The Crusades and the expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714

The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-380

  France, John ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84917382353     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203088128     Document Type: Book

References (86)

1. The paintings, from Bamberg, Chantilly and Munich manuscripts, are frequently reproduced, notably in C. Brühl, Naissance de deux peuples. Français et Allemands (ix-xi siècle) (Paris: Fayard, 1994) as Plates 5-8, and their meaning is discussed, 260-3.
2. Rodulfus Glaber, The Five Books of the Histories, in J. France (ed.), Rodulfus Glaber Opera (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 1-253.
3. William of Jumèges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, ed. E. M. C. van Houts, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992-5), 1. 12-13.
4. Anonymous, Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. R. Hill (Edinburgh: Nelson, 1962), Book VI, chapter 13, 32.
5. D. O'Donoghue, Lives and legends of Saint Brendan the Voyager (Felinfach: Llanerch, 1994).
6. The quotations are from L'Estoire de Eracles empereur, RHC Oc 2.34, translated in J. Richard, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, tr. J. Shirley, 2 vols (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1979) 1. 96;
7. William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, ed. R. H. C. Davies and M. Chibnall (New York: Clarendon, 1998), 67;
8. J. Flori, L'idéologie du glaive. Préhistoire de la chevalerie (Geneva: Droz, 1983), 168.
9. They and other aristocratic dynasties are discussed in 'The aristocratic diaspora', in R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe. Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change (London: Penguin, 1993).
10. D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe 500-1453 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971).
11. 'Instituit nostro tempore praeilia sancta Deus', in Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, ed. R. B. C. Huygens in CCCM 127A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996), 87
12. R. Levine, The Deeds of God through the Franks (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997), 28.
13. Thietmar of Merseburg, Chronicon, ed. D. A. Warner (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 4.55, 191-2.
14. G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard. Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (London: Longman, 2000), 291.
15. William of Apulia, La Geste de Robert Guiscard, ed. M. Mathieu (Palermo: Instituto Siciliano, 1961), 151.
16. Quotes from D. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain (London: Longman, 1978), 40, 52-3.
17. Adhémar of Chabannes, Chronicon, in Opera Omnia Pars I, ed. P. Bourgain, R. Landes and G. Pon (Turnhout: Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 129, 1999), 159;
18. Glaber, Histories, 114-15.
19. On early medieval attitudes to Islam, see B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission. European Approaches toward the Muslims (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), especially 3-41.
20. On Islam as a heresy, see especially Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Die per Francos, in Levine, The Deeds of God through the Franks, 31-6.
21. N. F. Cantor, Medieval World 300-1300 (New York: Macmillan, 1963) 95-7, 125-33.
22. Adoptianism is the belief that Christ was the adoptive and not the real son of God. For a summary, see F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (London: Oxford University Press, 1997).
23. Translated in H. E. J. Cowdrey, Gregory VII 1073-85 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998), 523.
24. Vita Lebuini, in MGH SS 30. Chapter 6, translation in C. H. Talbot, The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954), 231-2.
25. Mansi, 20: 816, translated by P. F. Palmer in The New Catholic Encyclopaedia, 15 vols (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 7. 483.
26. Glaber, Histories, 198-201.
27. J. Riley-Smith, First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London: Athlone, 1986), 21.
28. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, tr. E. R. A. Sewter (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), 309.
29. See the list given in J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 197-226.
30. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, ed. F. R. Ryan and H. S. Fink (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1969), 67, 70-1.
31. A. Bernard and A. Bruel (eds), Recueil des Chartes de l'Abbaye de Cluny, 6 vols (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1876-1903), 5. 51.
32. Fulcher, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 80;
33. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, ed. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1968), 22-3.
34. A. C. Krey, The First Crusade (Gloucs, MA: Peter Smith, 1958), 100-1, 107-9.
35. Fulcher, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 84-5;
36. Fulcher, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 103.
37. Comnena, Alexiad, 345-50.
38. The footnotes are from De Consideratione, cited and translated by E. T. Kennan, 'Antithesis and argument in the De Consideratione', in M. B. Pennington (ed.), Bernard of Clairvaux. Studies presented to Dom Jean Leclerq (Washington, DC: Cistercian Publications, 1973), 95, 100,102.
39. Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Aecclesiastica, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969-79), 6. 16-17.
40. Gislebertus Hanoniensis, Chronicon, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Brussels: Kiessling, 1904), 174.
