The economic analysis of public policy

The Economic Analysis of Public Policy

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-435

  Bellinger, William K ^a  

^a DICKINSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917371680     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203946480     Document Type: Book

References (186)

1. Acs, Gregory and Pamela Loprest, Leaving Welfare (Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute, (2004).
2. Acton, Jan P., Evaluating Public Programs to Save Lives: The Case of Heart Attacks, Report R-950-RC (Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1973).
3. Adams, Douglas, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (New York Simon & Schuster, Pocket Edition, (1979).
4. Addison, John and McKinley Blackburn, "Minimum Wages and Poverty," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (April 1999), pp. 393-409.
5. Adler, Matthew D., "QALY's and Policy Evaluation: A New Perspective," Washington, DC: AEI Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Working Paper No. 05-01, January 2005.
6. Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, EPA-400-K-93-001, April 1993 (http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaain.html).
7. Alesina, Alberto and Edward Glaeser, Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe (Oxford:Oxford University Press, (2004).
8. Americans for the Arts, "Arts & Economic Prosperity: The Economic Impact of Nonprofit Arts Organizations and their Audiences, National Report," 2003 (http://ww3.artsusa.org/information_resources/economic_impact/).
9. Anderson, Kathryn and Richard Burkhauser, "The Retirement-Health Nexus: A New Measurement of an Old Puzzle," Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 1985), pp. 315-30.
10. Arrow, Kenneth J., Social Choice and Individual Values, 2nd edn. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963).
11. Bailey, Martin J., Reducing Risks to Life (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, (1980).
12. Baranzini, Andrea, Jose Goldemberg, and Stefen Speck, "A Future for Carbon Taxes," Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2000) pp. 395-412.
13. Bardach, Eugene, A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, (New York: Chatham House, 2000).
14. Barnes, Nora Ganim, Allison Connell, Lisa Hermenegildo, and Lucinda Mattson, "Regional Differences in the Economic Impact of Wal-Mart," Business Horizons, (July/August 1996), pp. 21-5.
15. Baumol, William J., "On the Social Rate of Discount," American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 4 (September 1968), pp. 788-802.
16. Bazelon, Coleman and Kent Smetters, "Discounting Inside the Washington D.C. Beltway, J., Ellen R. Dalberger, Robert J. Gordon, Zvi Griliches, and Dale W. Jorgenson, "Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 13 (Fall 1999), pp. 213-28.
17. Becker, Gary, "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 98 (August 1983), pp. 371-400.
18. Becker, Gary, Human Capital (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, (1964).
19. Bellinger, William, The Economic Impact of the Carlisle Barracks and U.S. Army War College, submitted to the Cumberland County BRAC Committee, March 2004.
20. Big Dig website (http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/index.html).
21. Blank, Rebecca, "Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 40 (December 2002), pp. 1105-66.
22. Blank, Rebecca, It Takes a Nation: A New Agenda for Fighting Poverty (Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, (1997).
23. Blinder, Alan, Hard Heads and Soft Hearts (New Year: Addison-Wesley, (1987).
24. Boskin, Michael, "Prisoners of Faulty Statistics" http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/selections/972/boskin.html.
25. Boskin, Michael J., Ellen R. Dulberger, Robert J. Gordon, Zvi Griliches, and Dale W. Jorgenson, "Consumer Prices, the Consumer Price Index, and the Cost of Living," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, (Winter 1998), pp. 3-26.
26. Boubel, Richard W., Donald L. Fox, D. Bruce Turner, and Arthur Stern, Fundamentals of Air Pollution, 3rd edn. (New York: Academic Press, 1994).
27. Brajer, Victor and Jane Hall, "Changes in the Distribution of Air Pollution Exposure in the Los Angeles Basin from 1990 to 1999," Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January 2005), pp. 50-8.
28. Brown, Charles, "Minimum Wage Laws: Are They Overrated?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 1988), pp. 133-46.
29. Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy, and Andrew Kohen, "The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 20, No. 2 (June 1982), pp. 487-528.
30. Brzezinski, Matthew, "How to Make a Missile Miss," New York Times, February 8, 2004.
31. Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, (1962).
32. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, "Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2005," May 19, 2006 (http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2005.htm).
