim D., Yee V., Zhao J.J., Chopra T., et al. Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(9):879-884.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.9 , pp. 879-884
    • Pogue, J.M.1    Lee, J.2    Marchaim, D.3    Yee, V.4    Zhao, J.J.5    Chopra, T.6
  • 54
    • 84918496250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (colistmethate) injection. Rochester, MN: JHP Pharmaceuticals
    • Product Information. Colymycin M (colistmethate) injection. Rochester, MN: JHP Pharmaceuticals, 2011.
    • (2011)
    • Colymycin, M.1
  • 56
    • 78650335200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymyxin B versus other antimicrobials for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia
    • Kvitko C.H., Rigatto M.H., Moro A.L., Zavascki A.P. Polymyxin B versus other antimicrobials for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(1):175-179.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 175-179
    • Kvitko, C.H.1    Rigatto, M.H.2    Moro, A.L.3    Zavascki, A.P.4
  • 57
    • 49449085432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of 30-day mortality and hospital costs in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia attributed to potentially antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria
    • Kollef K.E., Schramm G.E., Wills A.R., Reichley R.M., Micek S.T., Kollef M.H. Predictors of 30-day mortality and hospital costs in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia attributed to potentially antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Chest 2008, 134:281-287.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 281-287
    • Kollef, K.E.1    Schramm, G.E.2    Wills, A.R.3    Reichley, R.M.4    Micek, S.T.5    Kollef, M.H.6
  • 58
    • 0029808374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality due to ventilator-associated pneumonia or colonization with Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter species: assessment by quantitative culture of samples obtained by a protected specimen brush
    • Fagon J.Y., Chastre J., Domart Y., Trouillet J.L., Gibert C. Mortality due to ventilator-associated pneumonia or colonization with Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter species: assessment by quantitative culture of samples obtained by a protected specimen brush. Clin Infect Dis 1996, 23(3):538-542.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 538-542
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Domart, Y.3    Trouillet, J.L.4    Gibert, C.5
  • 59
    • 84885903528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for treatment failure of polymyxin B monotherapy for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections
    • Dubrovskaya Y., Chen T., Scipione M.R., Esaian D., Phillips M.S., Papadopoulos, et al. Risk factors for treatment failure of polymyxin B monotherapy for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57(11):5394-5397.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , Issue.11 , pp. 5394-5397
    • Dubrovskaya, Y.1    Chen, T.2    Scipione, M.R.3    Esaian, D.4    Papadopoulos, P.M.S.5
  • 60
    • 84903819291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of colistin-carbapenem, colistin-sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections
    • Batirel A., Balkan I.I., Karabay O., Agalar C., Akalin S., Alici O., et al. Comparison of colistin-carbapenem, colistin-sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014, 33(8):1311-1322.
    • (2014) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.33 , Issue.8 , pp. 1311-1322
    • Batirel, A.1    Balkan, I.I.2    Karabay, O.3    Agalar, C.4    Akalin, S.5    Alici, O.6
  • 61
    • 59349103552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of monotherapy and combined antibiotic therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed mouse model
    • Song J.Y., Cheong H.J., Lee J., Sung A.K., Kim W.J. Efficacy of monotherapy and combined antibiotic therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed mouse model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33(1):33-39.
    • (2009) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-39
    • Song, J.Y.1    Cheong, H.J.2    Lee, J.3    Sung, A.K.4    Kim, W.J.5
  • 62
    • 84880260396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic activity of colistin and rifampin combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics model
    • Lee H.J., Bergen P.J., Bulitta J.B., Tsuji B., Forrest A., Nation R.L., et al. Synergistic activity of colistin and rifampin combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57(8):3738-3745.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , Issue.8 , pp. 3738-3745
    • Lee, H.J.1    Bergen, P.J.2    Bulitta, J.B.3    Tsuji, B.4    Forrest, A.5    Nation, R.L.6
  • 63
    • 72449141579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients
    • Falagas M.E., Rafailidis P.I., Ioannidou E., Alexiou V.G., Matthaiou D.K., Karageorgopoulos D.E., et al. Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 35:194-199.
    • (2010) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.35 , pp. 194-199
    • Falagas, M.E.1    Rafailidis, P.I.2    Ioannidou, E.3    Alexiou, V.G.4    Matthaiou, D.K.5    Karageorgopoulos, D.E.6
  • 64
    • 84871284355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin against colistin-only-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii-related infections: Monotherapy or combination therapy?
    • Simsek F., Gedik H., Yilirmak M.T., Iris N.E., Turkmen A., Ersoy A., et al. Colistin against colistin-only-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii-related infections: Monotherapy or combination therapy?. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012, 30(4):448-452.
    • (2012) Indian J Med Microbiol , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 448-452
    • Simsek, F.1    Gedik, H.2    Yilirmak, M.T.3    Iris, N.E.4    Turkmen, A.5    Ersoy, A.6
  • 65
    • 84893059151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trial for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli.
