The future of democratic equality: Rebuilding social solidarity in a fragmented America

The Future Of Democratic Equality: Rebuilding Social Solidarity in a Fragmented America

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-225

  Schwartz, Joseph M ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84917329998     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203894323     Document Type: Book

References (367)

1. Jeffrey Isaac, "The Strange Silence of Political Theory," Political Theory 23:4 (November 1995): 636-652.
2. During this period, two of the most cited and influential works that influenced political theorists were Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990)
3. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
4. For paradigmatic examples see Todd Gitlin, Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked By Culture Wars (New York: Henry Holt, 1995);
5. Richard Rorty, Achieving our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998);
6. Walter Benn Michaels, The Trouble with Diversity: Howe We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).
7. Among the classic critiques were Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, "The Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review LVII (December, 1962): 947-952;
8. William Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse (Lexington: Heath, 1974).
9. See Michael Walzer, Obligations; Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970);
10. Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970);
11. C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962);
12. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971);
13. Sheldon Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960);
14. William E. Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse.
15. See Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, "The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and International Perspective," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 96:2 (2006): 200-205.
16. "Historic Income Tables-Families," US Census Bureau. June 2007: www.census.gov/ hhes/www/income/histinc/f03.ar.html.
17. See Elisabeth Jacobs, "The Politics of Economic Insecurities," Issues in Governance Studies 10 (September 2007): 4. www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/09 politics_jacobs/jacobs20070913.pdf.
18. See Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), pp. 283-284.
19. "Labor Force Participation Rates, 1975-2008," US Bureau of Labor Statistics. www.bls.gov/opub/working/page3b.htm.
20. Katherine Newman, The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007).
21. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, Sylvia Allegretto, eds., The State of Working America 2006-07 (Ithaca: ILR Press, 2006), Table 5.1.
22. United States Chamber of Commerce, "National Income and Product Accounts," Table 2.1. www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=58&First Year=2004&LastYear=2006&Freq=Qtr.
23. See T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and Social Class," in Citizenship and Social Class, and Other Essays (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), chpt. 4, pp. 65-122.
24. On the influence of culture, religion, and formal education on working-class voting patterns in advanced democracies, including the United States, see Jeoroen van der Waal, Peter Achterberg, and Dick Houtman, "Class is Not Dead; It Has Been Buried Alive: Class Voting and Cultural Voting in Western Societies 1956-1990," Politics and Society 35:3 (September 2007): 403-426.
25. For a recent useful review essay of recent studies of class voting in both the South and the nation, see Dan T. Carter, "Is There a South? And Does It Still Matter," Dissent (Summer 2007): 92-96.
26. See Kathleen Arnold, America's New Working Class: Race, Gender and Ethnicity in a Biopolitical Age (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007);
27. Leonard Feldman, Citizens Without Shelter: Homelessness, Democracy and Political Exclusion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004);
28. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001);
29. Tommie Shelby, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005);
30. Keally D. McBride, Collective Dreams: Political Imagination and Community (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005).
31. See Benjamin Barber, Con$umed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantalize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007);
32. Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003)
33. Nancy Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflection on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York: Routledge, 1996);
34. Seyla Benhabib, The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002);
35. Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
36. Ian Shapiro and Michael J. Graetz, Death by a Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005);
37. See American Political Science Association Task Force Report, "American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality," Perspectives on Politics 2:4 (December 2004): 651-666.
38. See Robert Kuttner, The Squandering of America: How the Failure of Our Politics Undermines Our Prosperity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007)
39. Robert Reich, Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy and Everyday Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007).
40. Terry Eagleton, After Theory (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
41. See Herbert Marcuse, "Repressive Tolerance," in Marcuse, Barrington Moore and Robert Paul Wolff, A Critique of Pure Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969)
42. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), in passim.
43. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
44. See William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
45. See, in passim, Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
46. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference;
47. Wendy Brown, States of Injury (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
48. John Rawls, "Justice as Fairness: Political, not Metaphysical," Philosophy and Public Affairs 14:3 (Summer 1985): 223-252.
49. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice.
