Silicon Alley: The rise and fall of a new media district

Silicon Alley: The Rise and Fall of a New Media District

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-217

  Indergaard, Michael ^a  

^a ST JOHN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84917228176     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203496596     Document Type: Book

References (471)

1. Vanessa Grigoriadis, "Silicon Alley 10003," New York Magazine, 6 March 2000, p. 30.
2. Andy Pratt,"Sticky Places? A Comment on the Making of'New Media' Spaces," working paper for Global II, A Workshop in Media and Communications, London School of Economics, 2000.
3. Sharon Zukin, Loft Living (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1982);
4. Robert Fitch, The Assassination of New York (London: Verso, 1993).
5. Jennifer Farley,"Take Two: Incubating Ideas and Accelerating Growth," AlleyCat News, January 2001, p. 76.
6. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Unexpected Riches Remake the City," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, pp. 28,30,32
7. Steve Malanga,"New Economy Propels City Economy to Record Year," Crain's New York Business, 13 December 1999, pp. 1, 52.
8. Uddy Ward,"Special Report: Commercial Real Estate," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, pp. 42,48,50.
9. Bruno Lator, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993);
10. Michel Callon,"Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation," in John Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), pp. 196-229.
11. Mark Granovetter and Patrick McGuire,"Thomas Edison and the Social Construction of the Early Electricity Industry in America," in Richard Swedberg (ed.), Explorations in Economic Sociology (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993), pp. 213-48
12. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000).
13. Peter Coy,"The Center Must Hold," BusinessWeek, 22 October 2001, p. 108.
14. Robert Shiller, Irrational Exhuberance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000);
15. Thomas Frank, One Market Under God (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
16. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Vintage, 1995);
17. Kevin Kelly, Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World (Reading, MA: Perseus, 1994);
18. George Gilder, Microcosm: The Quantum Revolution in Economics and Technology (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
19. Allen J.Scott, The Cultural Economy of Cities Essays on the Geography of Image-Producing Industries (London: Sage, 2000), p. 208.
20. Joel Kotkin, The New Geography: How the Digital Revolution Is Reshaping the American Landscape (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 113.
21. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic, 2002), p. 55.
22. Kotkin, The New Geography
23. Neil Fligstein,"Markets as Politics," American Sociological Review, 61 (1996): 656-73;
24. also see Bruce Carruthers and Brian Uzzi,"Economic Sociology in the New Millennium," Contemporary Sociology, 29 (2000): 486-94.
25. Kotkin, The New Geography, p. 130.
26. Paul Hirsch,"Processing Fads and Fashions," American Journal of Sociology, 77 (1972): 639-59.
27. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, p. 117.
28. R.B.Helfgott,"Women's and Children's Apparel," in M.Hall (ed.), Made in New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 63.
29. Also see the account of the Lower Manhattan Garment District provided by Allen J.Scott, Metropolis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 73-79.
30. Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1991).
31. Michael Storper, The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (New York: The Guilford Press, 1997);
32. Allen J.Scott, The Cultural Economy of Cities.
33. Monique Girard and David Stark,"Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New Media Projects," Environment and Planning A 34 (forthcoming).
34. Pratt,"Sticky Places?" p. 12.
35. See Annalee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994);
36. Matthew Zook,"Regional Systems of Financing." Paper presented at the Global Networks, Innovation, and Development Strategy Conference, University of California, at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 11-13 November 1999.
37. Wolf Heydebrand and Annalisa Miron,"Constructing Innovativeness in New Media Start-up Firms," Environment and Planning A, 34 (forthcoming).
38. Nigel Thrift,"It's the Romance, Not the Finance, that Makes the Business Worth Pursuing," Economy and Society, 30 (2001): 412-32.
39. Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 112.
40. Scott, The Cultural Economy of Cities
41. There is a burgeoning literature on global cities. Sources comparing New York to other global cities include Janet Abu-Lughod, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999);
42. Richard Child Hill and J.W.Kim,"Global Cities and Developmental States," Urban Studies, 37 (2000): 2167-95;
43. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
44. Richard Child Hill and Kuniko Fujita,"The Nested City," Urban Studies, 40 (2003): 207-18.
45. Heydebrand and Miron,"Constructing Innovativeness in New Media Start-up Firms":
46. Susan Christopherson,"Why Do National Labor Market Practices Continue to Diverge in the Global Economy? The'Missing Link' of Investment Rules," Economic Geography, 78, 1 (2002): 1-20;
47. Michael Indergaard,"The Webs They Weave: Malaysia's Multimedia Super Corridor and New York City's Silicon Alley," Urban Studies, 40 (2003): 379-401.
48. Kuniko Fujita,"Neo-Industrial Tokyo," Urban Studies, 40 (2003): 265.
49. Hans-Joachim Braczy, Gerhard Fuchs, and Hans-Georg Wolf (eds.), Multimedia and Regional Economic Restructuring (London: Routledge, 1999);
50. Pim den Hertog, Erik Bronner, and Sven Malther,"Innovation in an Adolescent Cluster: The Case of the Dutch Multimedia Cluster." (Utrecht, The Netherlands:Centre for Science and Policy/Dialogic, 2000).
