The different paths of buddhism: A narrative-historical introduction

The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction

Volumn 9780813537788, Issue , 2005, Pages 1-293

  Olson, Carl ^a  

^a ALLEGHENY COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 84917522922     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (423)

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2. Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East, " (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 144.
3. Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East, " (1999),p. 144. Ibid., 3.167-168.
4. G. C. Pande, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [1957] 1995), p. 261.
5. John E. Cort, Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 120-121.
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12. Gail Hinich Sutherland, The Disguises of the Demon: The Development of the Yaksa in Hinduism and Buddhism (1991), Ibid., p. 54.
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15. Hirakawa Akira, A History of Indian Buddhism from Zakyamuni to Early Mahayana, translated by Paul Groner (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), pp. 22-23.
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17. Buddhist Birth Stories (Jataka Tales) C.A.F. Rhys Davids (1973),Ibid., p. 151.
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19. David Shulman, "Dreaming the Self in South India, " in Dream Cultures: Explorations in the Comparative History of Dreaming, edited by David Shulman and Guy G. Stroumsa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 59.
20. David Shulman, "Dreaming the Self in South India, " in Dream Cultures: Explorations in the Comparative History of Dreaming, (1999), Ibid., p. 60.
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22. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities, translated by Philip Mairet (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), p. 111.
23. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities (1967), p. 111. Ibid., 1.5.368.
24. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities (1967), p. 111. Ibid., 1.5.385.
25. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities (1967), p. 111. Ibid., 3.2.890.
26. Bareau, Recherches, 1.41;.
27. Bareau, Recherches, 1.50.
28. Nancy E. Falk, "Wilderness and Kingship in Ancient South Asia, " History of Religions 13/1 (1973): 13-14.
29. Bareau, Recherches, 1.50.
30. Bareau, Recherches Ibid., 1.55.
31. T. O. Ling, Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil: A Study in Theravada Buddhism (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), p. 56.
32. James W. Boyd, "Symbols of Evil in Buddhism, " Journal of Asian Studies, 21/1 (1971): 68.
33. Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings (London: Athlone, 1966), pp. 77-80.
34. Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings (1966), Ibid., p. 195.
35. Falk, "Wilderness and Kingship, " p. 12.
36. Bareau, Recherches, 1.70.
37. Bareau, Recherches, 1.82.
38. J. W. de Jong, Buddhist Studies, edited by Gregory Schopen (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1979), p. 27.
39. Richard F. Gombrich, Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 224.
40. Matthew Kapstein, "The Illusion of Spiritual Progress: Remarks on Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Soteriology, " in Paths to Liberation: The Marga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr., and Robert M. Gimello (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992), p. 195.
41. John Ross Carter, "Dhamma as a Religious Concept: A Brief Investigation of Its History in the Western Academic Tradition and Its Centrality within Sinhalese Theravada, " Journal of the American Academy of Religion 44/4 (1976): 611-674.
42. Richard F. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), p. 62.
43. George D. Bond, The Word of the Buddha: The Tipitaka and Its Interpretation in Theravada Buddhism (Colombo: M. D. Gunasena, 1982), p. 23.
44. Bond, Word of the Buddha, p. 31.
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46. David J. Kalupahana, A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992), p. 61.
47. George D. Bond, "The Gradual Path as a Hermeneutical Approach to the Dhamma, " in Buddhist Hermeneutics, edited by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Studies in East Asian Buddhism 6 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988), p. 33.
48. Etienne Lamotte, Histoire du bouddhisme indien: Des origines à l'ére zaka (Louvain: Institut Orientaliste, [1958], 1967), p. 13.
49. Bond, The Word of the Buddha, p. 30.
50. Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), translated by Bhikkhu Nyanamoli, 2nd edition (Colombo: A. Semage, 1964);.
51. Vissuddhimagga of Buddhaghosacariya, edited by Henry Clarke Warren, Harvard Oriental Series vol. 41 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 7.72.
52. Paul J. Griffiths, On Being Buddha: The Classical Doctrine of Buddhahood (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), p. 98.
53. Gregory Schopen, Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), p. 92.
54. Kevin Trainor, Relics, Ritual, and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Theravada Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 100.
55. Kevin Trainor, Relics, Ritual, and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Theravada Tradition (1997), Ibid., p. 119.
56. Kevin Trainor, Relics, Ritual, and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Theravada Tradition (1997), Ibid., p. 154.
57. Hans-Dieter Evers, Monks, Priests and Peasants: A Study of Buddhism and Social Structure in Central Ceylon (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 50-55.
58. Mathieu Boisvert, The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995), pp. 8, 11-12.
59. Bruce Matthews, Craving and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Soteriology (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1983), p. 33.
