Biz-War and the out-of-power elite: The progressive-left attack on the corporation

Biz-War and the Out-of-Power Elite: The Progressive-Left Attack on the Corporation

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-216

  Manheim, Jarol B ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917344942     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410610379     Document Type: Book

References (266)

1. Jarol B. Manheim, Deja Vu: American Political Problems in Historical Perspective. New York:St. Martin's Press, 1976, pp. 215-216.
2. Jarol B. Manheim, The Death of a Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Attack on the Corporation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001 pp. 2-10.
3. Mark C. Smith, "Mills, CharlesWright," The Handbook ofTexas Online, found online, December 4, 2002, at www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/MM/fmi37.html.
4. C.Wright Mills, The New Men of Power, 50th Anniversary Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 16.
5. C.Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 328.
6. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 3-4.
7. Eugene V. Schneider, "The Sociology of C. Wright Mills," in G. William Domhoff and Hoyt B. Ballard, eds., C. Wright Mills and The Power Elite (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 17.
8. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address, Public Papers of the Presidents, 1960, pp. 1035-1040.
9. G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? Power and Politics in the Year 2000 (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing, 1998).
10. G.William Domhoff, "Is There a Ruling Class?," Letter to The New York Review of Books, July 17, 1975, found online at www.nybooks.com/articles/9124, December 4, 2002.
11. James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets:From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), passim.
12. North American Congress on Latin America, NACLA Research Methodology Guide (New York:1970), pp. 2-3.
13. Quote found online at www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/27/hillary.today/, December 16, 2002.
14. Bruce Oudes, ed., From The President: Richard Nixon's Secret Files (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), pp. 436-437.
15. From the foundation's mission statement as found atwww.heritage.org/about/, December 17, 2002.
16. "The Plan: Do conservatives have a strategy, or merely a vision?" Philanthropy (1:2), Spring 1997, found online at www.philanthropyroundtable.org/magazines/1997/1.2/theplan.html, December 16, 2002.
17. "Social Studies: Conservative Crusaders," National Journal, April 26, 2003.
18. E. J. Dionne, Jr., "The Republicans in New Orleans: Reagan Promises an All-Out Drive for Bush Victory," The New York Times, August 15, 1988, p. A1.
19. Bergen Record, August 15, 1988, p. 1.
20. Jarol B. Manheim, All of the People All the Time:Strategic Communication and American Politics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 49-68.
21. GeorgeWill, "Pin the Label on the Donkey," Newsweek, August 1, 1988, p. 62.
22. Ronald Reagan, "Remarks at a White House Briefing for Conservative Political Leaders," Public Papers of the Presidents, 24 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 897, July 5, 1988.
23. GOPAC, "Language: A Key Mechanism of Control," memorandum, ND, pp. 2-3.
24. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington: Census Bureau, 2001), Table 535.
25. George Harris and Daniel Yankelovich, "What Good Are the Rich? Charitable Activities of the Affluent," Psychology Today (23:4), April 1989, p. 36.
26. "Joseph L. Mailman, 88, Head of Philanthropy," The New York Times, July 10, 1990, p. B8.
27. T. J., "A Break in the Clouds?," Forbes, August 26, 1985, p. 167
28. Roy Rowan, "How the Mafia Loots JFK Airport," Fortune, June 22, 1987, p. 54.
29. "Mailman Foundation Commits $33 Million to Columbia University School of Public Health," news release, Columbia University, July 2, 2000.
30. Kathleen Kernicky, "Supernova: Nationally Known Child Development Expert and a Nova Pioneer Steps Down After More than 30 Years of Helping Children," Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, June 5, 1997, p. 1E.
31. Threshold Foundation, Guide for Grantseekers, 2000.
32. Threshold Foundation, 2002 Committee Guidelines.
33. Threshold Foundation, IRS Form 990 for 2000.
34. Judith Miller, "Old Money, New Needs," The New York Times, November 17, 1991, p. F40.
35. Threshold Foundation, IRS Form 990 for 1997-2000.
36. Nick Davies, "The Rausing family: what they give to charity," The Guardian, April 11, 2002. Retrieved October 4, 2003, from www.guardian.co.uk/uknews/0,3604,682159,00.html.
