Self, spencer and swaraj: Nationalist thought and critiques of liberalism, 1890-1920

Modern Intellectual History

Volumn 4, Issue , 2007, Pages 109-127

  Kapila, Shruti ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917412773     PISSN: 14792443     EISSN: 14792451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1479244306001077     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. For instance Zygmunt Bauman, Liquih Modernity (Oxford, 2003).
2. J. W. Burrow, The Crises of Reason: European Thought (London, 2000).
3. Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (Delhi, 1983).
4. Duncan S. A. Bell, “Empire and International Relations in Victorian Political Thought”, Historical journal, 49, 1 (2006), 281–298.
5. Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley, 2005).
6. Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, MA, 1997) and Manu Goswami, “From Swadeshi to Swaraj: Nation, Economy, Territory in Colonial South Asia, 1870-1907”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40 (1998), 609–636.
7. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA, 1989)
8. Duncan S. A. Bell, Empire and International Relations.
9. David Wiltshire, The Social and Political Thought of Herbert Spencer (Oxford, 1978).
10. “Patriotism”, in Herbert Spencer, Facts and Comments (London, 1902), 88-91; and Herbert Spencer, An Autobiography (London, 1904).
11. Krishnavarma sought his political life through patronage of individuals and causes. His biography charts his rags-to-riches career and the role of money in the making and breaking of many friendships. Indulal Yagnik, Shyamji Krishnavarma: Life and Times of an Indian Revolutionary (Bombay, 1950).
12. Uday S. Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago, 1999).
13. Herbert Spencer to Moncure D. Conway, 17 July 1898, in The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, ed. David Duncan (London, 1996; first published 1908), 410.
14. Spencer to J. Astley Cooper, 17 July 1898, in The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, ed. David Duncan (London, 1996; first published 1908), 328.
15. Spencer to Kentaro Kaneko, 26 August 1892, in The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, ed. David Duncan (London, 1996; first published 1908), 321.
16. Spencer, “Imperialism and Slavery” in Facts and Comments, 121.
17. Yagnik Shyamji, 104. Most of the biographical details here are from Yagnik, Shyamji.
18. “An Egyptian Patriot and the Pan-Islamic Society”, Indian Sociologist, 2, 8 (August 1906), 32.
19. C. A. Bayly, “Liberalism at Large: Mazzini and Transformations in Indian Political Thought”, Tufts, 6 April 2005; Yagnik, Shyamji 20–25.
20. James Tully, ed., Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Oxford, 1988), 2–15.
21. Other contemporary interpretations of the Gita include those by Vivekananda and the theosophist Annie Besant. The dates of its “original” composition vary from 1200 BC to AD 200.
22. S. Radhakrishnan, “The Theism of the Bhagavad-Gita”, in Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1 (Delhi, 2006 first published London 1923), 519–580.
23. B. G. Tilak, Shrimad Bhagwatgeeta Rahasya. Translated from Marathi to Hindi by Madhavrao Sapre (Pune, 1917; 3rd edn, Pune, 1919, used here).
24. V. M. Joshi, The Gist of the Gita-Rahasya (Benaras, 1916).
25. Tilak Shrimad, On neo-Kantianism and positivism see Melissa Lane, “Positivism: Reactions and Developments” in Terence Ball and Richard Bellamy, eds., The Cambridge History of Political Thought (Cambridge, 2003), 321–342.
26. Stefan Collini, “Hobhouse Bosanquet and the State: Philosophical Idealism and Political Argument in England 1880-1918” Past and Present, 72 (1976), 86—111.
27. Tilak, Shrimad 74–122.
28. Tilak, Shrimad 179–195.
29. Tilak, Shrimad 4–9.
30. Lane, “Positivism”.
31. On Kant and Vedantic thought see Tilak, Shrimad, 200–217.
32. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, 524–539.
33. Tilak, Shrimad, 198, 240–245.
34. Pramatha Nath Bose, Hindu Civilisation during British Rule, 2 vols. (Calcutta, 1894); and Pramatha Nath Bose, Swaraj Cultural or Political (Calcutta, 1929).
35. Har Dayal, Hints for Self-Culture, (London, 1934).
36. Nationalist biographers such as Dharamvira dispute Har Dayal's internationalism and cosmopolitanism while others such as Emily C. Brown see him as a cultural nativist. Dharamvira, Lala Har Dayal and Revolutionary Movements of His Times (New Delhi, 1970); and Emily C. Brown, Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist (Tuscon, 1975).
37. Letters from Har Dayal to Shyamji Krishnavarma, 28 August 1907, and to S. Rana, undated (1910), in Letters of Har Dayal, ed. Dharamvira (Ambala, 1970).
38. Har Dayal, Amrit mein vish. (Calcutta, 1922); in English Our Educational Problem (Calcutta, 1922).
39. Har Dayal, Amrit mein vish 9, 25-28.
40. Har Dayal, Forty-Four Months in Germany and Turkey February 1915 to October 1918 (London 1920).
41. Har Dayal to Van Wyck Brooks, 14 October 1918, Van Wyck Brooks Collection, Anneberg Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Pennsylvania, Mss. Coll. 65o folder 717.
42. Har Dayal to Van Wyck Brooks, 24 November 1914.
43. David Armitage, ‘“A New VattelL: Bentham on Liberty, Sovereignty and the Law of Nations”, Harvard, 5 Juno 2006.
44. Lajpat Rai, Young India (Lahore, 1918), 183.
45. Har Dayal to Van Wyck Brooks, 30 September 1922, Van Wyck Brooks Collection, University of Pennsylvania.
46. Mohandas K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, ed. Anthony J. Parel (Cambridge, 1997), 28.
47. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India (Chicago, 1967).
48. Ajay Skaria, “Gandhi's Politics: Liberalism and the Question of the Ashram” South Atlantic Quarterly, 101, 4 (Fall 2002), 955–986.
49. Mohandas K. Gandhi, Young India, 28 January 1920, on a critique of Tilak's Gita.
50. Joseph S. Alter, Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism, (Philadelphia, 2000)