60. Eugene Watson Burlingame, Buddhist Legends, Harvard Oriental Series 28-30 ([1921] London: Luzac, 1969), 24.5.
61. Richard F. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), pp. 66-69.
62. Burlingame, Buddhist Legends, 2.272-276.
63. David J. Kalupahana, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1975), pp. 92-94.
64. Carol S. Anderson, Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), pp. 32-33.
65. Steven Collins, Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 88-94.
66. Anderson, Pain and Its Ending, pp. 36-37.
67. Burlingame, Buddhist Legends, 2:272-276.
68. K. N. Jayatilleke, Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963), pp. 402-409.
69. K. N. Jayatilleke, Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (1963),Ibid., p. 273.
70. Frank J. Hoffman, Rationality and Mind in Early Buddhism (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987), p. 23.
71. L. S. Cousins, "Buddhist Jhana: Its Nature and Attainment According to the Pali Sources, " Religion 3/3 (1973): 117.
72. Donald K. Swearer, "Two Types of Saving Knowledge in the Pali Suttas, " Philosophy East and West 22/4 (1972): 365.
73. T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede, eds., The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary (London: Luzac, 1966), pp. 232-233.
74. Boisvert, The Five Aggregates, p. 16.
75. Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), translated by Bhikku Nyanamoli, 2nd edition (Colombo: A. Semage, 1964), 11.84.
76. John Ross Carter and Mahinda Palihawadana, trans., The Dhammapada (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
77. David J. Kalupahana, A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992), p. 18.
78. Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings (London: Athlone, 1966), p. 43.
79. Edward Conze, Buddhist Thought in India (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1962), p. 107.
80. Buddhaghosa, The Expositor, (Atthasalini), translated by Pe Maung Tin, 2 vols. (London: Pali Text Society 1920-21), 1.170.
81. Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, 2nd edition (Bedford: Gordon Fraser, 1967), p. 35.
82. Steven Collins, Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities: Utopias of the Pali Imaginaire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 155.
83. Guy Welbon, The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
84. Guy Welbon, "On Buddhist Nirvana, " History of Religions 5/2 (1966): 323.
85. Louis Renou and Jean Filliozat, L'Inde classique, 2 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1965), 2.547-548.
86. Louis de LaVallee Poussin, The Way to Nirvana: Six Lectures on Ancient Buddhism as a Discipline of Salvation (Cambridge: University Press, 1917), p. 124;.
87. Th. Stcherbatsky, The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana (The Hague: Mouton, 1965), p. 20.
88. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, p. 63.
89. Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, p. 41.
90. Collins, Nirvana, p. 113.
91. Buddhaghosa, Path of Purification, 12.131.
92. Collins, Nirvana, p. 113.
93. Collins, Nirvana, Ibid., p. 123.
94. David J. Kalupahana, Ethics in Early Buddhism (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), p. 131.
95. Kalupahana, Ethics in Early Buddhism, p. 72.
96. D. Anderson and H. Smith, eds., Sutta-nipata (London: Pali Text Society, 1913).
97. H. Saddhatissa, Buddhist Ethics: Essence of Buddhism (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970), p. 90.
98. Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 196.
99. Kalupahana, Ethics in Early Buddhism, p. 121.
100. Damien Keown, Buddhism and Bioethics (Houndmills: Palgrave, [1995] 2001), p. 45.
101. Damien Keown, Buddhism and Bioethics ([1995] 2001), Ibid., pp. 46-47.
102. Saddhatissa, Buddhist Ethics, p. 106.
103. Saddhatissa, Buddhist Ethics, Ibid., p. 107.
104. J. P. McDermott, Development in the Early Buddhist Concept of Kamma/Karma (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1984), pp. 31-58.
105. L. S. Cousins, "Good or Skillful? Kusala in Canon and Commentary, " Journal of Buddhist Ethics 3 (1996): 156.
106. Richard F. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), pp. 66, 69.
107. Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), translated by Bhikku Nyanmoli, 2nd edition (Colombo: A. Semage, 1964), 13.
108. Nancy A. Falk, "Exemplary Donors of the Pali Tradition, " in Ethics, Wealth and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics, edited by Russell Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), p. 129.
109. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhist Ethics, p. 20.
110. Damien Keown, The Nature of Buddhist Ethics (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 213-218.
111. Kalupahana, Ethics in Early Buddhism, p. 52.
112. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhist Ethics, p. 11.