37. Found on the SVN website at www.svn.org/memberpolicy.html on May 4, 1997.
38. A later restatement of this objective can be found at www.svn.or/organization.html.
39. Social Venture Network, Standards of Corporate Social Responsibility, published in 1999 and found on the web at http://www.svn.org/Initiatives/PDFstandards.pdf, January 22, 2003.
40. This list was found at www.bsr.org/cosizes.html , August 22, 1996.
41. Found at www.bsr.org/bsrfact.html, August 22, 1996.
42. From a partial list of member companies found at www.bsr.org/Meta/MemberList.cfm, January 23, 2003.
43. Paul A. Hilton and Alice Tepper Marlin, "1995 Results of the Campaign for Cleaner Corporations," in Corporate Environmental Strategy (Vol. 3, No. 3), 1995, p. 25.
44. Listed at www.accesspt.com/cep/research/c3/c3partic.html, April 6, 1997.
45. Information on this meeting was found at www.accesspt.com/cep/news996.htm, April 6, 1997.
46. The complete list as of 1997 appeared at www.accesspt.com/cep/reports.html, April 6, 1997.
47. Found at www.cepaa.org/AboutSAI/AboutSAI.htm, January 23, 2003.
48. Listed at www.cepaa.org/AboutSAI/GovernanceandFinancials.htm, January 23, 2003.
49. Information found at various locations accessible from www.bsr.org, January 23, 2003.
50. Information about Forum Empressa found at www.empresa.org, January 27, 2003.
51. "The Future of Social Change," CLAL Jewish Public Forum, May 20-21, 2002, New York City, as reproduced at www.clal.org/csa64.html, and found on January 22, 2003.
52. Kenny Ausubel, The Bioneers: A Declaration of Interdependence, second edition (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2001), p. 153.
53. Gregory L. Colvin, Fiscal Sponsorship: 6Ways to Do It Right, second edition (San Francisco: Study Center Press, 2000), pp. 2-3.
54. The guidelines were found online at www.agapefn.org/fsguides.html, November 1, 2002.
55. Tides:1976-2001, 25 Years of Working Toward Positive Social Change (San Francisco: Tides Foundation, 2002), p. 10.
56. From the statement of purpose found at http://www.tides.org/indextds.cfm, January 27, 2003.
57. This brief history of the Tides Foundation is grounded in the timeline published in Tides: 1976-2001, 25 Years ofWorking Toward Positive Social Change (San Francisco: Tides Foundation, 2002), pp. 8-13.
58. Information on the meeting was found at www.tidesfoundation.org/mmmc/index.cfm, October 7, 2002.
59. These data were found under the "Tides" file at www.consumerfreedom.com/activistcash/ on January 29, 2003.
60. Patrick Reilly, "The Tides Foundation and Center: Unusual Philanthropies Funnel Money to Activist Groups," Foundation Watch (January 1998).
61. Based on the history of the foundation found at http://fdncenter.org/grantmaker/arca/history.html, January 30, 2003.
62. From the foundation's mission statement as found at http://www.ncf.org/aboutncf/mission.html, January 30, 2003.
63. David Callahan, "George Soros: Open Society Crusader in Retreat?," Journal: Civnet's Journal for Civil Society (Vol. 3, No. 2), March-April 1999. Retrieved October 4, 2003, from www.civnet.org/journal/vol3no2/rpgsoros.htm.
64. David Bank, "Major Philanthropists Lobby to Promote Their Pet Causes,"Wall Street Journal, June 19, 2002. p. B1.
65. Information on the foundation was found on its web site at www.publicwelfare.org on January 30, 2003, and in IRS Form 990 for 2001.