51. Indergaard,"The Webs They Weave," p. 397.
52. Mark Weiss,"Idealism and the Internet: A New Business Model," @NY, 17 July 1998, p. 2.
53. Casey Hait and Stephen Weiss, Digital Hustlers (New York: Regan Books, 2001), p. 102.
54. Thomas Hirschfield,"The Coming Showdown in Media City," City Journal 7, 1 (1997): 3.
55. Melanie Warner,"Management Consulting: The Incredible Shrinking Consultant," Fortune.com, 12 May 2003, p. 2.
56. Kevin Phillips,"The Cycles of Financial Scandal," New York Times, 17 July 2002, p. 19.
57. Vanessa Grigoriadis,"Silicon Alley 10003," New York Magazine, 6 March 2000, p. 31.
58. Michael Krantz,"The Great Manhattan Geek Rush," New York Magazine, 13 November 1995, pp. 35-42.
59. Andrew Ross,"The Great Wired Way," posting on medialounge.net, 12 May 1997, p. 1.
60. Steve Johnson,"Web Editor Argues: Believe the Hype," @NY, 1997, p. 2.
61. Tom Watson,"It's Services Stupid. Realtime Replaces Branding," @NY, November 1997, p. 3.
62. J.Cherkovas,"New York's New Media's Ground Zero," @NY, 12 April 1996, p. 2.
63. Jason McCabe Calacanis,"The Story of Pseudo," Silicon Alley, Reporter, 2,11 (1998):38.
64. Also see T.Gabriel,"Where Silicon Alley Artists Go to Download," New York Times, 8 October 1995,p.52.
65. David W.Chen,"For New Media, an Old-Time Forum," New York Times, 1 May 1997, Section B, p. 10;
66. Amy Harmon,"Trying to Put Soul Back Into Silicon Alley," New York Times, 19 October 1997, p.4.
67. Jason Chervokas,"How New York Has Changed," @NY, 5 September 1997, p.2.
68. Krantz,"The Great Manhattan Geek Rush," p. 42.
69. B.Pulley,"New York Striving to Become Technology's Creative Center," New York Times, 13 February 1995, Section A, p. 1;
70. Shira J.Base,"Site Developers Case Wider Net" Crain's New York Business, 13 April 1998, p. 24.
71. Ian Fisher,"The Human Face of New York's Web World," New York Times, 8 August 1996, Section B, p. 1.
72. Austin Bunn,"Upstart Startups," Village Voice, 11 November 1997, p. 40.
73. Ruth Davis,"Silicon Survivors," New York Magazine, 20 April 1998, pp. 34-35.
74. Jason Chervokas and Tom Watson,"Silicon Alley Trades Attitude for Maturity," Cyber-Times, 23 September 1996, p. 2.
75. John Motavalli,"AOL Executive Chides Content Developers," ZDNN, 19 June 1997, p. 1.
76. Jason Chervokas,"The Good Guys Won the Battle but Stand to Lose the War," @NY, 19 February 1999, p. 1.
77. B.Pulley,"New York Striving to Become Technology's Creative Center," New York Times, 13 February 1995, Section A, p. 1;
78. Chris Sandlund,"Desire to Please Turning Around WTC," Crain's New York Business, 16 October 2000, p. 68.
79. Joshua Macht,"It Takes a Cyber Village," Inc. Tech, 4 (1997): 79-94.
80. Claudia Deutsch,"Leasing Real Space to Denizens of Cyberspace," New York Times, 26 May 1996, Real Estate Section, p. 7.
81. V.Block,"Rising Firm Tally Expands Geography of Silicon Alley," Crain's New York Business, 24 November 1997, pp. 36, 37.
82. "Nuturing the New Media Entrants," Commercial Real Estate Advertisement, New York Times, 25 March 1997, Section D, p. 25.
83. Warren St. John,"Media Mogul," Wired.com, July 1999, pp. 1-6.
84. Steve Lohr,"New York Area is Forging Ahead in New Media," New York Times, 15 April 1996, Section D, pp. 1,4;
85. "New York's Dynamic New Media," New York Times, 16 April 1996, p. 20;
86. Jason Chervokas and Tom Watson,"Report Gives City's New Media New Credibility," CyberTimes, 15 April 1996, pp. 1-4.
87. Warren St. John,"Brattitude Adjustment," Wired.com, September 2000, p. 3.
88. B.Warner,"Silicon Alley's Cool Fish," thestandard.com, 15 February 1999, pp. 2-3.
89. Lisa Napoli and Saul Hansell,"For Silicon Alley, a Time to Rise and Shine," New York Times, 29 March 1999, p.4.
90. Randall Rothenbery,"An Advertising Power, but Just What Does DoubleClick Do?" New York Times, 22 September 1999, E-Commerce Section, p. 14.
91. Barry Salzman,"The Web as a Global Medium," address at Silicon Alley Uptown conference, Columbia University Business School, New York, 17 November 2000.