113. Keown, Buddhism and Bioethics, s.
114. S. J. Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 33.
115. Frank Reynolds, "The Two Wheels of Dhamma: A Study of Early Buddhism, " in The Two Wheels of Dhamma: Essays on Theravada Tradition in India and Ceylon, edited by Gananath Obeyeskere, Frank Reynolds, and Bardwell L. Smith, AAR Studies in Religion 3 (Chambersberg, Pa.: American Academy of Religion, 1972), p. 15.
116. Frank Reynolds, "The Two Wheels of Dhamma: A Study of Early Buddhism, " in The Two Wheels of Dhamma: Essays on Theravada Tradition in India and Ceylon 3 (1972), Ibid., p. 20.
117. Tambiah, World Conqueror, p. 52.
118. Balkrishna G. Gokhale, "Early Buddhist Kingship, " Journal of Asian Studies 26/1 (1966): 19-21.
119. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 180.
120. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002), Ibid., pp. 183, 179.
121. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002),Ibid., 4.94.
122. Zantideva, The Bodhicaryavatara, translated by Kate Crosby and Andrew Skilton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 6.107-111.
123. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 224.
124. Kenneth Ch'en, The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), pp. 151-173.
125. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 156.
126. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism,Ibid., p. 153.
127. R.A.F. Thurman, "The Emptiness That Is Compassion, " Religious Traditions 4/2 (1981): 22-24.
128. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, trans., The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, [1932] 1966), pp. 244-259.
129. Alan Sponberg, "Green Buddhism and the Hierarchy of Compassion, " in Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryuken Williams (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 360.
130. Ian Harris, "Buddhism and the Discourse of Environmental Concern: Some Methodological Problems Considered, " in Tucker and Williams, eds., Buddhism and Ecology, p. 378.
131. Keown, Buddhism and Bioethics, pp. 65, 92.
132. Harvey, Introduction to Buddhism, p. 327.
133. William R. LaFleur, Liquid Life: Abortion and Buddhism in Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992);.
134. Bardwell Smith, "Buddhism and Abortion in Contemporary Japan: Mizuko Kuyo and the Confrontation with Death, " in Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, edited by Jose Ignacio Cabezon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992): 65-89.
135. Bernard Faure, The Red Thread: Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 56.
136. John S. Strong, The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 76-78.
137. Faure, Red Thread, pp. 83-84.
138. Faure, Red Thread, p. 208.
139. Faure, Red Thread, Ibid., p. 215.
140. Keown, Nature of Buddhist Ethics, p. 47.
141. Keown, Nature of Buddhist Ethics, p. 75.
142. Keown, Nature of Buddhist Ethics, p. 75.
143. Sukumar Dutt, Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp. 53-54.
144. Sukumar Dutt, Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture (1962),Ibid., p. 36.
145. Patrick Olivelle, "Hair and Society: Social Significance of Hair in South Asian Traditions, " in Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures, edited by Alf Hiltebeitel and Barbara D. Miller (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 22.
146. Gananath Obeyesekere, Medusa's Hair: An Essay on Personal Symbols and Religious Experience (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 38.
147. John C. Holt, Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapitaka (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1983), p. 57.
148. Dutt, Buddhist Monks, p. 73.
149. Mohan Wijayaratna, Buddhist Monastic Life: According to the Texts of the Theravada Tradition, translated by Claude Grangier and Steven Collins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 38.
150. Holt, Discipline, p. 3.
151. Steven Collins, "The Body in Theravada Buddhist Monasticism, " in Religion and the Body, edited by Sarah Coakley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 202.
152. O. H. de A. Wijesekera, "The Concept of Vinnana in Theravada Buddhism, " Journal of the American Oriental Society 84/3 (1964): 295.
153. Donald K. Swearer, "Two Types of Saving Knowledge in the Pali Suttas, " Philosophy East and West 22/4 (1972): 362.
154. George D. Bond, "Theravada Buddhism's Meditations on Death and the Symbolism of Initiatory Death, " History of Religions 19/3 (1980): 237-258.
155. Donald K. Swearer, "Control and Freedom: The Structure of Buddhist Meditation in the Pali Suttas, " Philosophy East and West 23/4 (1973): 452.
156. Swearer, "Two Types of Saving Knowledge, " p. 365.
157. Swearer, "Two Types of Saving Knowledge, " Ibid., pp. 366-367.
158. Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), translated by Bhikku Nyanmoli, 2nd edition (Colombo: A. Semage, 1964), 23.18.
159. Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), (1964), Ibid., 23.36.
160. Winston L. King, Theravada Meditation: The Buddhist Transformation of Yoga (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980), p. 107.
