A pact with the devil: Washington's bid for world supremacy and the betrayal of the American promise

A Pact with the Devil: Washington's Bid for World Supremacy and the Betrayal of the American Promise

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-255

  Smith, Tony ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84917360761     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203941140     Document Type: Book

References (282)

1. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
2. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
3. For a discussion of the definition of "imperialism," see Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism:The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World since 1815. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981;
4. introduction. For reflection on the course of empire, see Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and its Predecessors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
5. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
6. For the use of Rawls by self-described liberal partisans of the Iraq War, see for example, Thomas Cushman, A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian Arguments for War in Iraq. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005, introduction by Cushman and chapter 6 by Mehdi Mozaffari.
7. Ronald Steel, Temptations of a Superpower. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
8. For equivalent extravagant ambitions on the military field, see Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. New York:Pantheon, 2006.
9. Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin, 2006.
10. George Packer, ed., The Fight is for Democracy: Winning the War of Ideas in America and the World. New York: HarperCollins, 2003, pp. 14-15.
11. Will Marshall, ed., With All Our Might: A Progressive Strategy for Defeating Jihadism and Defending Liberty. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
12. Peter Beinart, The Good Fight:Why Liberals-and Only Liberals-Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. The Euston Manifesto retrieved September 5, 2006 from http://eustonmanifesto.org/joomla/content/view/84/49.
13. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from www.townhall.com/opinion/columns/cliffordmay2005/03/17/14830.html.
14. Retrieved June 12, 28, 2006, from www.defenddemocracy.org.
15. Claudia Rosett, "How Corrupt Is the United Nations?" Commentary 121 (4), April 2006.
16. Retrieved June 2, 2006, from http://zope06.v.servelocity.net/hjs.
17. Thomas L. Friedman, Longitudes and Attitudes: Exploring the World After September 11. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002. Entries in this book are by date.
18. Avishai Margalit and Ian Buruma, "Occidentalism," The New York Review of Books 49 (1), January 17, 2002.
19. United Nations Development Program, Arab Human Development Report 2004. New York and Geneva: United Nations Publications, 2005.
20. See also as indicative of this thinking, Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empire: Western Footprints and America's Perilous Path in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004, chapter 2.
21. Shibley Telhami, "What Arab Public Opinion Thinks of U.S. Policy." The Saban Center for Middle East Policy, the Brookings Institution, December 2005.
22. Pew Research Center, "The Spread of Anti-Americanism," Global Opinion 7, 2005.
23. Ole R. Holsti, "Promotion of Democracy as a Popular Demand?" In Michael Cox, et al., American Democracy Promotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
24. Andrew Kohut, "How the United States Is Perceived in the Arab and Muslim Worlds." Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, November 10, 2005. Kohut is Director of the Pew Research Center.
25. Chicago Council on Global Affairs, "Americans on Promoting Democracy," September 29, 2005.
26. See also Chaim Kaufmann, "Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas," International Security, 29 (1), 2004.
27. Reinhold Niebuhr, Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation of History. New York: Scribner's, 1937.
28. For the Monroe through the Reagan Doctrines, see H. W. Brands, ed., "Presidential Doctrines," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36 (1), March 2006.
29. "Defending and Advancing Freedom: A Symposium," Commentary, November 2005.
30. See also Norman Podhoretz, "In Praise of the Bush Doctrine," Commentary, September 2002.
31. Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002;
32. Bacevich, The New American Militarism:How Americans Are Seduced by War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
33. Also Bacevich, "Why Read Clausewitz When Shock and Awe Can Make a Clean Sweep of Things?" London Review of Books, 28, June 11, 2006.
34. Also Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. New York:Pantheon, 2006;
35. and Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Failure in Iraq. New York: Penguin, 2006.
36. All presidential statements in this book have been downloaded from the White House website, www.whitehouse.gov, which is arranged by date. After the next presidential election, President Bush's addresses will be available on a variety of internet sources as well as in book form.
37. The term "unipolarity" was first introduced by the neoconservative Charles Krauthammer in "The Unipolar Moment," Foreign Affairs, Winter 1990/91.
38. See also Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment Revisited," National Interest, Winter 2002/03.
39. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004, chapter 4.