50. See Amy Gutmann, "Communitarian Critics of Liberalism," Philosophy and Public Affairs 14:3 (Summer 1985): 308-322.
51. On deliberative democracy see Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Why Deliberative Democracy? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004);
52. for a work in the tradition of Jurgen Habermas's "communicative ethics" that takes into account "gender and difference," see Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 1992);
53. for recent work in "global justice," see Carol Gould, Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
54. Simon Caney, Justice Beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
55. See Lynn M. Sanders, "Against Deliberative Democracy," Political Theory 25:6 (November 1997): 347-376.
56. See Benhabib, Situating the Self;
57. Fraser, Justice Interruptus;
58. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference;
59. Jodi Dean, Solidarity of Strangers: Feminism After Identity Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
60. Karl Marx, "The Critique of the Gotha Programme" in Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd edition (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), p. 530.
61. Joan W. Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference, Or the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism," Feminist Studies 14:1 (Spring 1988): 33-50.
62. See Anne Phillips, Democracy and Difference (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
63. Ian Shapiro, "Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, Or What's Wrong with Political Science and What to Do About It," Political Theory 30:4 (August 2002): 596-619.
64. See, for example, Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966);
65. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995);
66. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992).
67. See Joseph M. Schwartz, The Permanence of the Political: A Democratic Critique of the Radical Impulse to Transcend Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
68. See James Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
69. See Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference and Susan Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities: Reconsidering Identity Politics (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004).
70. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble.
71. See Wendy Brown, States of Injury.
72. See Seyla Benhabib, Chapter 1, in Judith Butler, Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange (New York: Routledge Press, 1995).
73. James Glass, Shattered Selves: Multiple Personalities in a Postmodern World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
74. Terry Eagleton, After Theory.
75. See Jeff Faux, The Global Class War (New York: Wiley, 2006), esp. pp. 126-144
76. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997) for estimates that trade and outsourcing may be the cause of about 20 percent of the post-1973 stagnation in workers' wages, while deunionization may have had an equally powerful impact on wage stagnation.
77. See Linda Weiss, ed., States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003);
78. Duane Shank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
79. Peter Hall and David Soskice, eds., Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
80. See Jacob Hacker, The Great Risk Shift: The Assault on American Jobs, Families, Health care and Retirement and How You Can Fight Back (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
81. See Jonas Pontusson, Inequality and Prosperity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp. 160-170
82. John D. Stephens and Evelyne Huber, Development and the Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 218-230.
83. See Jonas Pontusson, Inequality and Prosperity, pp. 58-62.
84. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).
85. For arguments that progressives should favor universal social programs rather than means-tested ones, see William Julius Wilson, The Bridge over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)
86. Thedsa Skocpol, The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000).
87. See Jeremy Scahill, Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Mercenary Army (New York: Nation Books, 2007).
88. See Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (New York: New York University, 1972).
89. See Clause Offe, The Contradictions of the Welfare State, ed. John Keane (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984).
90. See Katherine Newman and Victor Tan Chen, The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007).
91. Two useful analyses of the rise of global neo-liberalism are Jeff Faux, The Global Class War (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2006)
92. Robert Kuttner, Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).
93. On the tension between the role of individuals as "consumers" versus "citizens," see Benjamin Barber, Con$umed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantalize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007)
94. Robert Reich, Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007).
95. See Carol Gould, Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), chpt. 6, "Conceptualizing Women's Human Rights"
96. Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), chpt. 7, "Women, Welfare and the Politics of Need Interpretation"
97. Anne Phillips, Democracy and Difference (University Park: The Penn State University Press, 1993), chpt. 1, "Fraternity."
98. See Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
99. See, among other works, Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms (Malden: Polity, 2002);
100. Simon Caney, Justice Beyond Border: A Global Political Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005);
101. Kok-Chor Tan, Justice without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Patriotism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004);
102. Gould, Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights.
103. In addition, Nancy Fraser and (posthumously) Iris Marion Young are coming out with books on global justice. For one of the first efforts by a theorist to address these issues in a mass-market oriented work, see Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995).
104. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
105. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York:Cambridge University Press, 1989), particularly chpt. 9, "Solidarity," 189-198.
106. Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)
107. Thomas Pogge, Realizing Rawls (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).
108. Richard Miller, "Cosmopolitan Respect and Patriotic Concern," in Gillian Brock and Harry Brighouse, eds., The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press), p. 133.
109. Jonas Pontusson, Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe Versus Liberal America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005).
110. Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York:W.W. Norton, 2006)
111. Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006).
112. Michael Walzer, On Toleration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 37-51, 66-71.
113. Seyla Benhabib, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2004).
114. Charles Taylor, "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate," in Nancy L. Rosenblum ed., Liberalism and the Moral Life (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 159-182.
115. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), esp. chpt. 8, "Liberalism and the Keynesian Revolution," pp. 250-273.
116. Amy Gutmann, "Communitarian Critics of Liberalism," Philosophy and Public Affairs 14:3 (Summer 1985): 308-322.
117. Wendy Brown, States of Injury (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
118. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990)
119. William E. Connolly, The Ethos of Pluralization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
120. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004), esp. chpt. 2, "Violence, Mourning, Politics," pp. 19-49.
121. Anna Shola Orloff, "The Political Origins of America's Belated Welfare State," in Anna Shola Orloff, Theda Skocpol, and Margaret Weir, eds., The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
122. Kim Voss, The Making of American Exceptionalism: the Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
123. Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).
124. Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
125. William H. Sewell, Jr., Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
126. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2005).
127. Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).
128. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears (New York: Knopf, 1996).
129. Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York:Routledge, 1993).
130. Lydia Polgreen, "War's Chaos Steals Congo's Young by the Millions," New York Times, July 30, 2006.
131. Luis Inacio da Silva, "Speech at the Plenary Meeting of the 61st UN General Assembly," New York, September 19, 2006. www.brazil.org.uk/newsandmedia/sp20060919.html.
132. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-77 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).
133. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
134. James M. Glass, Shattered Selves: Multiple Personalities in a Postmodern World (Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 1993).
135. Russell Jacoby, The End of Utopia: Politics and Culture in an Age of Apathy, (New York: Basic Books,1999).
136. Susan Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, esp. pp. 38-58.
137. Susan Okin, Justice, Gender and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989)
138. Martha Nussbaum, Sex and Social Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
139. Martha Minow, Making All the Difference: Exclusion, Inclusion, and the Law (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
140. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957)
141. Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston:Beacon Press, 1966).
142. Deiter Reuschemeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
143. Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991)
144. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (New York: Blackwell, 1989).
145. Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts Into Air (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982).
146. Perry Anderson, "Modernity and Revolution," in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1988).
147. David Harvey, The Postmodern Condition, p. 107.
148. Jean Baudrillard, America, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 1989)
149. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1995)
150. Judith Butler, "Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of 'Postmodernism,' " in Seyla Benhabib, Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell, and Nancy Fraser, Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange (New York:Routledge, 1995)
151. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).
152. Sheldon Wolin, "Machiavelli: The Politics and the Economy of Violence," Chapter 7 in Politics and Vision (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), pp. 195-238.
153. Michael Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).
154. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York: Verso, 2004), esp. chpt. 4
155. "The Charge of Anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel and the Risks of Public Critique," pp. 101-128.
156. Butler, Feminist Contentions, p. 48.
157. See Leslie Thiel, "Review of Bonnie Honig, Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics," American Political Science Review 88:1 (March 1994): 214-215;
158. Fraser, Feminist Contentions, pp. 71-72;
159. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, pp. 165-167.
160. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1984).
161. Nancy Fraser, in Feminist Contentions, chpt. 3
162. "False Antithesis: A Response to Seyla Benhabib and Judith Butler," esp. pp. 66-71;
163. Susan Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, esp. chpt. 1
164. "Constructing Identity," pp. 1-37;
165. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), in passim.
166. On Focault's concept of "capillaries of power" that create the self, see Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in The Essential Foucault, eds. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose (New York: New Press, 2004), pp. 229-245
167. Foucault, "Truth and Power," in The Essential Foucault, p. 307.
168. For the possibility of resistance to such power see the above and Foucault, "The Ethic of the Concern for the Self as a Practice of Freedom," in Paul Rabinow, ed., Ethics: Essential Works of Foucault (New York: Penguin, 1994), p. 292.
169. Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: Vol. II, The History of Sexuality, transl. Robert Hurley (New York: Random House, 1985), pp. 80-82, 88-91
170. Foucault, The Care of the Self: Vol. III, The History of Sexuality (New York: Random House, 1986), pp. 45-46, 56-58.
171. Butler, Gender Troubles, pp. 88-89
172. Bodies that Matter, pp. 10, 45, 136-147.
173. Susan Hekman, Private Selves, Political Identities, p. 128.
174. Hekman, Private Selves, Political Identities, pp. 5-8.
175. Hekman offers her view that the "core self" is set after childhood in Private Selves, Political Identities, p. 29.
176. Brown, States of Injury, p. 45.
177. See Brown, States of Injury, pp. 170-171.
178. Brown warns of the negative aspects of rights-based "gains" in States of Injury, chpt. 5
179. "Rights and Losses," pp. 96-134.
180. Brown, States of Injury, p. 134.
181. Patricia Williams, "Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights," 22 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Review 401.
182. Brown, States of Injury, p. 174.
183. See Joseph Schwartz, review of William E. Connolly, "The Ethos of Pluralization," Journal of Politics 59:2 (May 1997): 616-618.
184. See Connolly's critique of pluralism's inattentiveness to structural inequalities of wealth and power in William E. Connolly, ed., The Biases of Pluralism (New York: Atherton Press, 1969)
185. The Terms of Political Discourse (Lexington: Heath, 1974).
186. For Connolly's discussion of the repressive nature of "normalization" in liberal pluralist democracies, see the section "Democracy and Normalization," in The Ethos of Pluralization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), pp. 85-93.
187. Connolly outlines this "ethos of critical responsiveness," in the section, "Justice and Critical Responsiveness," in The Ethos of Pluralization, pp. 178-188.
188. See William E. Connolly, Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
189. Connolly, "Democracy, Equality, Normality," in The Ethos of Pluralization, pp. 75-104.
190. See Stanley Aronowitz, "Postmodernism and Politics," in Andrew Ross, ed., Universal Abandon? The Politics of Postmodernism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), pp. 46-62.
191. Several feminist theorists, including Nancy Fraser, have made this criticism of Butler. See Fraser, "False Antitheses: A Response to Seyla Benhabib and Judith Butler," in Fraser, Justice Interruptus, p. 223, n.28.
192. The latter half of this sentence's brief definition of democracy consciously mirrors Brown's only explicit definition of freedom and "the emancipatory democratic project" in States of Injury, p. 7.
193. See Bickford, The Dissonance of Democracy, pp. 112, 116, 118.
194. See Robin Kelly, "Identity Politics and Class Struggle," New Politics 22 (Winter 1997): 84-96.
195. See Todd Gitlin, Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Henry Holt, 1995);
196. Michael Tomasky, Left for Dead: The Life, Death, and Possible Resurrection of Progressive Politics in America (New York: Free Press, 1996);
197. Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998);
198. Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1995).
199. See Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
200. For one of the first analyses of the right's use of hostility toward means-tested social welfare programs to transform white working- and middle-class voters attitudes toward taxes and public spending in general, see Thomas and Mary Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991).
201. See Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference and Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
202. For Young's critique of liberal, impartial conceptions of justice, see Justice and the Politics of Difference chpt. 4
203. "The Ideal of Impartiality and the Civic Public," pp. 96-121.
204. For Susan Hekman's critique of Rawls's, Nussbaum's and Okin's conceptions of fairness and justice, see Private Selves, Public Identities, pp. 47-58.
205. Hekman's argument that a true "politics of identity" must reject all liberal notions of impartiality and uniform standards of justice is made most explicitly in Private Selves, Public Identities, chpt. 2
206. "Identity and the Liberal Polity," pp. 37-80.
207. For Young's critique of Rawlsian conceptions of justice as focusing inordinately on economic distribution at the expense of democratic voice, see Justice and the Politics of Difference, chpt. 1
208. "Displacing the Distributive Paradigm," in, pp. 15-38.