161. Kenneth G. Zysk, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 101.
162. Kenneth G. Zysk, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery (1991),Ibid., p. 42.
163. Kenneth G. Zysk, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery Ibid., pp. 118, 6.
164. John S. Strong, The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 26.
165. George D. Bond, "The Arahant: Sainthood in Theravada Buddhism, " in Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions, edited by Richard Kieckhefer and George D. Bond (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 166.
166. Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, translated by C.A.F. Rhys Davids (London: Luzac, 1964), 1.8.
167. Richard F. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), p. 74.
168. Ellison Banks Findly, "The Housemistress at the Door: Vedic and Buddhist Perspectives on the Mendicant Encounter, " in Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India, edited by Laurie L. Patton (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 18.
169. John S. Strong, The Legend of King Azoka: A Study and Translation of the Azokavadana (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).
170. Jane Bunnag, Buddhist Monk, Buddhist Layman: A Study of Urban Monastic Organization in Central Thailand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 59-60.
171. Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, p. 95.
172. John Clifford Holt, Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitezvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 13.
173. The Threefold Refuge in the Theravada Buddhist Tradition, edited by John Ross Carter (Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1982).
174. The Book of Discipline, Vol. 5 (Cullavagga) translated by I. B. Horner ([1952] London: Luzac, 1963), 10.1.
175. Alan Sponberg, "Attitudes toward Women and the Feminine in Early Buddhism, " in Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender, edited by Jose Ignacio Cabezon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), p. 16.
176. Zatapatha Brahmana, 5 vols., translated by Julius Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East ([1892]Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1966).
177. Nancy Schuster Barnes, "Buddhism, " in Women in World Religions, edited by Arvind Sharma (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987), p. 210.
178. Sponberg, "Attitudes toward Women, " pp. 11-13.
179. Mohan Wijayaratna, Buddhist Monastic Life: According to the Texts of the Theravada Tradition, translated by Claude Grangier and Steven Collins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 120-121.
180. Lee Siegel, Laughing Matters: Comic Tradition in India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 214-215.
181. Sponberg, "Attitudes toward Women, " p. 5.
182. Gregory Schopen, Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), pp. 238-257.
183. Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, translated by C.A.F. Rhys Davids (London: Luzac, 1964), 3.34.
184. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 11.64.
185. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 4.37.
186. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 6.145-150.
187. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 6.133-138.
188. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 5.72-76.
189. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 5.87-91.
190. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 5.46.
191. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 15.400-407.
192. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 1.11.
193. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 3.29.
194. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Psalms of the Early Buddhists I: Psalms of the Sisters, Ibid., 3.33, 10.43.
195. Paula Richman, Women, Branch Stories, and Religious Rhetoric in a Tamil Buddhist Text, Foreign and Comparative Studies' South Asian Series 12 (Syracuse: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1988).
196. Anne E. Monius, Imagining a Place for Buddhism: Literary Culture and Religious Community in Tamil-Speaking South India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 60.
197. Psalms of the Early Buddhists II: Psalms of the Brethren, translated by C.A.F. Rhys Davids (London: Luzac, 1964), 16.736-238.
198. The Buddhacarita or Acts of the Buddha, translated by E. H. Johnson (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [1936] 1972), 4.16-21.
199. Liz Wilson, Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 31.
200. Nancy Falk, "The Case of the Vanishing Nuns: The Fruits of Ambivalence in Ancient Indian Buddhism, " in Unspoken Worlds: Women's Religious Lives, edited by Nancy Falk and Rita Gross (Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth, 1989), p. 159;.
201. Rita M. Gross, "Women in Buddhism, " in Buddhism, edited by Peter Harvey (London and New York: Continuum, 2001), pp. 205-232;.
202. Barnes, "Buddhism, " p. 29;.
203. Sponberg, "Attitudes toward Women, " p. 18.
204. I. B. Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism: Laywomen and Almswomen (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1930), p. 137.
205. Tessa Bartholumeuz, Women under the Bo Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 11, 51, 110.
206. Tessa Bartholumeuz, Women under the Bo Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka Ibid., pp. 136, 139, 190.
207. Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 173.
208. Jane Bunnag, Buddhist Monk, Buddhist Layman: A Study of Urban Monastic Organization in Central Thailand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 87-88.
209. Hiroko Kawanami, "Theravadin Religious Women, " in The Life of Buddhism, edited by Frank E. Reynolds and Jason A. Carbine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 86-88, 91.
210. Hiroko Kawanami, "Patterns of Renunciation: The Changing World of Burmese Nuns, " in Women's Buddhism, Buddhism's Women: Tradition, Revision, Renewal, edited by Ellison Banks Findly (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000), pp. 160, 167-169.