92. J. Schwarz,"Trade Commission Drops Inquiry of DoubleClick," New York Times, 23 January 2001, Section C, p. 5.
93. Judith Messina,"Kevin O'Connor and the Mouse that Roared," Crain's New York Business, 15 May 2000, pp. 30, 32;
94. Rothenbery,"An Advertising Power, but Just What Does DoubleClick Do?"
95. Lisa Napoli,"A Focus on Women at iVillage," New York Times, 3 August 1998, Section D, p. 6.
96. G.Gould,"Alley Girl: I Village's Candice Carpenter on the Power of the Woman's Brand and How It May Change Silicon Alley," Silicon Alley Reporter, September 1998, p. 52.
97. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Millionaires of Silicon Alley," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999.
98. Jason McCabe Calacanis,"Star Gazing; SAR Talks Business with StarMedia's Million-Dollar Man," Silicon Alley Reporter, 3,8 (1999): 130.
99. Calacanis,"Star Gazing," p. 128.
100. Jennifer Rich,"StarMedia Faces New Challenges in Latin America," New York Times, 29 May 2000, pp. 34-35.
101. David Chen,"Now in New York: Angels that Rescue Companies," New York Times, 2 July 1997.
102. Amy Harmon,"Stocks Drive a Rush to Riches in Manhattan's Silicon Alley," New York Times, 31 May 1999, p. B6
103. Jeff Madrick,"Devotion to Free-Market, Laissez-Faire Dogma Makes for Ineffectual Policy," New York Times, 5 September 2000, p. C2.
104. H.Rowen,"Serendipity or Strategy: How Technology and Markets Came to Favor Silicon Valley," in C.Lee, W.Miller, M.G.Hancock, and H.Rowen (eds.), in The Silicon Valley Edge (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), p. 189.
105. Hengyi Feng, Julie Froud, Sukhdev Johal, Colin Haslam, and Karel Williams,"A New Business Model? The Capital Market and the New Economy," Economy and Society, 30 (2002): 486.
106. Neil Fligstein, The Architecture of Markets: An Economic Sociology of Twenty-First Century Capitalist Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 227.
107. David Chen,"Venture Capital Showing Faith in Internet's Future," New York Times, 27 May 1997.
108. John Motavalli, Bamboozled at the Revolution: How Big Media Lost Billions in the Battle for the Internet (New York: Viking, 2002), p. 304.
109. Annalee Saxenian, Regional Advantage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994);
110. Martin Kenney and Richard Florida,"Venture Capital in Silicon Valley," in Martin Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley (Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 2000), pp. 98-123.
111. Doug Mintz,"Behind the Venture Capital," Silicon Alley Reporter, 47 (2001): 17.
112. Lore Croghan,"Silicon Valley Bank Eyeing City's New Media Firms," Crain's New York Business, 3 February 1997.
113. Jason Calacanis,"Well Done," Silicon Alley Reporter, 26 (1999): 92.
114. Jason Chervokas,"The New Boys Network," The Industry Standard, 15 June 1998.
115. "Fred Wilson: New Media Money Man," Crain's New York Business, 31 March 1997;
116. Chervokas, "The New Boys Network," p. 32.
117. Judith Messina,"Fund Gives Youngest Tech Firms Introduction to NY Billionaires," Crain's New York Business, 28 September 1998, p. 4.
118. David Chen,"Virtual Pitch, but Real Jobs on the Line," CyberTimes, 16 June 1997, p.3.
119. Lynda Radosevich,"Start-up Star Warns Entrenched Companies to Retool or Be Surpassed," Info World Electric, 23 February 1999, p. 1.
120. Mark Gimein,"Around the Globe, New Stock Market Mania," The Industry Standard, 28 December 1998, p.40.
121. Jason Chervokas,"Looking Beyond the Madness," @NY, 13 November 1998, p. 1.
122. David Ball,"Unearthing an IPO Success" Silicon Alley Reporter, 22 (1999): 46.
123. Casey Hait and Stephen Weiss, Digital Hustlers (New York: Regan Books, 2001), p. 45.
124. Andy Pelander,"Show Me the Money," Silicon Alley Reporter, 32 (1999): 72.
125. Andy Pelander,"The Bridge to IPO," Silicon Alley Reporter, 32 (1999): 108.
126. Judith Messina,"Silicon CFOs," Crain's New York Business, 24 March 1997, p. 28.
127. Andy Pelander,"Accounting for Dot-Coms," Silicon Alley Reporter, 32 (1999): 96.
128. Marilyn Alva,"Charging Silicon Alley," Crain's New York Business, 12 October 1998, p. 29.
129. Marilyn Alva,"Internet Firms Count on Big 6 for Seal of Approval," Crain's New York Business, 9 June 1997, p.24.
130. Marilyn Alva,"Taking Risks on Unknown Pays Off with Stock Offering," Crain's New York Business, 12 October 1998, p. 32.