66. The program, "Trade Secrets," aired on March 26, 2001, and was supported by an elaborate web site at www.pbs.org/tradesecrets.
67. the related discussion found online at www.alternet.org/chemicals.html, April 18, 2001.
68. From the NNG "Vision Statement" and "Mission Statement" found at http://www.nng.org/html/whoweare/missiontable.htm, January 29, 2003.
69. Social Change Grantmaking in the U.S.: The Mid-1990s, report prepared by the National Network of Grantmakers, September 1998, and found online at http://www.nng.org/html/ourprograms/research/socchangepprtable.htm#wscg, January 29, 2003.
70. Extracted from the summary of the meeting found at www.nng.org/html/conferences/field/nov%2019.htm, January 27, 2003.
71. Melissa Ludlum, "Domestic Private Foundations and Charitable Trusts, 1999," SOI Bulletin, Internal Revenue Service, Fall 2002, p. 137.
72. Annual Report of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2001.
73. Data from the online site of the Wall Street Journal, found February 3, 2003.
74. Lorna Fernandez, "Working Assets hangs up service: Says PacBell foiled its attempt to break into local market," San Francisco Business Times, February 1, 1999.
75. Jim Motavalli, "Power Struggle: Will Utility Deregulation Finally Unplug 'Dirty' Electricity?," E/The Environmental Magazine, November-December 1997
76. found online at www.emagazine.com/1197feat1sb1.html, December 16, 1997.
77. The concept of this enterprise was described in detail in a news release at the time of its founding, "GiveForChange.com Launches Online Donating to Change the World," October 12, 1999. It's demise was effective January 31, 2003.
78. Marguerite Rigoglioso, "Profile: Sharing the Wealth: Laura Scher of Working Assets," Harvard Business School Bulletin, October 2000
79. found online at http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2000/october/profile.html, February 3, 2003.
80. Figure provided on the company's web site at www.workingassets.com on January 27, 2003.
81. The description of the procedure was found online at http://www.workingassets.com/recipients.cfm?CFID=4971561&CFTOKEN=36139403, February 3, 2003.
82. "Working Assets donates $1 million to nonprofit groups,"Working Assets news release transmitted on Business Wire, April 21, 1994.
83. Peter Barnes' resume as found online at www.skybook.org/author.html, January 21, 2003.
84. Susan E. Kinsman, "Firm puts phone calls, advocacy on same line," Hartford Courant, September 27, 1992, p. D1.
85. The advertisement appeared in the New York Times, January 19, 1995, p. A17.
86. Described at http://www.workingassets.com/activism/fan/about.cfm?CFID=5012532&CFTOKEN=85460415, February 4, 2003. As of that date, FAN was said to serve 13,000 subscribers.
87. This historical profile is based on material posted on the company's web site at http://www.calvert.com/aboutindex1515.html, and found on February 4, 2003.
88. As described online at http://www.calvert.com/sri647.html, February 4, 2003.
89. See, for example, the issue brief on human rights found at http://www.calvert.com/621.html, February 4, 2003.
90. The credentials of the staff of analysts were found at http://www.calvert.com/sri4857.html, February 4, 2003.
91. The history of the foundation was found at http://www.calvertfoundation.org/about/background.html?u=individual;s=aboutus;source=, February 4, 2003.
92. Described at http://www.calvertgiving.org/givingfund.htm?source=calvert.com, February 4, 2003.
93. From the history found at http://www.domini.com/about-domini/The-Domini-Story/index.htm, February 4, 2003.
94. Biographical information found at http://www.domini.com/about-domini/Management/index.htm, February 4, 2003.
95. Criteria described at http://www.domini.com/Social-Screening/index.htm, February 4, 2003.
96. This summary is based on information found at www.trilliuminvest.com on February 4, 2003.
97. Information on the firm was found at www.progressive-asset.com, February 4, 2003.
98. "Green Company Profiles: Progressive Asset Management," found online at www.lightparty.com/Economic/GreenCompany.html, April 23, 1998.