209. Young explores the different faces of oppression in Justice and the Politics of Difference, chpt. 2
210. "The Five Faces of Oppression," pp. 39-65.
211. For Young's conception of democratic pluralist justice as embodied in the practices of a just, heterogenous city, see Justice and the Politics of Difference, chpt. 8, "City Life and Difference," pp. 226-256.
212. For Young's conception of group identity, see Justice and the Politics of Difference, pp. 42-47.
213. For Young's use of Sartre's concept of "seriality," see Iris Marion Young, "Gender as Seriality: Thinking about Women as a Social Collective," Signs 19:3 (Spring 1994): 713-738.
214. See Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
215. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London: Verso, 1985).
216. See, in passim, Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
217. Alasdair Mac-Intyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).
218. This argument is central to Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 1992).
219. See also Nancy Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the 'Postsocialist' Condition (New York: Routledge, 1997).
220. On the struggle against homophobia within the African-American church see Cathy Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999)
221. Cornel West and bell hooks, Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life (Boston: South End Press, 1991).
222. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971);
223. Martha Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
224. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978);
225. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
226. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 87-92.
227. Young argues for special representation for oppressed groups in Justice and the Politics of Difference, pp. 184-191.
228. Gutmann, Identity and Democracy, pp. 145-150.
229. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
230. See Susan Bickford, The Dissonance of Democracy, pp. 105-108.
231. See Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 139-150.
232. See Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 115-120.
233. Hekman, Private Selves, Public Lives, pp. 96.
234. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 147-150.
235. See Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 108-121.
236. See Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1994).
237. Anne Phillips expresses this concern in Democracy and Difference (University Park: Penn State University Press), chpt. 8
238. "Pluralism, Solidarity, and Change," pp. 139-165.
239. See Phillips, Democracy and Difference, p. 155.
240. See Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 167-172
241. Nancy Fraser, "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Bruce Robbins, ed., The Phantom Public Sphere (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 14.
242. Gutmann insightfully contends that advocates of "identity politics" do not readily recognize the group identity constituted by individuals who share the same normative and political convictions. See Gutmann, Identity and Democracy, pp. 144-150.
243. Private Selves, Public Identities, pp. 79-80.
244. Gutmann, Identity and Democracy, pp. 59-64, 86-95.
245. See Susan Okin, Is Multiculturalism Bad For Women? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
246. See Shalom Lappin, "Multiculturalism and Democracy," Dissent (Summer 2007): 14-18.
247. See Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 163-170.
248. Benhabib, Claims of Culture, chpt. 5
249. For Young's explicit defense of affirmative action as "reverse discrimination" and an effort to insure that "arbitrarily" distributed scarce positions are proportionally allocated, see her Justice and the Politics of Difference, chpt. 7
250. "Affirmative Action and the Myth of Merit," pp. 192-225.
251. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, p. 198.
252. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, for definition of "oppression," p. 38. For why and how affirmative action should fight oppression, and not just discrimination, see pp. 195-204.
253. See Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, pp. 78, 80.
254. Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, p. 78.
255. Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, pp. 37, 55.
256. Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, p. 79.
257. See Martha Minow, Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and the American Law (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
258. See Minow, Making All the Difference, p. 382.
259. Phillips, Democracy and Difference, p. 44.
260. Zillah Eisenstein, The Female Body and the Law (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 77.
261. Karl Marx, "The Critique of the Gotha Programme," in Richard Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd edition (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), p. 531.
262. See Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, pp. 78-79.
263. Hekman, Private Selves, Public Identities, p. 79.
264. Seyla Benhabib, The Claims of Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 19-20.
265. Robin Leidner, "Stretching the Boundaries of Liberalism: Democratic Innovation in a Feminist Organization," Signs 16:2 (1991).
266. See Iris Marion Young, "Unruly Categories: A Critique of Nancy Fraser's Dual Systems Theory," New Left Review 222 (March/April 1997): 147-160.
267. See Fraser, "From Redistribution to Recognition," New Left Review 212 (July-August 1995).
268. See Ronald Dworkin, "Hard Cases," in Taking Right Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 81-130.
269. See Carol Gould, Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004);
270. For the Bernanke quote, see Nelson D. Schwartz, "One World, Taking Risks Together," The New York Times, "Week in Review," October 21, 2007, p. 3.