131. Mark Gimein,"How Morgan and Goldman Caught a Cold," The Industry Standard, 2 November 1998, p. 20.
132. Stephen Gandell,"Merrill Lynch Gets Cut Out of Tech IPO Boom," Crain's New York Business, 24 April 2000, pp. 1,57.
133. Joseph Kahn,"Wall St. Is Flush with Cash but also Green with Envy," New York Times, 14 December 1999, p. 12.
134. Marcia Vickers and Gary Weiss,"Wall Street's Hype Machine," BusinessWeek, 3 April 2000, p. 114.
135. Eric Dinallo, Assistant Attorney General, State of New York, Affidavit in Support of Applica-tion for an Order Persuant to General Business Law Section 354 with Regard to the Acts and Practices of Merrill Lynch & Co, Inc., Henry Blodget et al., 8 April 2002, p. 24.
136. E. S. Browning and Grey Ip,"Here Are Six Myths that Drove the Boom in Technology Stocks," TheWallStreetJournal.com, 16 October 2000, p. 5.
137. David Chen,"Venture Capital Discovers New York's New Techology," New York Times, 5 February;
138. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 3rd New York New Media Survey (New York, 2000);
139. Ken Li,"Urge to Merge Pervades Silicon Alley," TheStandard.com, 16 August 1999, p. 1
140. John Tierney,"In E-World, Capital Is Where Its @," New York Times, 3 May 2000, p. 1.
141. Jerry Colonna,"For Internet Stocks, the Fall of Overvalued Companies Can Hurt Strong Companies," New York Times, 1 June 1998, p. 25.
142. Saul Hansell,"Gold Rush in Silicon Alley," New York Times, 7 February 2000, p. 13.
143. Doug Mintz,"Flatiron's Future," Silicon Alley Reporter, 42 (2001): 28.
144. Mark Walsh,"Venture Capital Investors Crowd Internet Gateway," Crain's New York Business, 6 November 2000, pp. 63,66;
145. Hansell,"Gold Rush in Silicon Alley," pp. C1, 13.
146. Rafat Ali,"Make Sure to Take an Umbrella," Silicon Alley Daily, 28 November 2001, p. 4.
147. Jason Chervokas,"The Good Guys Won the Battle but Stand to Lose the War," @NY, 19 February 1999, p. 2;
148. Jason Calacanis,"The Internet 2.0 Manifesto," Silicon Alley Daily, 13 November 2000, p. 3.
149. Lisa Napoli and Saul Hansell,"For Silicon Alley, a Time to Rise and Shine," New York Times, 29 March 1999, p.C4.
150. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Unexpected Riches Remake the City," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, p. 47.
151. Jason Calacanis,"The Force of the Slacker Generation," Silicon Alley Reporter, 31 (1999): 20.
152. C.J.Hughes,"Chinatown by Bus: More Silicon, Fewer Garments," Silicon Alley Daily, 9 December 2000, p. 9.
153. Andy Pratt,"New Media," Geoforum, 31 (2000): 425-36.
154. Rosemary Batt, Susan Christopherson, Ned Rightor, and Van Jaarsveld, Net Working: Work Patterns and Workforce Policies for the New Media Industry (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2001);
155. Heydebrand and Miron,"Constructing Innovativeness in New Media Start-up Firms." 6.
156. Allen J.Scott,"From Silicon Valley to Hollywood," in Hans-Joachim Braczy, Philip Cooke, and Martin Heidenreich (eds.), National Innovation Systems (London: UCL Press, 1998), pp. 136-62;
157. Nigel Thrift,"Its the Romance, Not the Finance, that Makes the Business Worth Pursuing," Economy and Society, 30 (2001): 412-32.
158. Paul DiMaggio,"Conclusion: The Future of Business Organization and Paradoxes of Change," in Paul DiMaggio (ed.), The Twenty-First Century Firm (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 210-244;
159. Walter Powell,"The Capitalist Firm in the TwentyFirst Century," in DiMaggio (ed.), The Twenty-First Century Firm, pp. 33-68.
160. Craig Johnson,"Advising the New Economy: The Role of Lawyers," in C. Lee, W. Miller, M.G.Hancock, and J.Rowen (eds.), The Silicon Valley Edge (Stanford, CA:Stanford Univerity Press, 2000), pp. 325-41;
161. Mark Suchman,"Dealmakers and Counselors: Law Firms as Intermediaries in the Development of Silicon Valley," in Martin Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), pp. 71-97.
162. Francesca Poletta,"It Was Like a Fever..." Narrative and Identity in Social Protest," Social Problems, 45 (May 1998): 137-59.
163. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"New Media Lifts New York Economy," Crain's New York Business, 15 May 2000, p. 129.
164. Alair Townsend,"With Right Leaders, City's Latest Boom Won't Be Doomed," Crain's New York Business, 15 May 2000, p. 99.
165. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Power Alley," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, pp. 27, 30.
166. Steve Malanga,"New Economy Propels City to Record Year," Crain's New York Business, 13 December 1999, pp. 1,52.
167. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Unexpected Richs Remake the City," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, p. 30.
168. Rae D.Rosen and Reagan Murray,"Opening Doors: Access to the Global Market for Financial Sectors," in Margaret Crahan and Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush (eds.), The City and the World (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997), pp. 39-50.
