Virtuous war: Mapping the military-industrial-media-entertainment-network: Second edition

Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment-Network: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-330

  Derian, James Der ^a,b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Watson Institute for International Studies   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917243753     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203881538     Document Type: Book

References (239)

1. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (London and New York: Penguin, 2004);
2. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006);
3. Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (London and New York: Penguin, 2006).
4. See James Der Derian, Critical Practices in International Theory (New York and Oxford: Routledge, 2008)
5. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. and ed. Howard Eilan and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999), p. 463.
6. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999), p. 461.
7. Jim Wolf, "Hacking Of Pentagon Computers Persists," Washington Post, August 9, 2000, p. 23.
8. See Tony Perry, "Navy Takes a Scene Out of Hollywood: Command Center Designed by Former Disney Exec Boasts Zen-Like Serenity," Los Angeles Times, November 27, 2000, online.
9. See Martin Walker, American Reborn (New York: Knopf, 2000).
10. See Manuel De Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (New York: Zone, 1991);
11. Paul Edwards, Closed Worlds: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996);
12. Friedrich Kittler, Literature, Media, Information Systems (Amsterdam: OPA, 1997).
13. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 140.
14. Michael Herr, Dispatches (New York: Avon Books, 1978), p. 20.
15. ABC Nightline, transcript, September 26, 1990.
16. See Bruce Sterling, "War is Virtual Hell," Wired, 1.0.
17. Lewis Mumford, The Pentagon of Power: The Myth of the Machine (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964), p. 342, illustrations 18-19.
18. Donna Haraway, "A Cyborg Manifesto," Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 154.
19. See B. H. Liddell Hart, Paris, or the Future of War (New York: 1925);
20. Brian Bond and Martin Alexander, Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, eds. Gordon Craig and Felix Gilbert (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 598-623.
21. For a more critical view of Hart's contributions, see John Mearsheimer, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988).
22. This convergence of weapon and image in the Gulf War was anticipated by Paul Virilio in the preface to the English edition of War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, trans. Patrick Camiller (New York: Verso, 1989), p. 4
23. Thomas Ricks and Roy Harris, "Marshall's Ideas Help to Change Defense Industry," Wall Street Journal, July 15, 1994, p. 3.
24. Frank J. Gaffney Jr., "The Marshall Plan," Washington Times, February 13, 2001, p. 15.
25. See Friedrich Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, II, #19, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1967), pp. 88-89.
26. See Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p. 35
27. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, #1025, trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), p. 530.
28. See Friedrich Niezsche, Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality, #174, trans. R. J. Hollingdale and Michael Tanner (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982) pp. 105-106.
29. Genealogy of Morals, II, #11.
30. Will to Power, #53 and #576.
31. Genealogy of Morals, II, #19.
32. See Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, pp. 106-107.
33. For an excellent introduction of the concept, see Gunter Gebauer and Christoph Wulf, eds., Mimesis: Culture, Art and Society, trans. Don Reneau (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995).
34. Walter Benjamin, "Das Kustwek im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit," in Gesammelte Schriften I.2, ed. Rolf Teidemann and Hermann Schweppenhauser (Frankfurt: Suhrkam, 1974-89).
35. Jeneen Hobby, "Raising Consciousness in the Writings of Walter Benjamin," Ph.D. dissertation (University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1996), p. 254, fn. 1.
36. Walter Benjamin, "On the Mimetic Faculty," Reflections, ed. Edmund Jephcott (New York: Schocken, 1978), p. 333.
37. Gesammelte Schriften, VI, p. 127, quoted by Jeneen Hobby, p. 270.
38. "Berliner Spielzeugwanderung II," in Aufklärung für Kinder, p. 49
39. Jeffrey Mehlman, Walter Benjamin for Children: An Essay on His Radio Years (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p 4.
40. See Girard, Violence and the Sacred;
41. Girard "System as Delirium," To Double Business Bound (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978)
42. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1999), pp. 456 and 173.
43. Friedrich Nietzsche, "On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense," in The Portable Nietzsche, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Penguin, 1976), p. 44.
44. Briefe (425), Benjamin's letters, quoted in John McCole, Walter Benjamin and the Antimonies of Tradition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 12.
45. Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1995), p. 193.
46. Benjamin, "Dream Kitsch," Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2, 1927-1934 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1999), p. 3.
47. Leon Trotsky, The Balkan wars, 1912-13: The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1980), p. 148.
48. Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War Did Not Take Place, trans. Paul Patton (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 61-87.
49. Slovoj Zižek, ed., Mapping Ideology (London: Verso, 1994), p. 5.
50. "Mission Training Plan for Military Operations Other than War," Seventh Army Training Command White Paper, Coordinating Draft for Peace-keeping Operations (December 1994).
51. Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
52. B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy (New York: Signet, 1967), p. 5.
53. Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (Detroit: Black and Red, 1983), #1.
54. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983), p. 43.
55. Paul Virilio, Block 14 (Autumn 1988), p. 7.
56. Paul Virilio, The Vision Machine (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), p. 70.
57. Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle, #31.
58. Jean Baudrillard, Fatal Strategies (New York: Semiotext(e), 1990), p. 37.
59. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983), p. 2.
60. Paul Virilio, "Afterword," Bunker Archeology (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994), p. 202.
61. Baudrillard, Simulations, p. 25.
62. Guy Debord, In girum imus nocte et consumimur (We go around in circles in the night and are consumed by fire, 1978 film), cited in On the Passage of a few people through a rather brief moment in time: The Situationist International (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989), p. 104.
63. Steven Mufson, "What's In A Name? U.S. Drops Term 'Rogue State,' " Washington Post, June 20, 2000, p. 16;
64. "Updating Diplomacy's Language," New York Times, June 23, 2000.
65. Gail Collins, "A Reality-Television Campaign," New York Times, August 25, 2000, p. A25.
66. U.S. Department of State, Daily Press Briefing, June 19, 2000, Richard Boucher, Spokesman, http://secretary.state.gov/www/briefings/0006/000619db.html.
67. See U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Security Service, at http://www.heroes.net/warcrimes/warcriminals.html.
68. DARPA Welcome, http://www.darpa.mil/.
69. DARPA News Releases, http://www.darpa.mil/.
70. DARPA ATO, http://www.darpa.mil/ato/.
71. Clifford Geertz, "Thinking as a Moral Act: Ethical Dimensions of Anthropological Fieldwork In the New States," Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 39.
72. J. Michael Brower, "QDR for dummies," Army News Service, May 16, 1997, http://www.dtic.mil/armylink/news/May1997/a19970516qdr2.html;
73. Robert Holzer, "Report: Allies No Substitute For U.S. Troops," Defense News, August 28, 2000, p. 1.
74. For a good history of the QDR, see Brower, and the website of the Commonwealth Project on Defense Alternatives, http://www.comw.org/qdr/.
75. The full text of the QDR can be found at: http://www.fas.org/man/docs/qdr/.
76. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992). Electronic version licensed from InfoSoft International, Inc.
77. Francis Bacon, Works of Lord Bacon (London: Henry Bohn, 1864), book VII, ch. ii, p. 281.
78. Francis bacon, "Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms," Essays (London: Dent and Sons, 1939), p. 95
79. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), p. 208.
80. Francis Bacon, "Of Simulation and Dissimulation," Essays.
81. Jean Baudrillard, Simulations (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983), p. 5.
82. See Der Derian, "Cyberwar, Videogames, and the Gulf War Syndrome," Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed, and War (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992).
83. Airpower Journal 8 (January 1, 1994), p. 35.
84. Paul Virilio, interview from Art and Philosophy (Milan: Giancoarlo Politi Editore, 1991), p. 140.
85. Paul Virilio, Art and Philosophy, pp. 143-144.
86. " 'Peaceful' protesters called out of control," The Oakland Tribune, March 18, 1999, p. 1.
87. "Marines/CEOs Team Up for IT War Game," Joint Information Bureau, March 1, 1999, http://208.198.7/mcwl-hot/uw/media/pressr.html.
88. For the most objective account and a compilation of key documents, see the PBS Frontline website for its documentary, "Waco: the Inside Story," http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/waco/.
89. Christian Science Monitor, "Launching A 'Homeland Defense': To protect itself from terrorism, United States embarks on protection program reminiscent of early Cold War," January 29, 1999.
90. Pauline Jelinek, Philadelphia Inquirer, February 1, 2001.
91. Peter Marks, "Republicans Seeking Parity in TV Convention Coverage," New York Times, August 11, 2000, p. A13.
92. Bob Herbert, "Gore's Crucial Week," New York Times, August 14, 2000, p. A21.
93. Paul Virilio, Bunker Archeology (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994), p. 46.
94. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Glaser (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1994), p. 6.
95. Thomas E. Ricks, "Up In Arms: The Defense Department," Washington Post, August 1, 2000, p. 21.
96. Baudrillard, Simulacra, p. 7.
97. Steven Lee Myers, New York Times, July 28, 2000, p. A15.
98. See http://www.r2kphilly.org/ and http://www.d2kla.org/.
99. Jeffrey Rabin and Beth Shuster, "Judge Voids Convention Security Zone," Los Angeles Times (July 20, 2000), http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/elect2000/pres/demconven/lat_dnc000720.htm.
100. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christinaity, trans. George Eliot (New York: Harper and Row, 1957).
101. Sara Miles, "The Nasdaq-ing of Capitol Hill," New York Times Magazine, August 13, 2000, pp. 48-40.
102. John Markoff, "Oracle Leader Calls Microsoft Spying 'Civic Duty,' " New York Times, June 29, 2000, p. 1.
103. James Stewart, "Mousetrap: What Time Warner didn't consider when it unplugged Disney," The New Yorker, July 31, 2000, p. 28.
104. Fortune, August 14, 2000, pp. 34-35.
105. Paul Virilio, War and Cinema: The logistics of perception, trans. Patrick Camiller (London: Verso, 1989).
106. See Paul Virilio, "The Strategy of the Beyond," "The Vision Machine," and "Desert Screen," in The Virilio Reader, ed. James Der Derian (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998).
107. See Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler, and The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays, trans. and ed. Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995);
108. Friedrich Kittler, Gramophone, Film, Typewriter, trans. Geoffrey Winthrop-Young and Michael Wutz (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999).
109. Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler, p. 299.
110. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), p. 251.
111. Rick Lyman, "Building Rome by Computer," New York Times, April 28, 2000, p. C3.
112. Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Revival of Feudalism," Harper's Magazine (March 1935)
113. David Little, "The Recovery of Liberalism: Moral Man and Immoral Society Sixty Years Later," Ethics and International Affairs 7 (1993), pp. 171-202.
114. Triangle Institute for Security Studies, Project on the Gap Between the Military and Civilian Society, http://www.unc.edu/depts/tiss/CIVMIL.htm.
115. USC News Service, http://uncnews.usc.edu, August 17, 1999.
116. Opportunities for Collaboration Between the Defense and Entertainment Research Communities, http://books.nap.edu/catalog/5830.html.
117. Gloria Goodale, "Simulated violence and human behavior: Army enlists Hollywood to help harden its soldiers," Christian Science Monitor, October 2, 2000, http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/2000/10/02/fp2s2-csm.shtml.
118. See also the website of the Institute for Creative Technology at www.ict.usc.edu.
119. "Individual Protective Measures for Personal Security," GTA-19-4-3, July 1997.
120. Dana Priest, "Russia Jets Flew Within U.S. Range in Exercise," International Herald Tribune, July 2, 1999, p. 1.
121. Two that stand above the crowd, and should be read in tandem, are: Michael Ignatieff's Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000);
122. Thomas Keenan, " 'Looking like flames and falling like stars': Kosovo, the first Internet war," http://www.bard.edu/hrp/keenan/kosovo.htm.
123. Richard Holbrooke, To End a War: From Sarajevo to Dayton and Beyond (Random House, 1998).
124. Roger Cohen, "After the Lost Wars and the Ruined Economy, 'the Greater Slobo' Falls Silent," New York Times, October 6, 2000, p. A14.
125. DefenseLink, Department of Defense, http://www.defenselink.mil:80/news/Oct1999/b10141999_bt478-99.html.
126. Robert Uhlig, "Front-line news now travels by e-mail," The London Daily Telegraph, March 27, 1999, p.4.
127. "Most RAF Kosovo bombs 'off-target,' " Guardian, August 14, 2000.
128. See " 'Collateral Damage' or Unlawful Killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force," Amnesty International Report, June 2000, http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/2000/SUM/47001800.htm.
129. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995), p. 123.
130. Michael R. Gordon and Steven Lee Myers, "Bush Team Vows To Speed Up Work On Missile Shield," New York Times, April 30, 2001, p. 1.
131. Bob Kemper, "Bush Team Adjusts To World Realities," Chicago Tribune, May 15, 2001, p. 1.
132. See Christopher Hill, "World Opinion and the Empire of Circumstance," International Affairs 72, 1 (1996), pp. 109-113.
133. See, for example, Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (New York: Ballantine, 1992)
134. The Guns of August (New York: Ballantine, 1994).
135. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
136. Jonathan Schwartz, "Who Needs Hackers?" The New York Times (September 12, 2007), p. H1.
137. See Paul Virilio, The Virilio Reader, ed. James Der Derian (Oxford: Blackwell Press);
138. "Cybermonde, la politique du pire", Libération (Mai 10, 1996);
139. The Information Bomb, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 2000);
140. Strategy of Deception, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 2000).
141. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What is Philosophy?, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 160
142. Paul Patton, "Introduction," in Paul Patton ed., Deleuze: A Critical Reader (London: Blackwell Publishers, 1996).
143. See Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy?, p. 33
144. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Difference and Repetition, trans. Paul Patton (London: Athlone Press, 1994), p. 189.
145. Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy?, p. 160.
146. For a more visual and interactive representation of this effort to open up IR to new categories of threats and vulnerabilities as well as levels of analysis, see www.globalsecuritymatrix.org.
147. See James Der Derian, "A Reinterpretation of Realism: Genealogy, Semiology, and Dromology," in James Der Derian ed., International Theory: Critical Investigations (New York: New York University Press, 1995), pp. 363-396.
148. See James Dao, "Senators Question Handling of Cole Case: Suggestions That Navy Has Eased Accountability for Commanders," New York Times, May 4, 2001, p. A17.
149. Lawrence Osborne, "Regional Disturbances," New York Times Sunday Magazine, May 6, 2001, pp. 98-102.
150. George J. Tenet, Statement on the "Worldwide Threat 2001: National Security in a Changing World" before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 7, 2001 (http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/UNCLASWWT_02072001.html).
151. Mike Allen and Edward Walsh, "A 'Hoo-Ah!' And Some Numbers," Washington Post, February 13, 2001, p. 6.
152. "Excerpts From Bush's Remarks on the Military," New York Times, February 14, 2001, p. A26.
153. See Deborah Seward, "Russia Angered By U.S. Charges Of Spreading Missile Technologies," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 16, 2001, p. 1
154. Toby Harnden and Marcus Warren, "Russia Selling Atomic Know-How, Says U.S.," London Daily Telegraph, February 16, 2001, p. 1.
155. "In the President's Words on the Bombing: 'It's a Routine Mission,'" New York Times, February 17, 2001, p. A4.
156. Trial transcripts, United States of America v. Usama bin Laden, et al., February 6, 2001, online (http://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-01.htm).
157. Peter Grier, "A Terrorist Version Of NATO?," The Christian Science Monitor, February 16, 2001, p. 1;
158. Alan Feuer, "Terror Exports Are The Business Of Jihad Inc," New York Times, February 13, 2001. It should be noted that this chapter was written before 9/11: another accident?
159. See Steven Mufson, "What's In A Name? U.S. Drops Term 'Rogue State,' " Washington Post, June 20, 2000, p. 16;
160. "Updating Diplomacy's Language," New York Times, June 23, 2000, A13.
161. Gail Collins, "A Reality-Television Campaign," New York Times, August 25, 2000, p. A25.
162. Frank J. Gaffney Jr., "The Marshall Plan," Washington Times, February 13, 2001, p. 15.
163. See also John Dillin, "Pentagon Braces For A Makeover," Christian Science Monitor, February 12, 2001, p. 1.
164. Johanna McGeary, "Safe Landing A Carefully Engineered Game Plan Helped Bush Bring the U.S. Flight Crew Home," Time, April 23, 2001.
165. Laurence McQuillan, "Bush Intent On Averting Crisis," U.S.A Today, April 3, 2001, p. 10.
166. Neil King Jr., Michael Phillips, Greg Jaffe, and Charles Hutzler, "Crisis Forces Bush To Balance Clashing China-Policy Camps," Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2001, p. 1;
167. Jim Mann, "Crisis Forces Bush Team To Speed Up Decisions On China Policy," Los Angeles Times, April 3, 2001, p. 1;
168. Jane Perlez, "Powell Warns Of Damage To Ties As Crisis Drags On," New York Times, April 9, 2001, p. 1.
169. Clifford Geertz, "The World in Pieces: Culture and Politics at the End of the Century," in Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), p. 221.
170. See Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, trans. Richard Howard and A. B. Fox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966), p. 7.
171. François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
172. See Der Derian, "A Reinterpretation of Realism," pp. 363-396.
173. For a more rigorous treatment of the ideas behind my virtual theory, see Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy?;
174. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994);
175. "Speed Pollution," interview of Paul Virilio, Wired (May 1996), p. 120.
176. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988).
177. Robert Frost, "Accidentally on Purpose," The Poetry of Robert Frost (New York: Henry Holt, 1969).
178. See, for example, "The Secret History of Mohamed Atta," http://www.madcowprod.com/02212006.html.
179. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers_and_Barnum_&_Bailey_Clown_College.
180. http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=188; http://www.nicap.org/mthome490724dir.htm.
181. Kevin Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy (London: Fourth Estate, 1999), p. 31.
182. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Use and Abuse of History (http://www.geocities.com/thenietzschechannel/history.htm).