99. Social Investment Forum, Screened Mutual Fund Statistics as of December 31, 1998, found online at www.socialinvest.org/areas/Research/Other/FundStates12-31-98.htm, February 4, 2003.
100. Social Investment Forum, 2001 Report on Socially Responsible Investing Trends in the United States, November 4, 1999, found online at http://www.socialinvest.org/Areas/research/trends/2001-Trends.htm, February 4, 2003.
101. Social Investment Forum, 1999 Report on Socially Responsible Investing Trends in the United States, November 4, 1999, found online at http://www.socialinvest.org/Areas/research/trends/1999-Trends.htm, February 4, 2003.
102. Found at http://www.domini.com/about-domini/The-Domini-Story/index.htm, February 4, 2003.
103. Investing in Our Future: AFL-CIO Proxy Voting Guidelines (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 1998).
104. Dan Bray, "Hammer in the North: Mjollnir in Medieval Scandinavia," found online at www.mackaos.com.au/Articles/Mjol.html, March 13, 2003.
105. Biographical information on Monks was found in many locations, but most succinctly and authoritatively at his personal web site, www.ragm.com, on January 10, 2003.
106. Leslie Wayne, "A Fervent Advocate of the Proxy Battle," The New York Times, May 8, 1990, p. D1.
107. Jube Shriver, Jr., "Called more equitable than fining companies; Plan would punish directors for crime," Los Angeles Times, December 6, 1988, p. D8.
108. These services are described more fully on the company's web site, found at www.issproxy.com.
109. Wayne Leslie, "Have Shareholder Activists Lost Their Edge?" The New York Times, January 30, 1994, p. C7.
110. Mary Vanac, "Firm's proxy advice helps big investors decide how to vote," Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 3, 2002, p. C4.
111. Hillary Rosenberg, "An Activist ShareholderTakes on theWorld," The New YorkTimes, March 21, 1999, p. C8.
112. Tony Tassell, "Absence of luxury is a telling story," Financial Times, June 17, 2002, p. 22.
113. Richard Donkin, "Powerful support for international guidelines," Financial Times, March 19, 1999, p. 4.
114. Robin Sidel, "Is Anyone Left to Give Advice After This Deal?" Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2001.
115. "At Deadline," Pensions and Investments, August 6, 2001, p. 1.
116. "ISS Recommends Unocal Shareholders Vote for Global Labor Standards," news release, International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and GeneralWorkers Unions, May 13, 2002. Emphasis added.
117. Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 76.
118. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 426.
119. "Americans Express Little Trust in CEOs of Large Corporations or Stockbrokers," Gallup News Service, July 17, 2002.
120. "Effects of Year's Scandals Evident in Honesty and Ethics Ratings," Gallup News Service, December 4, 2002.
121. David Vogel, Lobbying the Corporation: Citizen Challenges to Business Authority (New York: Basic Books, 1978), p. 24.
122. Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage, 1971), pp. 172-178.
123. Information found online at www1.real.com/corporate/pressroom/pr/finance.html on September 23, 1998.
124. Robert H. Reid, "Real Revolution," Wired, Issue 5.10 (October 1997).
125. "About Web Active," found at www.webactive.com/webactive/about-wnia.html, September 24, 1998.
126. Jarol B. Manheim, Corporate Conduct Unbecoming: Codes of Conduct and Anti-Corporate Strategy (St. Michael's, MD: TredAvon Institute Press, 2000).
127. Environics International, The Millenial Poll, May 1999.
128. "Global Sourcing & Operating Guidelines," Levi Strauss & Company, found on the company's web site at www.levistrauss.com/about/code.html, June 26, 2000.
129. Manheim, Corporate Conduct Unbecoming, pp. 39-46
130. Manheim, The Death of a Thousand Cuts, pp. 71-74.
131. Bruce Stokes, "U.S. Lags Behind Japan in Competition over Investing in East Asia Production," National Journal, Vol. 16, No. 7 (July 7, 1984), p. 1300.