169. David Kirkpatrick,"Street Addict," New York, 1 May 2000, p. 36.
170. Jason Bram and James Orr,"Can New York City Book on Wall Street?" Current Issues in Economics and Finance: Second District Highlights. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 5,11 (July 1999): 1-2;
171. Jason Bram and Mike DeMott,"New York City's New-Media Boom: Real or Virtual?" Current Issues in Economics and Finance: Second District Highlights. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 4, 10 (October 1998): 1-4.
172. Matthew Flamm, Fredrick Gabriel, and Faye Brockman,"Millionaires of Silicon Alley," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999.
173. Girard and Stark,"Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New Media Projects," pp. 11,13,19.
174. Jennifer Epel,"I Like the Nightlife, Baby," Silicon Alley Reporter, 4 (2000): 122.
175. John Motavalli, Bamboolzed at the Revolution (New York: Viking, 2002), pp. 236-37.
176. Nina Munk,"The Price of Freedom," New York Times Magazine, 5 March 2000, p. 51.
177. Judith Dobrzynski,"Online Pioneers: The Buzz Never Stops," New York Times, 21 November 1999, Section3, p. 14.
178. G.Gould,"Alley Girl," Silicon Alley Reporter (September 1998): 52.
179. Tom Watson,"The Geek's Ultimate Revenge," @NY, 13 August 1999, pp. 1-2.
180. Judith Messina,"Software Pitchmen Strong Believers in New York's Burgeoning Sector," Crain's New York Business, 5 February 1996, p. 1.
181. Larry Kanter and Judith Messina,"Many Industries Bet Future on New Media," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, p. 30.
182. M.Baer,"The New Economy's Currency Is Stock, Stock, Stock," New York Times, 29 March 2000, p. 12.
183. Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: Norton, 1998), p. 81.
184. Alan Cohen,"Law Firms Woo Silicon Alley Start-ups," New York Law journal, 14 June 1999, PP. 1-5.
185. Charles Keenan,"Law Firm Scores Technical Knockout," Crain's New York Business, 4 September 2000, p. 16.
186. M.Baer,"The New Economy's Currency Is Stock, Stock, Stock" p. 12.
187. Flamm, Gabriel, and Brockman,"Millionaires of Silicon Alley," p. 49.
188. Michelle Leder,"Internet Ad Blitz Booms, Reshaping NY Landscape," Crain's New York Business, 6 March 2000, p. 36.
189. Larry Kanter and Judith Messian,"Nightlife, Culture Explores Geek Chic," Crain's New York Business, 29 November 1999, p. 42.
190. Lore Croghan,"Silicon Alley Style," Crain's New York Business, 3 February 2000, p. 58.
191. Sarah Bernard,"Gotham Expansion Teams," New York Magazine, 12 June 2000, p. 14.
192. Leo Jacobson,"Back to the Garage: Sen. Chuck Schumer and His Group of 35 Tackle the City's Space Crunch," Silicon Alley Reporter, 4 (2000): 70,148.
193. J.Chiu,"Space Grabbers," Crain's New York Business, 7 August 2000, pp. 1,54.
194. Randal Archibad,"A Silicon Alley Street Fair, Until a Virtual One Comes Along," New York Times, 22 May 2000, p. 1.
195. John Holusha,"Commercial Real Estate; Industrial Center is Reborn as Offices," New York Times, 11 October 2000, Section B, p. 8.
196. Lore Croghan,"Jupiter Signs 15-Year Lease; First to Pick Astor Place," Crain's New York Business, 20 March 2000, p. 4.
197. Ellen Rand,"Commercial Real Estate High Tech Touch," Special Advertisement, New York Times, 21 March 2000, p. 8.
198. Laurie Aron,"Downtown Re-emerges as Office Mecca," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, p. 28;
199. Lore Croghan,"Downtown Catches Midtown Office Fever," Crain's New York Business, 10 July 2000, pp. 3,26.
200. Karen Angel,"Who Needs Square Footage? Tenants Seek Net Connections" Crain's New York Business, 16 August 1999, p. 29.
201. Rand,"Commercial Real Estate High Tech Touch," p. 9.
202. Judith Messina,"Telecoms Get in on, and Wire, the Ground Floor," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, p. 30.
203. Lore Croghan,"Web Host Expands to NYC as AT&T Site Goes Dot-Com," Crain's New York Business, 28 August 2000, p. 11.
204. Lore Croghan, "Taking Calls for a New Telco Hotel," Crain's New York Business, 25 September 2000, p. 46.
205. John Holusha,"Dot-Coms Accounted for 25% of First-quarter Leases," New York Times, 23 April 2000, p. 4.
206. Laurie Aron,"Web, Retail Surge Earns Full House for Midtown South, Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, pp. 26,48;
207. D. Anderson,"The Race for Office Space," TheStandard.com, 11 January 2000, pp. 1-3.
208. Mark Walsh,"Companies Parking in Alley Confront Cyberspace Jam," Crain's New York Business, 14 September 1998, p. 47.