211. Gross, "Women in Buddhism, " p. 222.
212. Barnes, "Buddhism, " p. 108.
213. Sponberg, "Attitudes toward Women";.
214. Ellison Banks Findly, "Women Teachers of Women: Early Nuns 'Worthy of My Confidence, '" in Women's Buddhism, Buddhism's Women: Tradition, Revision, Renewal, edited by Ellison Banks Findly (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000), p. 134;.
215. Falk, "The Case of the Vanishing Nuns";.
216. Diana Paul, Women in Buddhism: Images of the Feminine in Mahayana Tradition (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1979).
217. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967), pp. 52-54.
218. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 47-50.
219. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 51-55.
220. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 92-94.
221. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 95-97.
222. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., p. 101.
223. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., p. 104.
224. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 205-209.
225. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., pp. 230-235, 243.
226. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., p. 26.
227. Melford E. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism: A Study in the Explanation and Reduction of Suffering Ibid., p. 29.
228. S. J. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 58-61.
229. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyeskere, Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 99.
230. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyeskere, Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 99.Ibid.
231. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyeskere, Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka Ibid., pp. 112-124.
232. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyeskere, Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka Ibid., pp. 134, 140, 160.
233. Gananath Obeyesekere, The Cult of the Goddess Pattini (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 515.
234. Gananath Obeyesekere, The Cult of the Goddess Pattini Ibid., pp. 225-273.
235. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, p. 32.
236. Obeyeskere, Cult of the Goddess Pattini, p. 55.
237. Obeyeskere, Cult of the Goddess Pattini, Ibid., pp. 56-58.
238. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 20-22.
239. Melford E. Spiro, Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 209-210.
240. Donald K. Swearer, The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 26-30.
241. Spiro, Burmese Supernaturalism, pp. 113-125.
242. Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 195-257.
243. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, p. 166.
244. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, Ibid., pp. 193-194.
245. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, Ibid., pp. 189-190.
246. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 153-160.
247. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, Ibid., pp. 286-294.
248. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, Ibid., pp. 156-157.
249. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, Ibid., pp. 154-160.
250. Obeyesekere, Cult of the Goddess Pattini, pp. 383, 387, 392.
251. Spiro, Buddhism and Society, pp. 220-221.
252. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 111-114.
253. Spiro, Buddhism and Society, pp. 305-306.
254. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, p. 24.
255. Gombrich and Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed, Ibid., pp. 384-388.
256. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 179-192.
257. Spiro, Buddhism and Society, pp. 249-253.
258. Bruce Kapferer, A Celebration of Demons: Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka, 2nd edition (Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), pp. 26.
259. Andre Bareau, Les sectes bouddhiques pu petit véhicule (Saigon: Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955);.
260. Nalinaksha Dutt, Buddhist Sects in India (Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1970).
261. Dutt, Early History of the Spread of Buddhism and the Buddhist Schools (London: Luzac, 1925).
262. Etienne Lamotte and Akira Hirakawa, "The Rise of Mahayana Buddhism and Its Relationship to the Worship of Stupas, " in Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 1963).
263. Gregory Schopen, "The Phrase 'sa prthivipradezaz caityabhuto bhavet' in the Vajracchedika: Notes on the Cult of the Book in Mahayana, " Indo-Iranian Journal 7 (1975): 181.
264. Jonathan A. Silk, "What If Anything Is Mahayana Buddhism Problems of Definitions and Classifications, " Numen 49/4 (2002): 371.
265. G. MacQueen, "Inspired Speech in Early Mahayana Buddhism II, " Religion 12 (1982): 51.
266. Edward Conze, The Prajñaparamita Literature (The Hague: Mouton, 1960), pp. 17-18.
267. Edward Conze, The Prajñaparamita Literature Ibid., p. 21.
268. Ulrich Pagel, "The Sacred Writings of Buddhism, " in Buddhism, edited by Peter Harvey (London: Continuum, 2001), p. 40.
269. Leon Hurvitz, trans., Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma (The Lotus Sutra) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 333.
270. Leon Hurvitz, Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma, Ibid., p. 336.
271. Peter Khoroche, trans., Once the Buddha Was a Monkey: Arya Suras Jatakamala, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1989), pp. 5-9.
272. Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932; reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970), pp. 31, 168.
273. Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature Ibid., p. 43.
274. Lion's Roar of Queen Zrimala, translated by Alex Wayman and Hideko Wayman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), p. 80.
275. Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti, translated by Robert A. F. Thurman (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976), p. 93.
276. Edward Conze, trans., The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and Its Verse Summary (Bolinas, Calif.: Four Seasons Foundation, 1973), 31.14.