40. James Mann, The Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet. New York: Penguin, 2004, chapter 13.
41. Patrick E. Tyler, U.S. Strategy Calls for Insuring no Rivals Develop In a One-Superpower World, New York Times, 3/08/1992.
42. Richard Cheney, "Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy," January 1993. Retrieved August 17, 2006, from www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf.naarpr_ Defense.pdf.
43. William Kristol and Robert Kagan, "Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs, 75 (4), July-August 1996.
44. Robert Kagan and William Kristol, Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. San Francisco: Encounter Books., 2000.
45. Thomas Donnelly, et al., "Rebuilding America's Defenses," The Project for a New American Century, 2000.
46. See also, Kristol and Kagan in "America Power for What? A Symposium," Commentary, January 2000.
47. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America's Empire. New York: Penguin, 2004.
48. Charles Krauthammer, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World," American Enterprise Institute, February 2004.
49. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, New York: Vintage, 1987.
50. Paul Kennedy, "The Eagle Has Landed," Financial Times, February 2, 2002.
51. Condoleezza Rice, "Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest," Foreign Affairs, 79, 1, January-February 2000.
52. Debate transcript, New York Times, October 12, 2000.
53. James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet. New York: Penguin, 2004, chapter 16.
54. Michael Lind, Made in Texas: George W. Bush and the Southern Takeover of American Politics. New York: Basic Books, 2003.
55. Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
56. Joan Didion, "Cheney: The Fatal Touch," The New York Review of Books, October 5, 2006.
57. Garry Wills, "A Country Ruled by Faith," The New York Review of Books, November 16, 2006.
58. Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and Global Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 64ff.
59. See also, Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana. New York: Routledge, 2004, 143;
60. and Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, War, and the Culture of Ideology. Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1993.
61. Francis Fukuyama, America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, 29f, but see too 21ff.
62. Justin Vaisse, Le mouvement neoconservateur aux Etats-Unis. These de l'Ecole Doctorale d'Histoire, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, November 2005. This book will be published in English by Harvard University Press late in 2007.
63. Michael Lind, Made in Texas: George W. Bush and the Southern Takeover of American Politics. New York, Basic Books, 2003, chapters 5-6.
64. See also Lind's statement in The New Statesman, April 7, 2003. Lind is currently a senior fellow at the New American Foundation.
65. Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982. Retrieved August 2006, from www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm.
66. Tony Smith, "American Liberalism and Soviet 'New Thinking,'" in Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard, eds., Les Etats-Unis et la fin de la guerre froide. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.
67. Retrieved June 2006, from www.newamericancentury.org.
68. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror. New York: Free Press, 2004, 30f, 231f.
69. Kanan Makiya, Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, first ed., 1989.
70. The PNAC letter comes from its website newamericancentury.org; the Perle speech was before the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute, at its annual dinner, 2001. Retrieved spring 2006, from www.fpri.org.
71. Sam Tanenhaus, "Bush's Brain Trust," Vanity Fair, July 2002;
72. Paul R. Pillar, "Intelligence, Policy, and the War in Iraq," Foreign Affairs, 85, 2, March-April 2006;
73. Mark Danner, The Secret Way to War: The Downing Street Memo and the Iraq War's Buried History. New York: New York Review of Books, 2006.
74. Seymour M. Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib. New York:HarperCollins, 2004.
75. Thomas Powers, "The Failure," and "How Bush Got It Wrong," New York Review of Books, September 23, 2004 and April 29, 2005.
76. David Cole, Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security. New York:New Press, 2002;
77. Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review of Books, 2004.
78. Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War Over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003.
79. Max Boot, "Myths about Neoconservatism," in Foreign Policy, 2004, reprinted in Irwin Stelzer, The Neocon Reader. New York: Grove Press, 2004, 46;
80. and Joshua Muravchik, "The Neoconservative Cabal," from Commentary, September 2003, reprinted in Stelzer, 256.
81. Charles Krauthammer, "The Neoconservative Convergence," Commentary, July-August 2005.
82. For Israel's and the Bush administration's hopes to march on to Tehran after Lebanon, see Seymour M. Hersh, "Watching Lebanon: Washington's Interests in Israel's War," New Yorker, August 21, 2006.