33. Burghardt, John, Peter Z. Schochet, Sheena McConnell, Terry Johnson, R. Mark Gritz, Steven Glazerman, John Homrighausen, and Russell Jackson, Does Job Corps Work? Summary of the National Job Corps Study, (Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, 2001) (http://wdr.doleta.gov/opr/fulltext/01-jcsummary.pdf).
34. Burkhauser, Richard, Kenneth Couch, and David Wittenburg, "'Who Gets What' from Minimum Wage Hikes," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 547-52.
35. Butler, Eamonn, Hayek (New York: Universe Books, (1983).
36. Button, Kenneth J. and Erik Verhoef (eds.), Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion, and the Environment (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, (1998).
37. Button, Kenneth, Transport Economics, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993).
38. Callan, Scott and Janet Thomas, Environmental Economics and Management, 2nd edn. (Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press, 2000).
39. Card, David and Alan Krueger, "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply," American Economic Review, Vol. 90 (September 2000), pp. 1397-420.
40. Card, David and Alan Krueger, "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania," American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (September 1994), pp. 772-93.
41. Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong, "Basketball Jones," Los Cochinos (Los Angeles:Warner Bros., (1973).
42. Cline, William, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, (1992).
43. Coase, Ronald, "The Problem of Social Cost," Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1960), pp. 1-44.
44. Congressional Budget Office, "Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and Loan Guarantees: A CBO Study" (Washington, DC: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, August 2004).
45. Dalton, Pat, Kathy Novak, and Jayne S. Rankin, "Using Price Indexes" (Information Brief, Research Department, Minnesota House of Representatives, February 1998) www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/indexes.pdf.
46. Dorman, Peter, Markets and Mortality: Economics, Dangerous Work, and the Value of Human Life (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1996).
47. Downs, Anthony, Stuck In Traffic (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, (1992).
48. Eblen, R.A. and W. Eblen, The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, (1994).
49. European Commission: Employment Social Affairs, and Equal Opportunities, "Portfolio of Overarching Indicators and Streamlined Social Inclusion, Pensions, and Health Portfolios" (Brussels, June 7, 2006) (http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_ inclusion/docs/2006/indicators_en.pdf).
50. Evans, William N. and John D. Graham, "An Estimate of the Lifesaving Benefit of Child Restraint Use Legislation," Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 9 (1990), pp. 121-42.
51. Falwell, Jerry, Ed Dobson, and Ed Hindson, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon (New York:Doubleday, (1981).
52. Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Statistical Release Z-1 (http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/z1.pdf).
53. Feldstein, Martin, "Distributional Preferences in Public Expenditure Analysis," in H. Hockman and G. Peterson (eds.), Redistribution through Public Choices (New York:Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 136-61.
54. Fialka, John, "Chief U.S. Regulator Attempts to Find Value of Human Life," Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2003.
55. Fisher, Ann, Lauraine Chestnut, and Daniel Violette, "The Value of Reducing Risks of Death: A Note on New Evidence," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1989), pp. 88-100.
56. Frederick, Shane, George Lowenstein, and Ted O'Donoghue, "Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 40, No. 2 (June 2002), pp. 351-401.
57. Freedman, Richard, "Wal-Mart Collapses U.S. Cities and Towns," Executive Intelligence Review (November 21, (2003).
58. Freeman, Richard (ed.), Working under Different Rules (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, (1994).
59. Friedlander, Daniel, David Greenberg, and Philip Robins, "Evaluating Government Training Programs for the Economically Disadvantaged," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35 (December 1997), pp. 1809-55.
60. Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1962).
61. Galbraith, John Kenneth, The Anatomy of Power (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, (1983).
62. Gangadharan, Lata, "Analysis of Prices in Tradable Emission Markets: An Empirical Study of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market in Los Angeles," Applied Economics, Vol. 36 (2004), pp. 1569-82.
63. GAO (General Accounting Office), Observations on EPA's Cost-Benefit Analysis of Its Mercury Control Options, GAO document GAO-05-252 (Washington, DC: February 2005) (http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05252.pdf).
64. GAO (General Accounting Office), "Multiple Employment and Training Programs," Report to the Chairman, House Committee of the Budget, October 2000.