271. See Robin Blackburn on the relationship between the Long-Term Investment Capital bail-out and the Enron crisis, "The Enron Debacle and the Pension Crisis," New Left Review (March-April 2002): 26, 30-33.
272. See William Greider, One World Ready or Not (New York: Simon and Schuster, New York, 1997), chpt. 14, "These Dark Satanic Mills," pp. 334-359 on downward pressures on labor costs and rising inequality within the global economy.
273. See V.I. Lenin's, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers), 1936.
274. See Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) on Japanese investment in ASEAN nations.
275. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1954).
276. See Dana Frank, "Our Fruit, Their Labor, and Global Reality," Washington Post, June 2, 2002.
277. See Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 354-357.
278. Hardt and Negri, Empire, p. 348.
279. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).
280. David Held, Global Covenant (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2004), p. 25.
281. See Swank, Global Capital; Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State and Weiss, ed., States in the Global Economy; and John Hobson, "Disappearing Taxes or Race to the Middle," in Weiss, ed., States in the Global Economy.
282. On the European countries reliance on VAT as a major source of fiscal revenue, see T.R. Reid, The United States of Europe (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 146-147.
283. See Paul Piersen, "The New Politics of Welfare," World Politics 48(2): 143-179 and Piersen, ed., The New Politics of Welfare.
284. See Stephens and Stephens, Development and the Crisis in the Welfare State, pp. 7, 300-307.
285. See Katherine S. Newman and Victor Tan Chen, The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007).
286. See Pamela Morris, Virginia Knox, Lisa A. Gennetian, "Welfare Policies Matter for Children and Youth: Lessons for TANF Reauthorization," Manpower Development Research Corporation, Policy Brief, 2002. www.mrdc.org/publications/183/policybrief.html.
287. See Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870-2033: An Essay on Education and Equality (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1961).
288. On how costs of globalization fall disproportionately on displaced manufacturing workers in the First World, see Dani Rodrik, One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007)
289. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997).
290. George Soros, "The Capitalist Threat," The Atlantic Monthly (February 1997): 45-58;
291. George Soros on Globalization (New York: Public Affairs, 2002);
292. The Alchemy of Finance (Hoboken: Wiley, 2003).
293. See also Felix Rohatyn's frequent pieces in the 1990s on the global economy in The New York Review of Books (Rohatyn's contributions ceased when he was appointed ambassador to France in spring 1996 and could no longer maintain as critical a stance toward the neo-liberal Clinton administration. They resumed after the election of George W. Bush).
294. See Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006);
295. Globalization and its Discontents (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002);
296. Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin, 2005).
297. See Jeffrey Sachs, "The IMF and the Asian Flu," The American Prospect (March-April 1998): 16-21;
298. Jeffrey Sachs, Thye Woo, and Klaus Schwab, eds., The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).
299. See the article by labor policy-intellectual Lance Compa, "A Fast Track for Labor, The American Prospect 40 (September-October 1998): 60-64, in which he argues that labor advocates need to support the inclusion of stronger labor rights provisions in present and future international trade and investment accords.
300. See Gay Seidman's work on Brazilian and South African trade unionism, Manufacturing Militancy: Workers' Movements in Brazil and South Africa 1970-1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
301. Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000);
302. Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).
303. See also Skocpol's essays in Theda Skocpol and Morris Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1999).
304. See William Julius Wilson, The Bridge Over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)
305. Theda Skocpol, Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000).
306. Derrick Bell, Silent Covenants: Brown Versus Board and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
307. For pre-Clinton "welfare reforms" expression of this position, see Cornel West, "Equality and Identity," The American Prospect 9 (Spring 1992): 119-122
308. Robert S. Browne, "The Road to Rectification," The American Prospect 10 (Summer 1992): 93-96.
309. See also Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, The Breaking of the Social Contract (New York: New Press, 1997).
310. See "Study Says Welfare Changes Made the Poorest Worse Off," New York Times, August 23, 1999, p. A13.
311. See William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), Chapter 6
312. "The Hidden Agenda," pp. 140-164
313. Theda Skocpol, "Fighting Poverty without Poverty Programs, The American Prospect 2 (Summer 1990): 58-70.
314. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in 20th Century America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).