132. Paul Charles Ehrlich, "Indonesia seeks investors for footwear field," Footwear News, August 7, 1989, p. 98;
133. Paul Charles Ehrlich, "Korea may act on shoemakers' exodus; footwear outsourcing shifting to Southeast Asia," Footwear News, August 24, 1989, p. 26;
134. Paul Charles Ehrlich, "Indonesia is moving up in export lineup; athletic shoe industry," Footwear News, April 23, 1990, p. 23.
135. "Shoemaker gets kick from fitness," Journal of Commerce, July 18, 1989, p. 4A.
136. Caroline Brewer, "From One Voice to a Roar for the Workers," Bergen Record, May 31, 1998, p. L1.
137. Jamie Beckett, "Dunk Nike is Theme of New Ad Campaign," San Francisco Chroncile, November 2, 1992, p. C3;
138. Christy Fisher, "Made inUSATells Nike: Come Home," Advertising Age, October 26, 1992, p. 3.
139. Charles P. Wallace, "Doing Business: New Shots Fired in IndonesiaWageWar," Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1992, p. 2.
140. The complete membership of this coalition was listed online at home.inreach.com/mochi/nike/napp5.html.
141. "White House Fact Sheet on Apparel Code of Conduct," April 14, 1997.
142. Preliminary Agreement Charter Document, Fair Labor Association, Apparel Industry Partnership, April 14, 1997, pp. 19-20.
143. Found at www.lchr.org/sweatshop/aipfull.htm on July 30, 1999.
144. "No Sweat," The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, PBS, April 14, 1997.
145. Maureen Milligan, "College consortium nears final sweatshop code," The Chronicle (Duke University), November 11, 1998.
146. Tracy Kershaw, "U. Kentucky students strip for sweatshop cause," Kentucky Kernel, March 24, 2000;
147. Nicholas Steffens, "Naked bike riders protest sweatshops at Syracuse U.," Daily Orange, March 27, 2000.
148. Alicia Hammond, "Protesters stage hunger strike at Purdue," Badger Herald (University of Wisconsin), March 29, 2000.
149. "New Report Document's Nike's Continued Use of Sweatshop Labor Practices in Asia," news release from UNITE, April 25, 2000;
150. "Growing Economic Justice Coalition to Bring Last Week's Washington Protests to New York's Niketown on Tuesday," news release from UNITE, April 25, 2000.
151. Steven Greenhouse, "Nike's Chief Cancels Gift to University Over Monitors," The New York Times, April 25, 2000;
152. Mark Asher and Josh Barr, "Nike Cuts Off Funds for Three Universities," Washington Post, May 4, 2000, p. A1.
153. Drawn from information found at www.ceres.org/about/index.html on June 14, 2000.
154. The CERES Principles are listed at www.ceres.org/about/principles.html, as found on June 14, 2000.
155. Drawn from information found at http://www.ceres.org/about/endorsingcompanies.htm on March 17, 2003.
156. These evaluative dimensions are detailed, along with current rankings of various companies on each, at www.cepnyc.org/criteria.htm.
157. Steven D. Lydenburg, Alice Tepper Marlin and Sean O'Brien Strub, Rating America's Corporate Conscience: A Provocative Guide to the Companies Behind the Products You Buy Every Day (Reading, MA: Addision-Wesley, 1986).
158. This description was found at www.cepnyc.org/sbw.htm, June 14, 2000.
159. Found online at http://www.iccr.org/products/proxybook03/03statuschart.htm, April 2, 2003.
160. "Religious Groups Propose Principles for Global Corporate Responsibility, ICCR news release, September 19, 1995.
161. Jarol B. Manheim, The Death of a Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Attack on the Corporation (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001).
162. the discussion at www.hrw.org/campaigns/atca/, found online July 29, 2003.
163. Mark Hamblett, "2nd Circuit Clarifies Boundaries of Alien Tort Claims Act," New York Law Journal, September 9, 2003, retrieved September 8, 2003, from www.low.com. September 8, 2003.