209. Baer,"The New Economy's Currency Is Stock, Stock, Stock," p. 12.
210. Anderson,"The Race for Office Space," pp. 1-3.
211. Rand,"Commercial Real Estate High Tech Touch," p. 2.
212. Stefani Eads,"Selling Their Souls to Be in Silicon Alley," Businessweek.com, 24 April 2000, pp. 1-3;
213. Aron,"Web, Retail Surge Earns Full House for Midtown South," pp. 26,48.
214. Claude Solnik,"Famed Architects Exert Their Outside Influence," Crain's New York Business, 15 January 2001, p. 26.
215. Lorraine Kreahling,"Name Your Price," Crain's New York Business, 15 January 2001, p. 24.
216. M.Flamm,"A Booming Economy Remakes Manhattan," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, p. 24;
217. Anderson,"The Race for Office Space," p. 2;
218. Kreahling,"Name Your Price," p.24.
219. Rand,"Commercial Real Estate High Tech Touch." 104.
220. Lorraine Kreahling,"New Media Firms' Space Program," Crain's New York Business, 18 October 1999, pp. 41,54.
221. Michael McDonald,"Chinatown Loses Its Edge," Crain's New York Business, 19 June 2000, p. 1.
222. U.Ward,"Special Report: Commercial Real Estate," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, pp. 42,48,50.
223. Aron,"Downtown Re-emerges as Office Mecca," p. 28.
224. Kanter and Messina,"Unexpected Richs Remake the City," p. 28;
225. Aron,"Downtown Reemerges as Office Mecca," p. 28.
226. Bernard,"Gotham Expansion Teams," p. 14.
227. S.Boss,"Free Trade, High Rents Hang Garment Makers Out to Dry," Crain's New York Business, 13 March 2000;
228. Tom Fredrickson,"Garment Area Jobs Stripped," Crain's New York Business, 25 March 2001, pp. 1,45.
229. John Holusha,"A Developer Puts a Bet on the Meatpacking District," New York Times, 16 July 2000, p.9.
230. D.Dunlap,"For Once-Gritty Tribeca, a Golden Glow," New York Times, 30 July 2000, Section 11, pp. 1,8.
231. Lisa Goff,"Tenants' Tastes Remap Manhattan: New Borders Reflect Changing Hot Spots," Crain's New York Business, 16 October 2000, pp. 63-64.
232. John Holusha,"An Upcycle Just Keeps Rolling," New York Times, 24 September 2000, pp. 1,6.
233. Peter Malbin,"Trinity Real Estate," Crain's New York Business, 15 January 2001, p. 50.
234. McDonald,"Chinatown Loses Its Edge," pp. 1,54.
235. Bernard,"Gotham Expansion Teams," p. 14.
236. Aron,"Downtown Re-emerges as Office Mecca," p. 28.
237. Eads,"Selling Their Souls to Be in Silicon Alley," p. 2.
238. Jacobson,"Back to the Garage," p. 146.
239. Michelle Leder,"Newmark & Co.," Crain's New York Business, 15 January 2001, p. 48.
240. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996);
241. Bruce Bernstein,"Silicon Alley's Albany Agenda: Expand the Technology Boom," @NY, 4 June 1999, p. 1.
242. C.J.Hughes,"Bronx Online," Silicon Alley Daily, 25 January 2001, pp. 2-5.
243. Jason Chervokas,"The New Boys' Network," The Industry Standard, 15 June 1998.
244. Jason Chervokas,"Why Silicon Alley Isn't a Neighborhood, It's a Region," At New York, 12 March 2000, p. 2.
245. Judith Messina,"How to Boost High Tech in NY Area? It's Academic," Crain's New York Business, 11 January 1999, p. 13.
246. Annalee Saxenian, Regional Advantage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994);
247. See H.Savitch and R.Vogel (eds.), Regional Politics (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996);
248. Michael Indergaard,"Beyond the Region," Urban Affairs Review, 34 (1998): 241-62.
249. Manuel Castells and Peter Hall, Technopoles of the World (London: Routledge, 1994);
250. and Ann Markusen, Young-Sook Lee, and Sean DiGiovanna (eds.), Second Tier Cities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999);
251. See John Allen, Doreen Massey, and Allan Cochrane, Rethinking the Region (London: Routledge, 1998);
252. Judith Messina,"For Job, Push Enter: New Media Firms Promise Entry-level Positions, Ask City to Shift Focus from Big Firm Goodies," Crain's New York Business, 25 September 1995, pp. 3, 37.
253. "Pataki Must Help High Growth Firms," Crain's New York Business, 17 March 1997, p. 8.
254. "Vallone Proposes Help for Tech Firms," Crain's New York Business, 10 November 1997, p. 12.
255. Charles Millard,"How New York City is Working to Give a Leg Up to Silicon Alley," @NY, 26 February 1999, pp. 1-2.
256. Bernhard Warner,"New York Offers Aid to Keep Net Firms," The Standard.com, 22 June 1999, pp. 1-3.
257. Steve Malanga,"Horse Trading for City Jobs," Crain's New York Business, 8 February 1999, p. 9.
258. Bernstein,"Silicon Alley's Albany Agenda" p. 1.
259. Christine Gordon,"You Take Manhattan: Will Net Companies Adopt'Other' Boroughs," At New York, 21 February 2000, p. 2.