315. See Jill Quadango, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
316. See Thomas Frank, What's the Matter With Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004).
317. For paradigmatic works see David R. Roediger, Working Towards Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Become White (New York: Basic Books, 2005);
318. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991);
319. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White: Irish-Americans and African-Americans in Nineteenth Century Philadelphia (New York: Verso, 1995);
320. George Lipsitz, "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness," American Quarterly V, 47:3 (1995);
321. Cheryl Harris, "Whiteness as Property," Harvard Law Review 106:1707 (1993).
322. See Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1975).
323. Glazer reversed his prior opposition to affirmative action for African-Americans in 1998. See James Traub, "Nathan Glazer Changes His Mind Again," New York Times Magazine, June 28, 1998.
324. For a succinct summary of a sophisticated "push" and "pull" analysis of the causes of mass undocumented immigration to the United States, see Jeff Faux, "What to Really Do About Immigration," The American Prospect 19:1 (January/February 2008): 41-43.
325. See Quadango, The Color of Welfare
326. Margaret Weir, The Politics of Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
327. For such urgings see both George Lipsitz, "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness," The American Quarterly V, 47:3 (1995)
328. "Editorial: Abolish the White Race-By Any Means Necessary," Race Traitor 1 (Winter 1993): 4-5.
329. See "Editorial: Abolish the White Race-By Any Means Necessary," Race Traitor 1 (Winter 1993): 4-5.
330. See Jonathan Skretny, The Ironies of Affirmative Action (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
331. On this point see Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984)
332. Rebecca Klatch, Women of the New Right (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
333. See Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
334. See Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race.
335. See Weir, The Politics of Jobs.
336. See William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
337. See Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), chpt. 9
338. "Reverse Discrimination," pp. 223-239.
339. See Michael Walzer, "In Defense of Equality," in Radical Principles: Reflections of an Unreconstructed Radical Democrat (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
340. On American society's inability to comprehend class as a social reality see Benjamin DeMott, The Imperial Middle: Why Americans Can't Think Straight About Class (New York: Morrow, 1990).
341. See Thomas Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African-American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
342. See David Wessel, "Escalator Ride: As Rich-Poor Gap Widens in the U.S. Class Mobility Stalls," The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2005: A1.
343. See Jessie Lemisch, "Angry White Men of the Left," New Politics 6:2 (Winter 1997): 97-104.
344. In the Introduction and Chapter 3, I commented on the writings of Todd Gitlin, Michael Tomasky, Richard Rorty, Michael Tomasky, and Walter Benn Michaels. See Todd Gitlin, Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Henry Holt, 1995);
345. Michael Tomasky, Left for Dead: The Life, Death, and Possible Resurrection of Progressive Politics in America (New York: Free Press, 1996);
346. Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998);
347. Walter Benn Michaels, The Trouble with Diversity: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).
348. See Piven and Cloward, The Breaking of the American Social Compact (New York: The New Press, 1997).
349. See Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1975)
350. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
351. See Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, chpt. 3
352. "Insurgency and the Welfare Capitalist Society," pp. 66-95;
353. Kathy Ferguson, The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984).
354. See T.H. Marshall, "Citizenship and Social Class," in Citizenship and Social Class, and Other Essays (Cambridge [England], Cambridge University Press), chpt. 4, pp. 65-122.
355. See Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State, ed., John Keane (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984)
356. James O'Connor, Accumulation Crisis (New York: Blackwell, 1984).
357. See Wendy Brown, States of Injury (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
358. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).
359. See John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
360. Terry Eagleton, After Theory (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
361. William Julius Wilson, The Bridge Over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)
362. Skocpol, The Missing Middle.
363. See Todd Gitlin, Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Henry Holt, 1995);
364. Michael Tomasky, Left for Dead: The Life, Death, and Possible Resurrection of Progressive Politics in America (New York: Free Press, 1996);
365. Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998);
366. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004).
367. See Sheldon Wolin, "Political Theory as a Vocation," American Political Science Review 63:4 (December 1969): 1062-1082.