277. Edward Conze, trans., The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 2.7.2.8).
278. Khoroche, Jatakamala, pp. 103-106.
279. Royal W. Weiler, "The Buddhist Act of Compassion, " in Indological Studies in Honor of W. Norman Brown, edited by Ernest Bender (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1962), pp. 238-250.
280. Zantideva, The Bodhicaryavatara, translated by Kate Crosby and Andrew Skilton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 5.101.
281. Khoroche, Jatakamala, pp. 166-172.
282. Conze, Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines, 30.8, 11.
283. Conze, Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines, Ibid., 29.11-13.
284. Khoroche, Jatakamala, pp. 249-253.
285. Zantideva, Bodhicaryavatara, 8.136.
286. Zantideva, Bodhicaryavatara, Ibid., 8.159.
287. Yoshito S. Hakeda, trans., The Awakening of Faith (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 41.
288. Conze, Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom, 11.2.2.1.
289. Flower Ornament Scripture, translated by Thomas Cleary (Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala, 1984), 2.16-18.
290. Thomas Cleary, Flower Ornament Scripture, Ibid., 2.26.
291. Thomas Cleary, Flower Ornament Scripture, Ibid., 2.49.
292. Thomas Cleary, Flower Ornament Scripture, Ibid., 2.67.
293. Thomas Cleary, Flower Ornament Scripture, Ibid., 2.106.
294. Thomas Cleary, Flower Ornament Scripture, Ibid., 2.112.
295. Hurvitz, Scripture of the Lotus Blossom, pp. 314-315.
296. Diana Paul, "Kuan-yin: Savior and Savioress in Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, " in The Book of the Goddess Past and Present: An Introduction to Her Religion (New York: Crossroads, 1983), p. 165.
297. John Clifford Holt, Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitezvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 91, 122.
298. Kenneth K. S. Ch'en, Buddhism in China, a Historical Survey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964), pp. 405-407.
299. Alan Sponberg, "Epilogue: A Prospectus for the Study of Maitreya, " in Maitreya, the Future Buddha, edited by Alan Sponberg and Helen Hardacre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 288.
300. Daniel L. Overmeyer, "Messenger, Savior, and Revolutionary: Maitreya in Chinese Popular Religious Literature of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, " in Maitreya, the Future Buddha, edited by Alan Sponberg and Helen Hardacre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 120, 131.
301. Li Rongxi, trans., The Life of Nagarjuna Bodhisattva, in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2002), pp. 21-33.
302. Richard King, Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 91.
303. T.R.V. Murti, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism: A Study of the Madhyamika System (London: Allen and Unwin, 1955), p. 69;.
304. Frederick Streng, Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning (Nashville: Abingdon, 1967), p. 33.
305. Paul Williams, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 30;.
306. David J. Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), p. 5.
307. Richard H. Robinson, Early Madhyamika in India and China (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), p. 56.
308. Garfield, The Fundamental Wisdom, p. 331.
309. Garfield, The Fundamental Wisdom, Ibid., 8.5-6.
310. Garfield, The Fundamental Wisdom, Ibid., 24.36-40.
311. Garfield, The Fundamental Wisdom, Ibid., 27.30.
312. Mervyn Sprung, trans., Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way: The Essential Chapters from the Prasannapada of Candrakirti (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 247-248.
313. Robinson, Early Madhyamika, p. 95.
314. Albert A. Dalia, trans., Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu, in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2002), pp. 37-53.
315. Gadjin M. Nagao, Madhyamika and Yogacara: A Study of Mahayana Philosophies, translated by Leslie S. Kamamura (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), p. 12.
316. Vasubandhu, Madhyanta-Vibhaga-Bhasya, in Seven Works of Vasubandhu: The Buddhist Psychological Doctor, translated by Stefan Anacker (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984), p. 245.
317. Vasubandhu, in Seven Works of Vasubandhu: The Buddhist Psychological Doctor, Ibid., p. 232.
318. Vasubandhu, Karma-Siddhi-Prakarana, in Seven Works of Vasubandhu: The Buddhist Psychological Doctor, ibid., p. 112.
319. P. J. Griffiths, On Being Mindless (LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court, 1986), pp. 91.
320. Vasubandhu, Vimzatika-Karika, in Seven Works of Vasubandhu: The Buddhist Psychological Doctor, translated by Stefan Anacker (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984), p. 21;.
321. Thomas E. Wood, Mind Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis of the Vijñanavada, Monographs of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy 19 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), p. 104.
322. Nagao, Madhyamika and Yogacara, p. 55.
323. Francis H. Cook, Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), pp. 102-103;.
324. Garma C. C. Chang, The Buddhist Teachings of Totality: The Philosophy of Hwa Yen Buddhism (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971), pp. 75-87.