164. Information found at http://www.mediaaccess.org/about/, April 8, 2003.
165. Information found on the organizations web site at www.earthjustice.org, April 8, 2003.
166. From the 2002 annual report, found online at http://www.earthjustice.org/about/2003AR.pdf, April 8, 2003.
167. S. Steven Powell, Covert Cadre: Inside the Institute for Policy Studies (Ottawa, IL: Green Hill Publishers, 1987), p. 17.
168. From the mission statement found at http://www.nlg.org/programs/corporations.htm, April 8, 2003.
169. Maureen Tkacik, "High Court May Hear Nike Case on Protection of PR Statements," The Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2003;
170. Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court to Review Nike Case," The New York Times, January 10, 2003.
171. Linda Greenhouse, "Nike Free Speech Case is Unexpectedly Returned to California," The New York Times, June 27, 2003.
172. Adam Liptak, "Nike Move Ends Case Over Firms' Free Speech," The New York Times, retrieved September 13, 2003, from www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/national/13NIKE.html.
173. Gary Young, "'Nike' Ruling: Just How Chilling Is It?," The National Law Journal, January 24, 2003.
174. Cynthia J. Campbell, Stuart L. Gillan and Cathy M. Niden, "Current perspectives on shareholder proposals: lessons from the 1997 proxy season," Financial Management, Vol. 28, No. 1 (March 22, 1999), pp. 89ff.
175. Towards a Shared Agenda: Emerging Corporate Governance and Social Issue Trends for the 2002 Proxy Season, report of the Investor Responsibility Research Center and Shareholder Action Network of the Social Investment Forum Foundation, March 2002, p. 5.
176. These and other boycotts were found in an online listing at http://www.boycotts.org/grid.htm, April 9, 2003.
177. Information about the Ruckus Society was found at www.ruckus.org, April 9, 2003.
178. Philip Bourjaily, "Patagonia: Green Business Practices," Environmental News Network, November 30, 1999.
179. Except where otherwise indicated, information about the Pew Charitable Trusts is based on that found online at www.pewtrusts.com, April 28, 2003.
180. Joel R. Gardner, Sustaining the Legacy: A History of the Pew Charitable Trusts (Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2001), pp. 3-24
181. Passim. Found online at www.pewtrusts.com, April 28, 2003.
182. The text of the speech was found on the Pew Charitable Trusts web site, April 28, 2003, at http://www.pewtrusts.com/pubs/pubsitem.cfm?image=img5&contentitemid=963&contenttypeid=19&page=p3.
183. Allison Barlow, David Dyssegaard Kallick and Rhonda Shary, "Who Does Research and Policy Analysis to Support Progressive Organizing?" found online June 25, 1999, at www.preamble.org/resact/report.html.
184. Cliff Kincaid, "The IPS and the Media: Unholy Alliance," Human Events (April 9, 1983), pp. 311-318.
185. Sidney Blumenthal, "The Left Stuff: IPS and the Long Road Back," TheWashington Post, July 30, 1986, p. D1.
186. Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom,"Watch Out,NewRight, HereComethe 'Young Progressives,' " National Journal, 10:52 (December 30, 1978), pp. 2071ff.
187. Greg Mitchell, "Blowing the Whistle: For people who whistle while they work, the government is playing a new tune," The Washington Post Magazine, August 12, 1979, p. 12.
188. John Train, "The Source," Forbes, November 24, 1980, p. 50.
189. "Rosenthal: Corporate Democracy Bill Needed to Check Big Business," American Banker (April 21, 1980), p. 2.
190. Eugene McAllister andWilliam T. Poole, "The Corporate Democracy Act and Big Business Day:Rhetoric vs. Reality," Heritage Foundation Reports 113 (March 11, 1980).
191. From the organizational history found online atwww.ourfuture.org/about/activities.asp, August 27, 1998.
192. Definition found online at http://www.faireconomy.org/econ/index.html, May 13, 2003.
193. Information about this center was found at http://www.hrec.org/, May 13, 2003.
194. Mike Prokosch and Karen Dolan, Our Communities Are Not For Sale.Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies and United for a Fair Economy, 2001.