65. Garms, Walter, "A Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Upward Bound Program," Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring 1971), pp. 206-20.
66. Glennerster, Howard, "US Poverty Studies and Poverty Measurement: The Past Twenty Five Years," London School of Economics, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, CASE Paper No. 42, October 2000.
67. Godish, Thad, Air Quality, 3rd edn. (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis, 1997).
68. Graham, John and Jonathan Weiner (eds.) Risk versus Risk (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1995).
69. Griffin, Roger, Principles of Air Quality Management (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis, (1994).
70. Groom, Ben, Cameron Hepburn, Phoebe Koundouri, and David Pearce, "Declining Discount Rates: The Long and the Short of It," Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 32 (2005), pp. 445-93.
71. Hall, Mimi, "Shoulder-Fired Missiles: A Concern to U.S. Aviation," USA Today, December 3, 2003 (http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/031203-manpads.htm).
72. Hamilton, Bruce and Peter Kahn, "Baltimore's Camden Yards Ballparks," in Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist (eds.), Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economics of Sports Teams and Stadiums (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997), pp. 255-70.
73. Hanoucek, J. and R. Filer, "Consumers' Opinion of Inflation Bias Due to Quality Improvements" (unpublished) http://home.cerge-ei.cz/hanousek/bias.pdf.
74. Harberger, Arnold, "On Measuring the Social Opportunity Cost of Public Funds", in Arnold Harberger, Project Evaluation: Collected Papers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
75. Hardin, Garrett, "The Tragedy of the Commons," Science, Vol. 162 (December 13, 1968), pp. 1243-8.
76. Harrison, David, "Turning Theory into Practice for Emissions Trading in the Los Angeles Basin," in Steve Sorrel and Jim Skea (eds.) Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation (London: Edward Elgar, 1999), pp. 63-79.
77. Hartman, Robert W., "One Thousand Points of Light Seeking a Number: A Case Study of CBO's Search for a Discount Rate Policy," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 2 (March 1990), pp. S-3-7.
78. Hayek, Friedrich von, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1960).
79. Heckman, James, "Is Job Training Oversold?" Public Interest, Issue 115 (Spring 1994), pp. 91-115.
80. Hicks, J.R., "The Valuation of Social Income," Economica, Vol. 7 (1940), pp. 105-24.
81. Hochman and G. Peterson (eds.), Redistribution through Public Choices (New York:Columbia University Pres, 1974), pp. 136-61.
82. Jarchow, Courtney, Jack Tweedie, and Andrea Wilkins, "Description of State Leaver Studies," National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2002 (http://www.ncsl.org/statefed/welfare/leaverbrief.pdf).
83. Jencks, Christopher, Joe Swingle, and Scott Winship, "Welfare Redux," American Prospect, Vol. 17, No. 3 (March 2006), pp. 36-40.
84. Jones, W.T., F. Sontag, M.O. Beckner, and R. Fogelin (eds.), Approaches to Ethics, 2nd edn. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).
85. Jones-Lee, Michael, The Value-of-life: An Economic Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1976).
86. Kaldor, N., "Welfare Propositions and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility," Economic Journal, Vol. 49 (1939), pp. 549-52.
87. Kimenyi, Mwangi, Economics of Poverty, Discrimination, and Public Policy, 1st edn. (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing, 1994).
88. Klein, Daniel B., Adreian T. Moore and Binyam Reja, Curb Rights: A Foundation for Free Enterprise in Urban Transit (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, (1997).
89. Kula, Erhun, "Derivation of the Social Time Preference Rates for the United States and Canada," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 99, No. 4 (November 1984), pp. 873-82.
90. Lave, Charles A. (ed.) Urban Transit: The Private Challenge to Public Transportation (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger).
91. Lesser, Jonathan, Daniel Dodds, and Richard Zerbe, Environmental Economics and Policy (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (1997).
92. Locke, John, Of Civil Government: 2nd Treatise (Chicago: Regnery Co., (1955).
93. Long, David, Charles Mallar, and Craig Thornton, "Evaluating the Benefits and Costs of the Job Corps," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1981), pp. 55-76.