325. Chih-I, Mo-ho-chih-kuan, in The Great Calming and Contemplation: A Study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-I Mo-ho-chih-kuan, translated by Nel Donner and Daniel B. Stevenson (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), p. 305.
326. Chih-I, in The Great Calming and Contemplation: A Study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-I Mo-ho-chih-kuan, Ibid., p. 317.
327. Mark L. Blum, The Origins and Development of Pure Land Buddhism: A Study and Translation of Gyonen's Jodo Homon Genrusho (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 6.
328. Galen Amstutz, Interpreting Amida: History and Orientalism in the Study of Pure Land Buddhism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), p. 4.
329. Blum, Origins and Development, pp. 14-15.
330. Soho Machida, Renegade Monk: Honen and Japanese Pure Land Buddhism, translated by Ioannis Mentzas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 49.
331. Blum, Origins and Development, p. 7.
332. Honen, Honen's Senchakushu, translated by Senchakushu Translation Project (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998), p. 148.
333. Machida, Renegade Monk, p. 85.
334. Honen, Honen's Senchakushu, pp. 152-153.
335. James C. Dobbins, Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), p. 26.
336. James C. Dobbins, Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan Ibid., p. 34.
337. Shinran, The Tanni Sho: Notes Lamenting Differences, Ryukoku Translation Series 2 (Kyoto: Ryukoku University, 1962; reprint 1980), p. 31.
338. Shinran, The Tanni Sho: Notes Lamenting Differences, Ryukoku Translation Series 2,Ibid., p. 22.
339. Shinran, The Kyo Gyo Shin Sho: The Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment, translated by Hisao Inagaki, Kosho Yukawa, and Thomas R. Okano, Ryukoku Translation Series 5 (Kyoto: Ryukoku University, [1966] 1983), pp. 105-106.
340. Amstutz, Interpreting Amida, p. 10.
341. Dobbins, Jodo Shinshu, p. 146.
342. Dobbins, Jodo Shinshu, Ibid., pp. 159-160.
343. Jacqueline I. Stone, Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism, Studies in East Asian Buddhism 12 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999), pp. 246-247.
344. Jacqueline I. Stone, Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism, Studies in East Asian Buddhism 12, 1999, Ibid., p. 248.
345. Jacqueline I. Stone, Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism, Studies in East Asian Buddhism 12, 1999, Ibid., p. 251.
346. Nichiren, Selected Writings of Nichren, translated by Burton Watson and edited by Philip B. Yampolsky (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 346.
347. Stone, Original Enlightenment, p. 297.
348. Stone, Original Enlightenment, Ibid., p. 270.
349. Stone, Original Enlightenment, Ibid., pp. 295-299.
350. John Powers, Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (Ithaca: Snow Lion, 1995), p. 122.
351. Donald S. Lopez, Jr., "Introduction, " in Religions of Tibet in Practice, edited by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 4-5.
352. Giuseppe Tucci, The Religions of Tibet, translated by Geoffrey Samuel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 6-7.
353. Herbert Guenther, The Teachings of Padmasambhava (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996), pp. 4-5.
354. Luis O. Gomez, "Indian Materials on the Doctrine of Sudden Enlightenment, " in Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, edited by Whalen Lai and Lewis R. Lancaster (Berkeley: Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, 1983), 396.
355. Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 10.
356. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, translated by Willard R. Trask, Bollingen Series 76 (New York: Pantheon, 1964), p. 4.
357. Robert A. F. Thurman, "A Short Biography, " in Thurman, The Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1982), pp. 4-27.
358. Andre Padoux, "What Do We Mean by Tantrism?" in The Roots of Tantra, edited by Katherine Anne Harper and Robert L. Brown (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), pp. 17, 20, 22.
359. Ronald M. Davidson, Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 2, 76, 302-303.
360. Ronald M. Davidson, Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, 2002, Ibid., pp. 187, 196, 234-235.
361. David N. Lorenzen, "Early Evidence for Tantric Religion, " in The Roots of Tantra, edited by Katherine Anne Harper and Robert L. Brown (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), p. 29.
362. Christopher S. George, The Candamaharosana Tantra (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1974), 1.22.
363. Stephan Beyer, The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 23, 28-29, 68.
364. Stephan Beyer, The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet 1973, Ibid., p. 146.
365. Powers, Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, pp. 260-261.
366. Lopez, "Introduction, " p. 14.
367. George, Candamaharosana Tantra, 4.80.
368. D. L. Snellgrove, The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study, London Oriental Series 6 (London: Oxford University Press, [1959] 1971), 2.3.48.