260. Bernstein,"Silicon Alley's Albany Agenda," pp. 1-2.
261. Steve Malagna,"Leap of Faith for Landlords," Crain's New York Business, 22 May 2000, p. 9.
262. Ellen Rand,"Commercial Real Estate High Tech Touch," Special Advertisement New York Times, 21 March 2000, p. 8.
263. Gordon,"You Take Manhattan: Will Net Companies Adopt'Other' Boroughs," p. 2.
264. Leo Jacobson,"Back to the Garage: Sen. Chuck Schumer and His Group of 35 Tackle the City's Space Crunch," Silicon Alley Reporter, 4 (2000): 70.
265. P.Lentz,"Pursuing West Side Glory,"Crain's New York Business, 18 September 2000, pp. 1,52.
266. Jacobson,"Back to the Garage."
267. James Ledbetter,"New York Places a Little Internet Wager," The Standard.com, 30 April 1999, pp. 1-2.
268. Mark Walsh,"State Tech Dollars Won't Flow to City," Crain's New York Business, 17 July 2000, p. 46.
269. Terry Pristin,"New York City Partnership and Chamber of Commerce Names New Head," New York Times, 8 December 2000, p. 14.
270. Laurie Joan Aron,"The Right Stuff: Aiming to Create Jobs, Lift Distressed Areas, Investment Fund Takes Odd Risks that Often Pay Off," Crain's New York Business, 14 May 2001, pp. 23,28.
271. Michael McDonald,"Kravis City Fund Ends Manufacturing Push," Crain's New York Business, 17 April 2000, pp. 1,81.
272. Ericsson Cyberlab,"The New York City Investment Fund and the New York New Media & Technology Community," Cyberlab-ny.ericsson.com, no date, pp. 1-2.
273. Judith Messina,"Colleges Spend on Teaching Tech," Crain's New York Business, 22 November 1999, p.44.
274. Amy Harmon,"Stocks Drive a Rush to Riches in Manhattan's Silicon Alley," New York Times, 31 May 1999, Section B, p. 6.
275. Mark Walsh,"NYU: Private University in Public Market," Crain's New York Business, 24 January 2000.
276. Jennifer Farley,"Take Two: Incubation Ideas and Accelerating Growth," AlleyCat News, January 2001, pp. 74-76.
277. Farley,"Take Two: Incubation Ideas and Accelerating Growth," p. 76.
278. Charles Keenan,"CUNY Learns Lesson in Linking to Business," Crain's New York Business, 7 August 2000, p. 24.
279. Antonio Perez, letter to the editor, New York Times, 27 May 2000, p. 14.
280. Keenan,"CUNY Learns Lesson in Linking to Business," p. 24.
281. "Flatiron Launches Venture Philanthropy Funds," At New York, 3 April 2000, p. 1.
282. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York:Scribners, 1958);
283. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996);
284. Jennifer Epel,"I Like the Nightlife, Baby," Silicon Alley Reporter, 4 (2000): 122.
285. David Noble,"The Religion of Technology: The Myth of a Masculine Millennium," Progress Without People (Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 1996), pp. 127-42.
286. Michael Deaver,"Reagan Democrats: Gone but Not Forgotten," New York Times, 22 February 2000, p. 23.
287. P.Henning,"Charles Darwin Meet Adam Smith, Red Herring, September 2000, pp. 229-30.
288. Judith H.Dobrzynski,"Online Pioneers: The Buzz Never Stops," New York Times, 21 November 1999, Section 3, p. 1.
289. Amy Harmon,"Stocks Drive a Rush to Riches in Manhattan's Silicon Alley," New York Times, 31 May 1999, Section B, p. 6.
290. Dobrzynski,"Online Pioneers: The Buzz Never Stops," p. 14.
291. Leo Jacobson,"Republican Senate-Hopeful Rick Lazio Has Friends in Silicon Alley After All," Silicon Alley Daily, 21 September 2000, p. 4.
292. See Daniel Gross, Bull Run: Wall Street, the Democrats, and the New Politics of Personal Finance (New York: Public Affairs, 2000);
293. David Kirkpatrick,"Street Addict," New York Magazine, 1 May 2000, p. 35.
294. John Tierney,"@ Wits' End and in a Mood to Taunt," New York Times, 5 February 2000, Section B, p. 1.
295. Lore Croghan,"Jupiter Signs 15-year Lease," Crain's New York Business, 20 March 2000, p. 4.
296. "Dot-Com Crash, or Fender Bender," Crain's New York Business, 24 July 2000, p. 8.
297. "AOL/Time Warner," Silicon Alley Reporter (January 2001): 29.
298. Mark Walsh,"Time, AOL Deal Brings Merger Frenzy to Alley," Crain's New York Business, 17 January 2000, pp. 1,69.
299. James Ledbetter,"A New Media World Order," Thestandard.com, 14 January 2000, p. 1.
300. Paul DiMaggio,"Endogenizing'Animal Spirits' ": Toward a Sociology of Collective Response to Uncertainty and Risk," in Mauro Guillén et al. (eds.), The New Economic Sociology (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002), pp. 79-100;
301. W.R.Scott, Institutions and Organizations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995);
302. Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991);
303. Paul DiMaggio,"Endogenizing Animal Spirits." 10.
304. Michael Piore, Beyond Individualism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 137-39.
305. Randall Collins,"On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology," American Journal of Sociology 86 (1981): 984-1014.