    • In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). - [cited 2014 Mar 31]. Available from: NLM Identifier: .
    • Kaye K. Trial for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2014 Mar 31]. Available from: NLM Identifier: . ctgov:NCT01597973.
    • (2000)
    • Kaye, K.1
  • 66
    • 84918499569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).- [cited 2014 Mar 31]. Available from: NLM Identifier:
    • Paul M; European Commission. Multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2014 Mar 31]. Available from: NLM Identifier: . ctgov:NCT01732250.
    • (2000)
    • Paul, M.1
  • 67
    • 0043270488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymyxin B nephrotoxicity and efficacy and nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria
    • Ouderkirk J.P., Nord J.A., Turrett G.S., Kislak J.W. Polymyxin B nephrotoxicity and efficacy and nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:2659-2662.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2659-2662
    • Ouderkirk, J.P.1    Nord, J.A.2    Turrett, G.S.3    Kislak, J.W.4
  • 68
    • 50249139019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenteral polymyxin B use in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia and urinary tract infections: A retrospective case series
    • Pastewski A.A., Caruso P., Parris A.R., Dizon R., Kopec R., Sharma S., et al. Parenteral polymyxin B use in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia and urinary tract infections: A retrospective case series. Ann Pharmacother 2008, 42:1177-1187.
    • (2008) Ann Pharmacother , vol.42 , pp. 1177-1187
    • Pastewski, A.A.1    Caruso, P.2    Parris, A.R.3    Dizon, R.4    Kopec, R.5    Sharma, S.6
  • 69
    • 84890934374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and outcome of infections with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria treated with polymyxin B-based combination therapy
    • Crusio R., Rao S., Changawala N., Paul V., Tiu C., van Ginkel J., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of infections with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria treated with polymyxin B-based combination therapy. Scand J Infect Dis 2014, 46(1):1-8.
    • (2014) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-8
    • Crusio, R.1    Rao, S.2    Changawala, N.3    Paul, V.4    Tiu, C.5    van Ginkel, J.6
  • 70
    • 84862677946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies
    • Cai Y., Chai D., Wang R., Liang B., Bai N. Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67(7):1607-1615.
    • (2012) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 1607-1615
    • Cai, Y.1    Chai, D.2    Wang, R.3    Liang, B.4    Bai, N.5
  • 71
    • 77957569216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate adminstration
    • Imberti R., Cusato M., Villiani P., Carnevale L., Lotti G.A., Langer M., et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate adminstration. Chest 2010, 138(6):1333-1339.
    • (2010) Chest , vol.138 , Issue.6 , pp. 1333-1339
    • Imberti, R.1    Cusato, M.2    Villiani, P.3    Carnevale, L.4    Lotti, G.A.5    Langer, M.6
  • 73
    • 84865283798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eradication of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from the respiratory tract with inhaled colistin methanesulfonate: a matched case-control study
    • Kuo S.C., Lee Y.T., Yang S.P., Chen C.P., Chen T.L., Hsieh S.L., et al. Eradication of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from the respiratory tract with inhaled colistin methanesulfonate: a matched case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:870-876.
    • (2012) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.18 , pp. 870-876
    • Kuo, S.C.1    Lee, Y.T.2    Yang, S.P.3    Chen, C.P.4    Chen, T.L.5    Hsieh, S.L.6
  • 74
    • 84859966602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of adjunctive aerosolized antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Arnold H.M., Sawyer A.M., Kollef M.H. Use of adjunctive aerosolized antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2012, 57(8):1226-1233.
    • (2012) Respir Care , vol.57 , Issue.8 , pp. 1226-1233
    • Arnold, H.M.1    Sawyer, A.M.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 75
    • 84880409125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of high-dose IV and aerosolized colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: do we really need this treatment?
    • Kalin G., Alp E., Coskun R., Demiraslan H., Gundogan K., Doganay M. Use of high-dose IV and aerosolized colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: do we really need this treatment?. J Infect Chemother 2012, 18(6):872-877.
    • (2012) J Infect Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 872-877
    • Kalin, G.1    Alp, E.2    Coskun, R.3    Demiraslan, H.4    Gundogan, K.5    Doganay, M.6
  • 76
    • 34249801225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salvage treatment of pneumonia and initial treatment of tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin B
    • Pereira G.H., Muller P.R., Levin A.S. Salvage treatment of pneumonia and initial treatment of tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli with inhaled polymyxin B. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 58(2):235-240.
    • (2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 235-240
    • Pereira, G.H.1    Muller, P.R.2    Levin, A.S.3
  • 77
    • 38749095520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study
    • Michalopoulos A., Fotakis D., Virtzili S., Vletsas C., Raftopoulou S., Mastora Z., et al. Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study. Respir Med 2008, 102:407-412.
    • (2008) Respir Med , vol.102 , pp. 407-412
    • Michalopoulos, A.1    Fotakis, D.2    Virtzili, S.3    Vletsas, C.4    Raftopoulou, S.5    Mastora, Z.6
  • 78
    • 84918549022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockville, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers, 28 June .(accessed 2014 March 25).