183. Walter Benjamin, A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism (London: Verso, 1997).
184. For an earlier discussion of the ideological, epistemological, and ontological obstacles facing any inquiry into terrorism, see James Der Derian, "The Terrorist Discourse: Signs, States, and Systems of Global Political Violence," Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed, and War (Cambridge, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 92-126.
185. Michael Ignatieff, "It's war-but it doesn't have to be dirty," Guardian, October 1, 2001.
186. George Will, "On the Health of the State," Newsweek, October 1, 2001, p. 70.
187. Edward Rothstein, "Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers," September 22, 2001, p. A17.
188. Mark Edington, New York Times, March 2, 1993.
189. Newsweek, March 8, 1993, p. 22.
190. Sunday Times, February 28, 1993, p. 10.
191. Phil Shenon and Jim Dwyer, "Agency Says Military Did Not Lie to 9/11," New York Times, August 5, 2006.
192. See http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/terrorists/fugitives.htm.
193. See http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/STRIKE_Casualties.html;
194. New York Times, February 9, 2002, p. A7.
195. See http://www.media-alliance.org/mediafile/20-5/dossier/herold12-6.html.
196. On the difficulty of assessing civilian casualties in Afghanistan, see http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A59457-2002Jan3 and http://www. arizonarepublic.com/news/articles/0125attacks-civilian25.html.
197. See "Uncertain Toll in the Fog of War: Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan," New York Times, February 10, 2002, p. A1.
198. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Glaser (Ann Arbor, MI: 1994), p. 159.
199. ABC Sunday News, September 30, 2001.
200. See http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep2001/t09252001_t0925sd.html.
201. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushtext_092601.html.
202. See New York Times, September 22, 2001 (http://query.nytimes.com/search/abstract?res=FA091FF6355F0C718EDDA00894D9404482).
203. See http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html.
204. See http://www.cnn.com/2002/U.S./01/31/gen.binladen.interview/index.html.
205. See http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism_militias/20011025_hr3162_usa_patriot_bill.html.
206. See Washington Post, September 26, 2001 (http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=story&articleid=VR1117854476&categoryid=10&query=H%27wood+enlists+in+war).
207. Disclaimer: I provided the information to them. See http://www.msnbc.com/news/642434.asp.
208. See http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=story&articleid=VR1117853841&categoryid=10&query=Institute+for+Creative+Technology).
209. See http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Dec2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html.
210. Paul Virilio, The Information Bomb, trans. Chris Turner (London and New York: Verso, 2000), p. 132.
211. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 314-315.
212. See Patrick Tyler, New York Times, February 17, 1992, p. A8.
213. See Paul Virilio, The Information Bomb (London and New York: Verso, 2000).
214. Kevin Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy (London: Fourth Estate, 1999), p. 31.
215. See Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, ed. Giovanna Borradori (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 85-90.
216. See Paul Virilio, The Aesthetics of Disappearance, trans. Philip Beitchman (New York: Semiotext(e), 1991)
217. James Der Derian, "Introduction," The Paul Virilio Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), pp. 1-15.
218. Michel Foucault, "On Popular Justice: A Discussion with Maoists," Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1980), pp. 1-36.
219. See Ron Suskind, "Without a Doubt," New York Times Sunday Magazine, October 17, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/magazine/17BU.S.H.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1110053172-nwfUWTatdh70umpUzIod5Q.
220. Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 459.
221. Timothy Garton Ash, "The Revolution of the Magic Lantern," New York Review of Books, January 18, 1990, p. 42.
222. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (September, 2002), p. 1, www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html.
223. National Security Strategy of the United States 1994-1995: Engagement and Enlargement (Washington and London: Brassy's, 1995).
224. NSS., p. 7.
225. NSS, p. 13.
226. NSS, p. 15.
227. NSS, p. 16.
228. NSS, p. 29.
229. Hannah Arendt, interview http://www.radioopensource.org/hannaharendt-and-the-banality-of-evil.
230. See John A. Nagl, Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (2005);
231. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (2007);
232. A Short Guide to Iraq (1943);
233. Small Wars Manual (1940).
234. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility," Second Version, The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media, eds. Michael W. Jennins, Bridgid Doherty, and Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2008), p. 41.
235. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1994), p. 1.
236. See Jim Dwyer, "A Nation at War: A Gulf Commander Sees a Longer Road", New York Times, March 23, 2003, p. A1.
237. General Franks' original statement was from a March 2002 news conference held at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan. On the controversy over the "Tommy Franks doctrine" of civilian casualty statistics, see http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/10/counting_civilian_deaths_in_ir.html.
238. See John C. Broder, "A Nation at War: The Casualties; U.S. Military Has No Count Of Iraqi Dead In Fighting," New York Times, April 2, 2003.
239. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_2002.