369. George, Candamaharosana Tantra, 4.33-34, 36, 38.
370. Beyer, The Cult of Tara, p. 100.
371. Beyer, The Cult of Tara, Ibid., pp. 306-308.
372. Davidson, Indian Esoteric Buddhism, p. 248.
373. Beyer, The Cult of Tara, pp. 368-373.
374. Beyer, The Cult of Tara, Ibid., pp. 318-319.
375. Heinrich Dumoulin, Zen Buddhism: A History, Vol. 1, Indian and China (New York: Macmillan, 1988), p. 110.
376. Ruth Fuler Sasaki, trans., The Record of Lin-chi (Kyoto: Institute for Zen Studies, 1975), p. 25.
377. Burton Watson, trans., The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 31.
378. D. T. Suzuki, Zen Buddhism: Selected Writings of D. T. Suzuki, edited by William Barrett (New York: Doubleday, 1956), pp. 247-248.
379. Chung-yuan Chang, "Ch'an Teachings of Fa-yen School, " Chinese Culture 6/3 (1965): 65.
380. Chung-yuan Chang, "Ch'an Teachings of Fa-yen School, " Chinese Culture 6/3 (1965): Ibid., p. 76.
381. James H. Sanford, Zen-Man Ikkyu (Chico, Cal.: Scholars Press, 1981), pp. 291-295.
382. Charles Luk, Ch'an and Zen Teaching, 2nd series (London: Rider, 1961), p. 199.
383. Sasaki, Record of Lin-chi, pp. 50-51.
384. Heinrich Dumoulin, A History of Zen Buddhism, translated by Paul Peachey (New York: Pantheon, 1963), p. 101.
385. Thomas Cleary and J. C. Cleary, trans., The Blue Cliff Record (Pi Yen Lu) (Boulder, Col.: Prajna Press, 1978), p. 32.
386. Thomas Cleary and J. C. Cleary, The Blue Cliff Record (Pi Yen Lu), 1978, Ibid., p. 125.
387. Thomas Cleary and J. C. Cleary, The Blue Cliff Record (Pi Yen Lu), 1978, Ibid., pp. 406, 409.
388. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism: Selection from The Transmission of the Lamp (New York: Pantheon, 1969), p. 294.
389. Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, p. 19.
390. Dale S. Wright, Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 103.
391. T. Griffith Foulk, "The Form and Function of Koan Literature: A Historical Overview, " in The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 18-20.
392. Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, p. 59.
393. Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, Ibid., p. 81.
394. Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, Ibid., p. 506.
395. Chang, Original Teachings, p. 63.
396. Chang, Original Teachings, Ibid., p. 204.
397. Wright, Philosophical Meditations, p. 92.
398. Philip Yampolsky, trans., The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), p. 164.
399. Philip Yampolsky, trans., The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 137.
400. Philip Yampolsky, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, 1967, Ibid., p. 135.
401. Philip Yampolsky, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, 1967, Ibid., p. 130.
402. Philip Yampolsky, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, 1967, Ibid., p. 132.
403. Philip Yampolsky, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, 1967, Ibid., p. 80.
404. William F. Powell, trans., The Record of Tung-shan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986), 78.
405. Yampolsky, Platform Sutra, p. 150.
406. Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, p. 357.
407. Bernard Faure, Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 118.
408. Francois Berthier, Readings Zen in the Rocks: The Japanese Dry Landscape Garden, translated by Graham Parkes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 91-92.
409. George D. Bond, The Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation, and Response (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), p. 16.
410. Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyesekere, Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 202.
411. Bond, Buddhist Revival, p. 58.
412. H. L. Seneviratne, The Work of Kings: The New Buddhism in Sri Lanka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 27.
413. Bond, Buddhist Revival, p. 130.
414. Bond, Buddhist Revival, Ibid., p. 145.
415. J. J. Clarke, Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter between Asian and Western Thought (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 91.
416. Richard Hughes Seager, Buddhism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 37.
417. Richard Hughes Seager, Buddhism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999),Ibid., p. 159.
418. Gil Fronsdal, "Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, " in Faces of Buddhism in America, edited by Charles S. Prebish and Kenneth K. Tanaka (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 169.
419. Seager, Buddhism in America, p. 91.
420. Mu Soeng, "Korean Buddhism in America: A New Style of Zen, " in The Faces of Buddhism in America, edited by Charles S. Prebish and Kenneth K. Tanaka (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 118-128.
421. Cuong Tu Nguyen and A. W. Barber, "Vietnamese Buddhism in North America: Tradition and Acculturation, " in The Faces of Buddhism in America, edited by Charles S. Prebish and Kenneth K. Tanaka (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 130-146.
422. James William Coleman, The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 20.
423. Charles S. Prebish, American Buddhism (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1979), p. 175.