    • Information for Healthcare Professionals: Colistimethate (marketed as Coly-Mycin M and generic products). Rockville, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers, 28 June 2007. (accessed 2014 March 25). http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124896.htm.
    • (2007)
  • 79
    • 77955159963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled colistin as adjunctive therapy to intravenous colistin for the treatment of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparative cohort study
    • Korbila P., Michalopoulos A., Rafailidis P.K., Nikita D., Samonis G., Falagas M.E. Inhaled colistin as adjunctive therapy to intravenous colistin for the treatment of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparative cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16(8):1230-1236.
    • (2010) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 1230-1236
    • Korbila, P.1    Michalopoulos, A.2    Rafailidis, P.K.3    Nikita, D.4    Samonis, G.5    Falagas, M.E.6
  • 80
    • 0036784069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple method for assaying colistin methanesulfonate in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography
    • Li J., Milne R.W., Nation R.L., Turnidge J.D., Coulthard K., Valentine J. Simple method for assaying colistin methanesulfonate in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46(10):3304-3307.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , Issue.10 , pp. 3304-3307
    • Li, J.1    Milne, R.W.2    Nation, R.L.3    Turnidge, J.D.4    Coulthard, K.5    Valentine, J.6
  • 81
    • 84872038410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin methanesulfonate and colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration
    • Karvanen M., Plachouras D., Friberg L.E., Paramythiotou E., Papadomichelakis, Karaiskos I., et al. Colistin methanesulfonate and colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57(1):668-671.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 668-671
    • Karvanen, M.1    Plachouras, D.2    Friberg, L.E.3    Paramythiotou, E.4    Papadomichelakis5    Karaiskos, I.6
  • 82
    • 54549084625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay for polymyxin B in human plasma
    • Cao G., Ali F.E., Zavascki A.P., Nation R.L., Li J. Development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay for polymyxin B in human plasma. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62(5):1009-1014.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , Issue.5 , pp. 1009-1014
    • Cao, G.1    Ali, F.E.2    Zavascki, A.P.3    Nation, R.L.4    Li, J.5
  • 83
    • 33744527833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A., Roberts D., Wood K., Light B., Parrillo J.E., Sharma S., et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34(6):1589-1596.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 1589-1596
    • Kumar, A.1    Roberts, D.2    Wood, K.3    Light, B.4    Parrillo, J.E.5    Sharma, S.6
  • 84
    • 77957239326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of polymyxin B dosage on in-hospital mortality of patients treated with this antibiotic
    • Elias L.S., Konzen D., Krebs J.M., Zavascki A.P. The impact of polymyxin B dosage on in-hospital mortality of patients treated with this antibiotic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:2231-2237.
    • (2010) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.65 , pp. 2231-2237
    • Elias, L.S.1    Konzen, D.2    Krebs, J.M.3    Zavascki, A.P.4
  • 85
    • 84860176935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in overweight and obese patients
    • Gauthier T.P., Wolowich W.R., Reddy A., Cano E., Abbo L., Smith L.B. Incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in overweight and obese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56(5):2392-2396.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 2392-2396
    • Gauthier, T.P.1    Wolowich, W.R.2    Reddy, A.3    Cano, E.4    Abbo, L.5    Smith, L.B.6
  • 86
    • 84890072624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosing in obese and underweight adults
    • Pai M.P., Polymyxin B. dosing in obese and underweight adults. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(12):1785.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.57 , Issue.12 , pp. 1785
    • Pai, M.P.1    Polymyxin, B.2
  • 87
    • 84866601223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study
    • Markou N., Fousteri M., Markantonis S.L., Zidianakis B., Hroni D., Boutzouka E., et al. Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:2459-2462.
    • (2012) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.67 , pp. 2459-2462
    • Markou, N.1    Fousteri, M.2    Markantonis, S.L.3    Zidianakis, B.4    Hroni, D.5    Boutzouka, E.6
  • 88
    • 84918558340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized-controlled trial (RCT) on combination antibiotic for infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria (XDR-GNB)
    • In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). - [cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier: .
    • Tan Tock Seng Hospital. Randomized-controlled trial (RCT) on combination antibiotic for infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria (XDR-GNB). In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier: . ctgov:NCT02134106.
    • (2000)
  • 89
    • 84918523143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal impairment associated with colistin levels
    • In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).- [cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier:
    • Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Renal impairment associated with colistin levels. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier: . ctgov:NCT01023087.
    • (2000)
  • 90
    • 84918531207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentric study about the usefulness of monitoring plasma levels of colistin and sodium colistimethate in patients with infections due to multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli, treated with colistin
    • In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).[cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier: .
    • Parc de Salut Mar. Multicentric study about the usefulness of monitoring plasma levels of colistin and sodium colistimethate in patients with infections due to multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli, treated with colistin. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 - [cited 2014 Oct 1]. Available from: NLM Identifier: . ctgov:NCT01845246.
    • (2000)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.