195. http://www.grassrootspolicy.org/staff.htm, found online May 13, 2003.
196. Listing found at http://www.responsiblewealth.org/shareholder/index.html, January 24, 2003.
197. Information about this entity was found online at www.corpwatch.org, May 13, 2003.
198. Donna L. Goodison, "Just what are the prospects for The American Prospect?," Boston Business Journal, June 14, 2002;
199. Christopher Caldwell, "TAPs for a magazine," Weekly Standard, October 17, 2002;
200. Liz Cox, "Kuttner's Turbulence," Columbia Journalism Review, January/February 2003.
201. Membership list found at http://movingideas.org/members/membersall.html, May 13, 2003.
202. Edith Efron, The News Twisters (New York: Nash Publishing, 1971).
203. The description was found on the groups website at http://www.fair.org/whats-fair.html, May 13, 2003.
204. Found at http://www.merchantamerica.com/fair/index.php?ba=viewcategory&category=535, May 13, 2003.
205. Beth Schulman, "Foundations for a movement: how the right wing subsidizes its press," Extra!, March/April 1995
206. found online, October 17, 2002, at www.fair.org/extra/9503/right-press-subsidy.html.
207. Tom Hayden and Richard Flacks, "The Port Huron Statement at 40," The Nation, August 5, 2002.
208. James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), pp. 152-154.
209. Andrew Boyd, "The Web Rewires the Movement," The Nation, August 4, 2003
210. found online at www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030804&s=boyd, August 9, 2003.
211. Thomas B. Edsall, "Liberals Form Fund to Defeat President: Aim Is to Spend $75 Million for 2004," Washington Post, August 8, 2003, p. A3.
212. David Von Drehle, "Among Democrats, The Energy Seems To Be on the Left," Washington Post, July 10, 2003, p. A1.
213. G.William Domhoff, Changing the Powers that Be: How the left can stop Losing and Win (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
214. Katrina Vanden Heuvel, "Building to Win," The Nation, July 9, 2001.
215. Found online at www.campaignexxonmobil.org/cembrochure.html, July 10, 2003.
216. Found online at www.campaignexxonmobil.org/advisoryboard.html, July 10, 2003.
217. Jim Lobe, "Shareholder Attack on ExxonMobil's Climate Policy Gets Big Boost," Oneworld.net, December 19, 2001, found online at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/1219-03.htm, December 26, 2001.
218. "ExxonMobil Defends Record: Shareholders reject 'green' investment, anti-gay bias plans," Boston Globe, May 29, 2003, p. E2.
219. Found online at www.empoweringdemocracy.org/about.htm, July 10, 2003.
220. Found online at www.empoweringdemocracy/agenda.html, August 2, 2002.
221. Daniel Charles, Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money and the Future of Food (Cambridge, MA:Perseus Books, 2001), pp. 41-50.
222. Bruce Pickett et al. v. Monsanto Company, complaint filed December 14, 1999, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, p. 4.
223. Scott Kilman, "Monsanto Faces Class-Action Suit Over Genetically Altered Crops," The Wall Street Journal, December 15, 1999.
224. Andrew Pollack, "Food Companies Urged to End Use of Biotechnology Products," The New York Times, July 19, 2000;
225. GEFA web site, found online at www.gefoodalert.org/pages/home.cfm, July 10, 2003.
226. "Report Faults U.S. Regulation of Biotech Foods," Reuters, January 13, 2001.
227. Andrew Pollack, "Farmers Joining State Efforts Against Bioengineered Crops," The New York Times, March 24, 2001.
228. Alessandra Rizzo, "Monsanto Seed Depot Set on Fire," Associated Press, April 3, 2001.
229. Justin Gillis, "No Deal on Biotech Food: Industry, Opponents Fail to Agree on Recommendation for Regulation," The Washington Post, May 30, 2003, p. E1.