41. Translated as Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainaut tr. L. Napran (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005).
42. P. Edbury (ed.), 'The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre 1184-97', in The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot: Scolar, 1996), 29.
43. R. Fedden and J. Thomson, Crusader Castles (London: Murray, 1957), 18.
44. For the Nordalbinagians, see Helmold of Bosau, The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold Priest of Bosau, ed. F. J. Tschan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935 and New York: Octagon Books, 1966), Chapter 47;
45. S. Baring-Gould and J. Fisher, Lives of the British Saints, 4 vols (London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion,1908), 2.3-33.
46. Helmold of Bosau, The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold Priest of Bosau ed. F. J. Tschan (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1935 and New York: Octagon Books, 1966), 172.
47. Odo of Deuil, The Journey of Louis VII to the East, ed. V. G. Berry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), 50-1.
48. Helmold, Chronicle of the Slavs, 178-9, 180-1.
49. C. W. David (ed.), The Conquest of Lisbon (New York: University of Columbia Press, 1936 and 2001), 68-9, 98-9.
50. H. Livermore, A New History of Portugal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 56.
51. Odo, The Journey of Louis VII to the East, 21, 23, 25, 41-3, 45.
52. Vincent of Prague, MGH SS 17.663, quoted by E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997), 58.
53. Helmold, Chronicle of the Slavs, 225.
54. J. Barrow, English Episcopal Acta VII: Hereford 1079-1234 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), Letter to Stephen Langton of 1214, No. 248, 185. I owe this reference to my colleague, I. W. Rowlands.
55. B. F. Reilly, The Kingdom of Léon-Castilla under Alfonso VII (1126-57) (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 263.
56. P. Edbury (ed.), 'The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre', in The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot: Scolar, 1996), 95.
57. Ibn al-Athir, The Collection of Histories, translated in F. Gabrieli (ed.), Arab Historians of the Crusades (London: Routledge, 1969), 210, 212.
58. Fulcher, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 66-7.
59. The English chronicler, Matthew Paris, quoted in Lomax, Reconquest of Spain, 156.
60. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, 'The conquest of Constantinople', in M. R. B. Shaw (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 36.
61. Caesarius, quoted in J. Sayers, Innocent III Leader of Europe 1198-1216 (London: Longman, 1994), 160.
62. Odo, The Journey of Louis VII to the East, 69, 76, 91.
63. Quoted in D. M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice. A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 123.
64. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, 'The conquest of Constantinople', in B. Radice and R. Baldick (eds), Joinville and Villehardouin: Chroniclers of the Crusades (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 29-31;
65. E. H. McNeal, 'The Fourth Crusade', in K. Setton and M. W. Baldwin (eds), A History of the Crusades, 6 vols (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-88), 2. 160.
66. Quoted in D. Abulafia, Frederick II. A Medieval Emperor (London: Penguin, 1988), 212.
67. Matthew Paris, The Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris, ed. R. Vaughan (Cambridge: Sutton, 1993), 27.
68. Quoted by M. Barber, 'Western attitudes to Frankish Greece in the Thirteenth Century', in B. Arbel, B. Hamilton and D. Jacoby, Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204 (London: Cass, 1989), 111-28.
69. Dante Alighieri, Purgatorio ed. D. L. Sayers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955), Canto XVI, Ll. 127-9, 191.
70. Quoted by N. J. G. Pounds, An Economic History of Medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1974), 170-1.
71. Quoted by S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), 30.
72. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, 7 vols (London: Longman, 1972), 4.76-7.
73. Quoted by B. Arnold, Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 284.
74. M. M. McLaughlin, The Portable Medieval Reader (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 236.
75. C. Haase, Die Entstehung der westfälischen Städte ((Münster, 1965)
76. N. J. G. Pounds, An Economic History of Medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1974), 251.
77. J. G. Edwards (ed.), Calendar of Ancient Correspondence concerning Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1935), 163
78. R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence and Change. Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), 340.
79. Quoted in N. Housley, The Later Crusades. From Lyons to the Alcazar 1274-1580 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 271.
80. Quoted in J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976), 2. 126.
81. F. R. H. du Boulay, Germany in the Later Middle Ages (London: Athlone, 1983), 19.
82. P. Engel, The Realm of St Stephen. A History of Medieval Hungary 895-1526, tr. T. Palosfalvi (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001), 202.
83. W. T. Waugh, A History of Europe 1378-1494 (London: Methuen, 1932), 395.
84. P.po-Chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 165; I owe this reference to my colleague John Spurr.
85. The phrase is to be found in J. Topolski, An Outline History of Poland, tr. O. Wojtasiewicz (Warsaw: Interpress, 1986), 67.
86. John Lynch, Spain Under the Habsburgs. Empire and Absolutism 1516-1598, 2 vols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964), 1.369-70.