83. Jonathan Monten, "The Roots of the Bush Doctrine." International Security 29 (4), Spring 2005.
84. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
85. See, for example, Joshua Muravchik, Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America's Destiny. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1991;
86. Max Boot, "What Next? The Foreign Policy Agenda Beyond Iraq" The Weekly Standard, May, 5, 2003.
87. David Rieff, A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
88. For a critical survey of liberal support for military intervention in the Middle East, see Frank Rich, "Ideas for Democrats?" New York Review of Books, October 19, 2006;
89. and Tony Judt, "Bush's Useful Idiots," London Review of Books, September 21, 2006.
90. Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Politics and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, 2.
91. John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security and the American Experience. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2004.
92. John Lewis Gaddis, "Grand Strategy in the Second Term," Foreign Affairs 84 (1), January-February 2005.
93. Matthew Spalding and Patrick J. Garrity, A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington's Farewell Address and the American Character. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, 113f.
94. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
95. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, chapter 3.
96. David Fromkin, A Peace to end All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Holt, 1989.
97. Tony Smith, "Making the World Safe for Democracy," Diplomatic History 23 (2), Spring 1999.
98. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
99. See also, Ikenberry, Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition: Essays on American Power and International Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
100. Daniel C. Thomas, The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights and the Demise of Communism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
101. Tony Smith, "American Liberalism and Soviet 'New Thinking'," in Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard, eds., Les Etats-Unis et la fin de la guerre froide. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.
102. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
103. Compare George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed. New York: Knopf, 1998
104. to Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War Over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003, chapter 4.
105. Bill Clinton, "U.S. Trade With China Opens a Door for Freedom," New York Times, September 25, 2000.
106. David Wurmser, Tyranny's Ally: America's Failure to Defeat Saddam Hussein. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1999.
107. Micheal Ignatieff, "The Rights Stuff," New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002.
108. Kimberly Zisk Marten, Enforcing the Peace: Learning from the Imperial Past. New York:Columbia University Press, 2003, 37.
109. Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. New York: Knopf, 2001, chapter 6;
110. John B. Judis, "The Chosen Nation: The Influence of Religion on U.S. Foreign Policy," Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 37, March 2005;
111. John B. Judis, The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. New York: Scribner, 2004.
112. Samantha Power, "A Problem from Hell:" America and the Age of Genocide. New York:Basic Books, 2002, 503-504.
113. Wall Street Journal, September 2, 1993.
114. Francis Fukuyama, "The End of History?" National Interest 16, Summer 1989.
115. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Maxwell Macmillan, 1992, xi.
116. For an extended list, see Larry Diamond, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives." Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, December 1995.
117. Piki Ish-Shalom, "The Democratic Peace Thesis in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Uses and Abuses." Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute, 96, 2005.
118. Michael Doyle, "Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, Summer and Fall 1983;
119. Doyle, "An International Liberal Community," in Graham Allison and Gregory F. Treverton, eds., Rethinking America's Security: Beyond the Cold War to New World Order. New York: Norton, 1991;
120. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. New York: Norton, 1997, part two. On Doyle's place in neoliberal theory
121. see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993, chapter 1, fn. 1, 139.
122. Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (4), 1988, 622.
123. Bruce Russett and John Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
124. Andrew Moravcsik, "Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics," International Organization, 51 (4), Autumn 1997.
125. Andrew Moravscik, "Liberal International Relations Theory: A Scientific Assessment," in Colin Elman and Mariam Fendius Elman, eds. Progress in International Relations Theory:Appraising the Field. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
126. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999, chapter 5.
127. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917. New York: Hill and Wang, 2000.
128. Natan Sharansky with Ron Dermer, The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror. New York: Public Affairs, 2004, 88; emphasis in original.
129. Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton, 2003.
130. Larry Diamond, "The Global Imperative: Building a Democratic World Order," Current History 93 (579), January 1994.
131. Larry Diamond, "Building a World of Liberal Democracies," in Thomas H. Henriksen ed., Foreign Policy for America in the Twenty-first Century. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2001, 50, 73.
132. Tony Smith and Larry Diamond, "Was Iraq a Fool's Errand?" Foreign Affairs 83 (6), November/December 2004.
133. Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. New York: Freedom House, various years.
134. George Packer, The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, 12f.
135. Paul Berman, Power and the Idealists: Or the Passion of Joschka Fischer and Its Aftermath. Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press, 2005, 173ff.
136. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.
137. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
138. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
139. Nancy Bermeo, "Shortcuts to Liberty." Journal of Democracy 2 (2), Spring 1991.
140. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 1, 113ff and chapter 5.
141. Francis Fukuyama, America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, 54f.
142. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
143. Guillermo O'Donnell, et al., eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies, written jointly by the editors
144. and Adam Przeworski, "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy" in the volume entitled Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
145. Larry Diamond, et al., eds., Democracy in Developing Countries: Vol. 4, Latin America. Boulder, CO: Rienner, 1989, 89, xxiiiff.
146. Larry Diamond, et al., eds., Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder, CO: Rienner, 1995, 2.
147. Larry Diamond, "Can the Whole World Become Democratic? Democracy, Development, and International Policies." University of California, Irvine, CSD Paper, March 2005. Retrieved spring 2004, from http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/03-05.
148. Afro Barometer, Briefing Paper 1, April 2002. Retrieved February 2005, from www.globalbarometer. org.
149. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.
150. Larry Diamond, "Iraq and Democracy: The Lessons Learned," Current History, January 2006. For a strong antidote to these proposed lessons
151. see Rory Stewart, The Prince of the Marshes and Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq. New York, Harcourt, 2006.
152. John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999;
153. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003;
154. Elizabeth Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World: America's Vision for Human Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
155. Thomas Risse, et al., eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, opening chapter by Risse and Sikkink, and concluding by Risse and Ropp.
156. Noah Feldman, After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003, 11-12.
157. For something of an antidote to this thinking, see Daniel A. Bell, East Meets West: Human Rights and Democracy in East Asia. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2000.
158. "Democracy, Closer Every Day," New York Times, September 24, 2003;
159. "A New Democracy, Enshrined in Faith," New York Times, November 13, 2003;
160. "Political Islam: Global Warming," book review, New York Times, February 8, 2005;
161. "Muslim Democrats? Why Not!" Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2003;
162. "Operation Iraqi Democracy," Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2003.
163. David Rieff, A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002, chapters 3, 8;
164. Michael Barnett, "Humanitarianism Transformed," Perspectives on Politics 3 (4), December 2005.
165. The National Endowment for Democracy, "About Us." Retrieved June 2006, from www. ned.org.
166. Retrieved April 2006, from www.wmd.org/about/secretariat.html.
167. Retrieved April 2006, from www.democracyatlarge.org; www.ifes.org.
168. Retrieved April 2006, from www.ccd21.org.
169. Freedom House, Monitor 20 (1), Winter/Spring 2003. Retrieved March 2006, from www. freedomhouse.org.
170. By contrast, for a position that steered clear of the war, see George Soros, The Age of Fallibility: The Consequencesof the War on Terror. New York: Public Affairs, 2006.
171. Natan Sharansky with Ron Dermer, The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror. New York: PublicAffairs, xviii, 88, 17.
172. Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol, The War Over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books, 2003.
173. Peter Boyer, "The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War," New Yorker, November 1, 2004, 731.
174. Bill Keller, "The Sunshine Warrior," New York Times, September 22, 2002.
175. Mark Bowden, "Wolfowitz: The Exit Interviews," Atlantic Monthly, July-August 2005.
176. Jeffrey Goldberg, "Breaking Ranks," New Yorker, October 31, 2005.
177. Condoleezza Rice, speech at Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, September 30, 2005. Retrieved October 2006, from www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/54176.htm.
178. Blair's website containing his speeches during his term as prime minister is www.number-10.gov.uk.
179. James Dobbins et al., America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2003.
180. Niall Ferguson, "The Empire Slinks Back," New York Times, April 27, 2003.
181. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America's Empire. New York: Penguin, 2004, 28-29.
182. Niall Ferguson, "Empires with Expiration Dates," Foreign Policy, September-October 2006.
183. David Rieff, At the Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention. New York:Simon & Schuster, 2005, 163ff.
184. See also, Rieff, "We Are the World," Nation, August 3, 2006.
185. Michael Ignatieff, "The Burden of Empire," New York Times, January 5, 2003;
186. Ignatieff, "The Rights Stuff," New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002.
187. In addition to other citations, see also in the New York Times, Michael Ignatieff, "Why Are We in Iraq? (And Liberia? And Afghanistan?)," September 7, 2003;
188. "The Year of Living Dangerously," March 14, 2004;
189. "Democratic Providentialism," December 12, 2004;
190. "The Uncommitted," January 30, 2005;
191. "Who Are Americans to Think that Freedom is Theirs to Spread?" June 26, 2005.