230. Dan Bacher, "Butterflies and Farmworkers: Taking on the USDA and the Riot Cops," Counterpunch, July 25, 2003, found online at www.counterpunch.org/bacher06252003.html, on that date.
231. David Barboza, "Monsanto Struggles Even as It Dominates," The New York Times, May 31, 2003.
232. "Codes of Conduct for Universities," found online on June 14, 2000, at www.globalexchange.org/economy/corporations/campus/code.html;
233. "Compliance Plan for Implementing University Codes of Conduct," found online June 14, 2000, at www.globalexchange.org/economy/corporations/campus/tools/complianceplan.html;
234. model code found online June 14, 2000, at www.sweatshopwatch.org/swatch/codes/code.html.
235. "The WTO Erodes Human Rights Protections: Three Case Stduies," report published by Global Exchange, November 15, 1999, and found online July 11, 2003 at www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wto/casestudies.html.
236. Found online July 11, 2003 at www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/ftaa/statement040201.html.
237. "Boise Cascade Target of "National Markets" Campaign: Customer Mailing Targets Old-Growth Logger as "National Disgrace," RAN news release, March 23, 2001.
238. "RAN and Citigroup Call Ceasefire," RAN news release, April 15, 2003.
239. The campaign is described online at http://www.ran.org/rancampaigns/ford/, as found on July 11, 2003.
240. Found online July 11, 2003, at http://www.ran.org/rancampaigns/globalfinance/
241. Nick Davis, "Raising a Ruckus: Learning How to Monkey-Wrench at Direct Action Camp," E/The Environmental Magazine, November-December 1997.
242. Based on information found at www.ceres.org/about/history.htm, June 24, 2003.
243. These standards were found listed in slightly more detailed form on June 24, 2003, at www.ceres.org/ourwork/principles.htm.
244. CERES, Annual Report 2001, pp. 2-4.
245. The three volumes include The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1996, 2000)
246. The Power of Identity (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1997)
247. End of Millennium (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 2000).
248. Castells, M. The Power of Identity, pp. 359-360.
249. CraigWarkentin, Reshaping World Politics: NGOs, the Internet, and Global Civil Society (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 145-147.
250. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar (Santa Monica,CA:RANDCorporation, 1996), pp. 5-6.
251. Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47:3 (Summer 1993), pp. 415-417.
252. Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 16.
253. David Ronfeldt, John Arquilla, Graham E. Fuller and Melissa Fuller, The Zapatista Social Netwar in Mexico (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1998), pp. 1-3.
254. Paul de Armond, "Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and Tactics," in J. Arquilla and D. Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netwars (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2001), pp. 201-235.
255. Found online at www.foe.org/international/shareholder/, June 17, 2001.
256. "Pressure Groups Traget the Private Banks Behind Corporate Misdeeds," Friends of the Earth news release, U.S. Newswire, January 21, 2003.
257. SteveWalker, "To Picket Just Click It! Social Netwar and Industrial Conflict in a Global Economy,"Working Paper, School of Information Management, Leeds Metropolitan University, 2001.
258. Letter from Drummond Pike, Idelisse Malave and Lauren Webster to the SEC, November 14, 2002, found online, January 27, 2003, at www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/s73602/dpike1.htm.
259. Donkin, Richard, "Powerful support for international guidelines," Financial Times, March 19, 1999, p. 4.
260. See http://www.fas.org/irp/wwwinfo.html, found online August 7, 2003.
261. David Knoke, Political Networks: The Structural Perspective (Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 1990);
262. Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, eds., Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003).
263. Ronfeldt et al., The Zapatista Social Netwar, Figure 1, p. 12.
264. George Harris and Daniel Yankelovich, "What good are the rich? Charitable activities of the affluent," Psychology Today 23:4 (April 1989), p. 36.
265. Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists, found online at http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp, July 4, 2003.
266. "Report names power plant polluters," United Press International, July 16, 1998.