94. Luce, R. Duncan and Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey (New York: John Wiley, (1957).
95. Lukes, Steven, Marxism and Morality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1985).
96. Lynch, Lisa, "Payoffs to Alternative Training Strategies at Work," in Richard Freeman (ed.), Working under Different Rules (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994), pp. 63-96.
97. Lyons, David, in Jeffrey Paul (ed.), Reading Nozick: Essays on Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1981), pp. 355-79.
98. MAMRTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Metropolitan Rapid Transit Authority), Inner Core Feasibility Wrap-Up Report, submitted by URS Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia, March 2005a (http://www.itsmarta.com/newsroom/innercore_full.pdf).
99. MAMRTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Metropolitan Rapid Transit Authority), Inner Core Transit Feasibility Study Executive Summary, submitted by URS Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia, March 2005b (http://www.itsmarta.com/newsroom/innercore_exec.pdf).
100. Mathematica Policy Research, Does the Job Corps Work? Summary of the National Job Corps Study (Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, June (2001).
101. McDonald, John F., Fundamentals of Urban Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), Ch.11.
102. Mikesell, Raymond, The Rate of Discount for Evaluating Public Projects (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, (1977).
103. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, (1957).
104. Miller, Ted and Jagadish Guria, The Value of Statistical Life in New Zealand, Report to the Ministry of Transport, Land Transport Division, 1991.
105. Miranda, Jose P., Marx and the Bible: A Critique of the Philosophy of Oppression (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, (1974).
106. Mitchell, Robert Cameron and Richard Carson, Using Surveys to Value Public Goods:The Contingent Valuation Method (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, (1989).
107. Moffitt, Robert, "Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 1-61.
108. Mohring, Herbert, John Schroeter, and Paitoon Wiboonchutikula, "The Values of Waiting Time, Travel Time, and a Seat on the Bus," Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1987), pp. 40-56.
109. Mueller, Dennis C., Public Choice III (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, (2003).
110. Munger, Michael, "Voting," in William Shugart and Laura Razzolini (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Public Choice (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2001), pp. 197-239.
111. Murray, Charles, In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State (Washington, DC:American Enterprise Institute, (2006).
112. Murray, Charles, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 (New York: Basic Books, (1984).
113. Nathan, Richard P. and Thomas L. Gais, Implementing the Personal Responsibility Act of 1996: A First Look (Albany, NY: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, (1999).
114. National Endowment for the Arts, Economic Impact of Arts and Cultural Institutions: Case Studies in Columbus, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Springfield (Washington, DC, (1981).
115. Nelson, Robert, "The Economics Profession and the Making of Public Policy," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXV (March 1987), pp. 49-91.
116. Neumark, David and William Wascher, "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment," American Economic Review, Vol. 90 (December 2000), pp. 1362-96.
117. New York City Independent Budget Office, "Estimating the Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the New York Sports and Convention Center" (July 2004) (http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/stadiumBP.pdf).
118. New York Times, "Cablevision Wants to Pursue Its Plan to Develop Railyards," June 8, 2005.
119. Newell, R.G. and W.A. Pizer, "Uncertain Discount Rates in Climate Policy Analysis," Energy Policy, Vol. 32 (2004), pp. 518-29.
120. Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, (1974).
121. Nutter Associates and the Economic Development Research Group, "Fort Drum Regional Economic Impact Study" June 1999 (http://www.edrgroup.com/pages/pdf/Ft-Drum-Econ-Impact.pdf).
122. Office of Management and Budget, "Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs", Circular No. A-94, Revised, October 29, 1992 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a094/a094.html).
123. Office of the President, "Executive Order 12866 of September 30, 1993," Federal Register, Vol. 58, No. 190 (Washington, DC: October 4, 1993, pp. 51735-44).
124. Okun, Arthur, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, (1975).
125. Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1965).
126. O'Sullivan, Arthur, Urban Economics, 5th edn. (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2003).
127. Pacific Business News, "Wal-Mart Profits Up 16%," February 17, 2005 (http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2005/02/14/daily46.html).
128. Pastor, Manuel, James Sadd, and Rachel Morello-Frosch, "Waiting to Exhale: The Demographics of Toxic Air Release Facilities in 21st Century California," Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 420-40.