192. Condoleezza Rice, "Transforming the Middle East," Washington Post, August 7, 2003.
193. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, chapter 5.
194. Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future. New York:Norton, 2006.
195. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
196. Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway, eds., Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 2005.
197. F. Gregory Gause, "Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?" Foreign Affairs 84 (5), September-October 2005.
198. David Rieff, At The Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005, 159f.
199. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to American National Identity: New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004, 326, 270.
200. Martha C. Nussbaum, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
201. Kofi Annan's speeches may be found on multiple sites through google.com. In the summer of 2006, his September 1999 speech appeared in 102 books reproduced in google as well as http://globalpolicy.igc.org/secgen/.
202. Annan's Nobel speech can be found in many places, including http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/retrieved August 2006.
203. Mario Bettati, Le droit d'ingérence: mutation de l'ordre international. Paris: Jacob, 1996.
204. On the more general issue of the nature of sovereignty, see Stephen D. Krasner, Sovereignty:Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999, chapter 4;
205. also Krasner, "Sharing Sovereignty," International Security 29 (2), Fall 2004.
206. Thomas M. Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86 (1), January 1992.
207. Thomas M. Franck, "Is Personal Freedom a Western Value?" American Journal of International Law 91 (3), July 1997.
208. Thomas M. Franck, "Are Human Rights Universal?" Foreign Affairs 80 (1), January-February 2001.
209. See the equivocal language used in Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
210. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, "The Responsibility to Protect." Ottawa, Ontario: International Development Research Centre, 2001, sections 2.16-18, 2.25-27.
211. United Nations, "In Larger Freedom." United Nations General Assembly, September 2005, executive summary III; section 153.
212. Michael Ignatieff, "The Burden." New York Times, January 5, 2003.
213. Michael Ignatieff, "Who are Americans that Think that Freedom is Theirs to Spread?" New York Times, June 6, 2005.
214. David Kennedy, The Dark Side of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004, chapter 8.
215. For a discussion critical of efforts to justify the invasion of Iraq under international law, and that sets the effort within an Anglo-American historical context, see Philippe Sands, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR's Atlantic Charter to George W. Bush's Illegal War. New York: Viking, 2005.
216. Ivo Daalder and James Steinberg, "The Future of Preemption," Los Angeles Times, December 4, 2005;
217. and American Interest, Winter 2005.
218. Amitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Community. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 126ff, 134f.
219. Not surprisingly, Anne-Marie Slaughter praised Etzioni's book because it was "not afraid to tackle the very real challenge of creating genuine institutions to govern a potential global polity." Retreived October 19, 2006 from The Communitarian Network at George Washington University, comnet.gwu.edu.
220. Citations in this section came from the PPI website. Retrieved spring 2006, from www. ppionline.org.
221. Will Marshall, "A Smarter Fight," October 21, 2005. Retrieved spring 2006, www.ppionline. org.
222. Madeleine Albright, "Promoting Democracy: 14 Points for the 21st Century." Princeton University, keynote address at the Woodrow Wilson School, April 29, 2006.
223. Philip Gordon, "America, Europe and the Challenge of Bringing Democracy to Iran." Brookings Institution, December 16, 2005.
224. Will Marshall, ed., With All Our Might: A Progressive Strategy for Defeating Jihadism and Defending Liberty. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
225. The Euston Manifesto, Retrieved September 5, 2006, http://eustonmanifesto. org/joomla/content/view/84/49.
226. New American Liberalism, "Foundational Statement," Retrieved October 31, 2006, www.newamericanliberalism.org.
227. Peter Beinart, The Good Fight: Why Liberals-and Only Liberals-Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
228. Larry Diamond, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: Holt, 2005.
229. Rahm Emanuel and Bruce Reed, The Plan: Big Ideas for America. New York: Public Affairs, 2006.
230. Thomas O. Melia, "The Democracy Bureaucracy," American Interest, Summer 2006.
231. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, chapter 5.
232. Francis Fukuyama, America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
233. Richard Haass, The Opportunity:America's Moment to Alter History's Course, New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.