129. Peltzman, Samuel, "Toward a More General Theory of Regulation," Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 19 (August 1976), pp. 211-40.
130. Pennsylvania Economy League, Higher Education and the Economy 1990: A Survey of the Impacts on Pennsylvania's Economy of its Colleges and Universities, the Statewide Impacts, June 1991, revised December 1991.
131. Perry, Charles, R., Bernard E. Anderson, Richard L. Rowan, and Herbert R. Northrup, The Impact of Government Manpower Programs in General, and on Minorities and Women (Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, (1976).
132. Phelan, Peter and Peter Reynolds, Argument and Evidence (London: Routledge, (1996).
133. Radich, Anthony (ed.), Economic Impact of the Arts: A Sourcebook, 2nd edn. (Washington, DC:National Conference of State Legislatures, 1987).
134. Radin, Beryl, Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age (Washington, DC:Georgetown University Press, (2000).
135. Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1971).
136. Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Sophia Initiative on Economic Instruments, Newsletter on Green Budget Reform, a Review of Carbon and Energy Taxes in EU (Issue 6, November 1999) (http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SofiaInitiatives/EcoInstruments/GreenBudget/GreenBudget6/carbon.html).
137. Rietveld, Piet and F. Bruinsma, Is Transport Infrastructure Effective? (New York: Springer-Verlag, (1998).
138. Romich, Hennifer and Thomas Weisner, "How Families View and Use the EITC," National Tax Journal, Vol. 53, No. 4 (2000), pp. 1245-66.
139. Schiller, Bradley, The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination, 9th edn. (New York:Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004).
140. Schmalensee, Richard, Paul Joskow, A. Denny Ellerman, Juan Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth Bailey, "An Interim Evaluation of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Trading," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer 1998), pp. 53-68.
141. Schochet, Peter, Sheena McConnell, and John Burghardt, National Job Corps Study:Findings using Administrative Earnings Records Data, Final Report (Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, 2003).
142. Schugart, William F. and Laura Razzolini (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Public Choice (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, (2001).
143. Schultz, Theodore, "Investment in Human Capital," American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No. 1 (March 1961), pp. 1-17.
144. Sen, Amartya, Inequality Reexamined (New York: Harvard University Press, (1992).
145. Sen, Amartya and Bernard Williams (eds.), Utilitarianism and Beyond (Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, (1982).
146. Shue, Henry, Basic Rights (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, (1980).
147. Sidgwick, Henry, The Methods of Ethics, 7th edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). (Originally published 1907.)
148. Siek, Foo Tuan, "An Effective Demand Management Instrument in Urban Transport:The Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore," Cities, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1997), pp. 155-64.
149. Simmons, F. Bruce, III, The University of Akron and its Economic Impact on its Community, Akron, Ohio (University of Akron, September 1992).
150. Singapore Land Transit Authority website: (http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/index_motoring_erp.htm).
151. Small, Kenneth and Jose Gomez-Ibanez, "Road Pricing for Congestion Management," in Kenneth J. Button and Erik Verhoef (eds.), Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion, and the Environment (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998).
152. Smart, J.J.C., "Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism," in W.T. Jones, F. Sontag, M.O. Beckner, and R. Fogelin (eds.), Approaches to Ethics, 2nd edn. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1969), pp. 625-33. [Originally in Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1956), pp. 344-54.]
153. Smeeding, Timothy, Katherin Ross Phillips, and Michael O'Connor, "The EITC:Expectation, Knowledge, Use, and Economic and Social Mobility," National Tax Journal, Vol. 53, No. 4 (2000a), pp. 1187-209.
154. Smeeding, Timothy, Lee Rainwater, and Gary Burtless, "United States Poverty in an International Context," Luxembourg Income Study, Working Paper No. 244, September 2000b (http://www.lisproject.org/publications/liswps/244.pdf).
155. Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Dublin:Printed for Messrs. Whitestone, Chamberlaine, W. Watson, Potts, S. Watson, Hoey, Williams, W. Colles, Wilson, Armitage, Walker, Moncrieffe, Jenkin, Gilbert, Cross, Mills, Hallhead, Faulkner, Hillary, and J. Colle, (1776).
156. Smith, Daniel, "Political Science," New York Times, September 4, 2005.
157. Stavins, Robert, "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer 1998), pp. 69-88.
158. Stigler, George J., "Theory of Economic Regulation," Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 2 (Spring 1971), pp. 3-21.
159. Stigler, George J., "Director's Law of Public Income Redistribution," Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 13, No. 1 (April 1970), pp. 1-10.
160. Stone, Kenneth "The Effect of Wal-Mart Stores on Businesses in Host Towns and Surrounding Towns in Iowa" (unpublished), November 1988 (http://www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/stone/Effect%20of%20Walmart%20-%201988%20paper%20scanned.pdf)
161. Stone, Kenneth, Georgeanne Artz, and Albert Myles, "The Economic Impact of Wal-Mart Supercenters on Existing Businesses in Mississippi" (Mississippi State University Extension Service, 2002) (http://msucares.com/pubs/misc/m1283.pdf
162. Thaler, Richard and Sherwin Rosen, "The Value of Saving a Life: Evidence from the Labor Market," in Nestor E. Terlecky (ed.), Household Production and Consumption (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 265-302.
163. Toh, Rex S. and Sock-Yong Phang, "Curbing Urban Traffic Congestion in Singapore:A Comprehensive Review," Transportation Journal, Vol. 37 (1997), pp. 24-33.
164. Truman, David, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (New York: Knopf, (1951).
165. Tullock, Gordon, "The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies, and Theft," Western Economic Journal, Vol. 5 (1967), pp. 224-32.
166. Urban Institute, The, "A Decade of Welfare Reform: Facts and Figures," 2006 (http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/900980_welfarereform.pdf).
167. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2004" (http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2004.htm).
168. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Proposed National Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants...", Federal Register, January 30, 2004, pp. 4651-752 (http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2004/January/Day-30/a1539.pdf).
169. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Arsenic Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring: Final Rule," Federal Register, 50 DFR Parts 9, 141, and 142, Vol. 66 (January 22, 2001),pp. 6975-7066.
170. U.S. Federal Highway Administration, A Guide for HOT Lane Development, March 2003 (http://www.its.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13668.html).
171. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, "Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs," Circular No. A-94 Revised, October 29, 1992 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a094/a094.html).
172. Viscusi, W. Kip, "Risk-Risk Analysis," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 8, No. 1 (January 1994), pp. 5-17.
173. Viscusi, W. Kip, "The Value of Risks to Life and Health," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 31, No. 4 (December 1993), pp. 1912-46.
174. Viscusi, W. Kip, Risk by Choice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), Ch 2.
175. Wallis, Jim, Agenda for Biblical People (New York: Harper & Row, (1984).
176. Walsh, Richard G., Donn Johnson, and John McKean, "Benefit Transfer of Outdoor Recreation Demand Studies, 1968-1988," Water Resources Research, Vol. 28, No. 3 (1992) pp. 707-13.
177. Waters, M. Dane, The Initiative and Referendum Almanac (Raleigh, Durham, NC:Carolina Academic Press, (2003).
178. Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1939).
179. Weil, David, "Assessing OSHA Performance: New Evidence from the Construction Industry," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Fall 2001), pp. 651-74.
180. Welch, Finis, "Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States," Economic Inquiry, Vol. 12, No. 3 (September 1974), pp. 285-318.
181. Wieman, Clark, "Downsizing Infrastructure," Technology Review, No. 4 (1996), pp. 48-55.
182. Williamson, Samuel, Fundamentals of Air Pollution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (1973).
183. Willig, Robert, "Consumer's Surplus without Apology," American Economic Review, Vol. 66, No. 4 (September 1976), pp. 589-97.
184. Wilson, Woodrow, "The Study of Administration," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 56 (December 1941), pp. 481-506 (reprinted from 1887 article).
185. Winkelmann, Ranier, "Co-Payments for Prescription Drugs and the Demand for Doctor Visits - Evidence from a Natural Experiment," Health Economics, Vol. 13 (New York:Wiley, 2004), pp. 1081-9.
186. Zerbe, Richard O. and Dwight Dively, Benefit Cost Analysis in Theory and Practice (New York: HarperCollins, (1994).