234. Michael Mandelbaum, The Case for Goliath: How America Accts as the World's Government in the Twenty-First Century. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005;
235. and Mandelbaum, The Ideas that Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century. New York: PublicAffairs, 2002.
236. Peter Beinart, "A Fighting Faith: An Argument for a New Liberalism," New Republic, December 13, 2004.
237. Tony Smith, Thinking Like a Communist: State and Legitimacy in the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba. New York: Norton, 1987, Introduction, chapter 1.
238. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism. New ed. New York: Harcourt, 1966 (first ed., 1951), 486.
239. Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism. New York: Norton, 2003, 47ff.
240. Matthew Frey Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign People at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917. New York: Hill and Wang, 2000.
241. Concern for redundancy does not allow consideration of yet another member of this club, Norman Podhoretz. See his "World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win," Commentary, September 2004;
242. and Podhoretz, "The War Against the World War IV," Commentary, February 2005.
243. Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. New York: Knopf, 2001, chapter 5.
244. Madeleine Albright, The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs. New York: HarperCollins, 2006;
245. Kevin Phillips, American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century. New York:Viking, 2006, part two.
246. Jerry Falwell, New York Times, September 15, 2001.
247. See also "Jerry Falwell" in Wikipedia. Retrieved August 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell.
248. For analyses that make clear distinction among Muslims, see William Dalrymple, "Inside the Madrasas," New York Review of Books, December 1, 2005;
249. and Max Rodenbeck, "The Truth About Jihad," New York Review of Books, August 11, 2005.
250. Christian Coalition of America Press Release, January 17, 2003. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from www.cc.org/becomeinformed;
251. Christian Broadcasting Network, John Waage, "Ignoring God's Road Map for the Holy Land," retrieved May 14, 2003, from www.Cbn. org/cbnnews;
252. 60 Minutes, October 8, 2002, retrieved October 9, 2002, from www.cbsnews. com.
253. Peter Boyer, "The Big Tent," New Yorker, August 22, 2005.
254. Human Events Book Service. Retrieved April 24, 2006, from www.hebookservice. com/products.
255. The vice president's website is with the president's at www.whitehouse.gov. As of summer 2006, the most complete website for the secretary of defense was www.defenselink.mil/speeches.
256. "Defending and Advancing Freedom: A Symposium," Commentary 120 (4), November 2005.
257. Weekly Standard, May 6, 2006.
258. Paul Berman, Power and the Idealists: Or the Passion of Joschka Fischer and its Aftermath. Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press, 2005.
259. Berman in "Defending and Advancing Freedom: A Symposium," Commentary 120 (4), November 2005.
260. Robert Jay Lifton, Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation with the World. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2003, 1f.
261. Paul Berman, "What Lincoln Knew About War," New Republic, March 3, 2003.
262. Paul Berman, "Neo No More," New York Times, March 26, 2006.
263. Thomas Cushman, ed., A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian Arguments for the War in Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, Introduction.
264. David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror. New York:Random House, 2003, 41, 9.
265. Charles Krauthammer, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World." Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy, February 12, 2004.
266. See too Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment." Foreign Affairs 70 (5), Winter 1991;
267. "The Unipolar Moment Revisited," National Interest, Winter 2002/2003.
268. Charles Krauthammer, "In Defense of Democratic Realism," National Interest, Fall 2004.
269. Also, Francis Fukuyama, "The Neoconservative Moment," National Interest, Summer 2004.
270. Fukuyama, "Letter to the Editor," National Interest, Winter 2004;
271. Krauthammer, "Letter to the Editor," National Interest, Spring 2005.
272. Weekly Standard, February 10, 2003.
273. Weekly Standard, May 12, 2003.
274. Weekly Standard, March 20, 2006.
275. Weekly Standard, March 6, 2006.
276. Weekly Standard, February 3, 2003.
277. Weekly Standard, April 28, 2003.
278. Michael Ledeen, National Review On Line, December 7, 2001.
279. Michael Ledeen, The War Against the Terror Masters: Why It Happened, Where We are Now, How We'll Win. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002, 212f.
280. Patrick Buchanan, "Whose War?" American Conservative, March 24, 2003.
281. Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism. New York:Oxford University Press, chapter 6;
282. Judith A. Klinghoffer, Vietnam, Jews and the Middle East. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1999.