306. Judy Temes,"Burned Offerings: Weak Market Hits IPOs," Crain's New York Business, 14 April 1997, p. 12.
307. Tom Watson,"Will Stock Dive Finally Kill Net Hype Once and for All?" @NY, 1 January 1998, p. 1.
308. Jon Birger and Judith Messina,"Up in Smoke," Crain's New York Business, 16 November 1998, pp. 51-52.
309. Alice O'Rourke, letter to the editor, Crain's New York Business, 7 December 1998, p. 8.
310. Carl Weisbrod, letter to the editor, Crain's New York Business, 30 November 1998, p. 8.
311. Judith H.Dobrzynski,"Online Pioneers: The Buzz Never Stops," New York Times, 21 November 1999, Section 3, p. 14.
312. Andrew Ross, No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 74.
313. Monique Girard and David Stark,"Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New Media Projects," working paper, Institute for Social and Economy Research and Policy, Columbia University, 2001.
314. Wolf Heydebrand and Annalisa Miron,"Constructing Innovativeness in New Media Startup Firms," Environment and Planning A, 34 (forthcoming).
315. Rosemary Batt, Susan Christopherson, Ned Rightor, and Van Jaarsveld, Net Working: Work Patterns and Workforce Policies for the New Media Industry (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2001), 39.
316. Dan Mitchell,"Profit or Persish," The Industry Standard, 24 January 2000, pp. 208, 213.
317. Gretchen Morgenson,"If You Think Last Week Was Wild...," New York Times, 19 March 2000, Section 3, p. 1.
318. Floyd Norris,"NASDAQ Market at 5,000: Redefining Market Volatility," New York Times, 10 March 2000, p. 10.
319. David Lipschultz,"A Simple Case of Supply and Demand," Red Herring (May 2000): 426-34.
320. Paul Krugman,"The Ponzi Paradigm," New York Times, 12 March 2000, p. 15.
321. Jerry Useem,"New Ethics or No Ethics," Fortune, 20 March 2000, pp. 82-86.
322. Marcia Vickers and Gary Weiss,"The Wall Street Hype Machine," Business Week, 3 April 2000, pp. 114-26.
323. Gretchen Morgenson,"Getting Reacquainted With Risk," New York Times, 9 April 2000, Section 3, pp. 1,7.
324. "Spring Fever," New York Times, 18 April 2000, Section C, p. 16.
325. Eric J.Savitz,"Has the Nasdaq Hit Bottom?" The Industry Standard, 19 March 2001, p. 36.
326. Steve Lohr,"Technology Sell-Off May Bring Shakeout of Dot-Com Concerns," New York Times, 17 April 2000, p. 17.
327. Tom Watson,"Special Report: The End of Nasdaq Welfare," At New York, 17 April 2000, p. 1.
328. Matt Richel,"www.layoffs.com: Internet Work Force Has Its First Brush with Downsizing," New York Times, 22 June 2000, p. 12.
329. Alexia Vargas,"Falling Dot.coms Confront Delisting," Crain's New York Business, 10 July 2000, p. 3.
330. Lark Park,"Out on the Venture Plateau," The Industry Standard, 13 Novemeber 2000, p. 77.
331. Mark Walsh,"Venture Season Is Hot, Even as Stocks Cool," Crain's New York Business, 21 August 2000, p. 34.
332. Mark Walsh,"Profits of Boom," Crain's New York Business, 21 August 2000, p. 39.
333. PricewaterhouseCoopers, New York New Media Survey: Climate Study, January 2001.
334. Walsh,"Profits of Boom," p. 39.
335. Mark Walsh,"Venture Funds Seek Greener Pastures," Crain's New York Business, 13 November 2000, p. 68.
336. Laurie Joan Aron,"Return of the Killer Ap," Crain's New York Business, 26 March 2001, p. 23.
337. Simon Romero,"Wireless Internet Casts Its Shadow, and Substance, in New York," New York Times, 21 August 2000, p. 1.
338. Richel,"www.layoffs.com: Internet Work Force Has Its First Brush with Downsizing," p. 12.
339. Alexia Vargas,"Alley-ites Find Life After Layoffs," Crain's New York Business, 24 July 2000, p. 1.
340. Lisa Ammerman,"The Pink Slip Holiday Tribute Bash," Silicon Alley Daily, 21 December 2000, pp. 5-6.
341. "Readers Respond to Pseudo Shutdown," Silicon Alley Daily, 21 September 2000, p. 7.
342. Stacy Cowley,"Six-year-old Pseudo Exhausts Its Cash Supply and Shuts Down," Silicon Alley Daily, 19 September 2000, p. 2.
343. "Pseudo's (Former) CFO David Bohrman: The Sinking of Pseudo," Silicon Alley Daily, 26 September 2000, p. 2.
344. Erin Joyce,"Overserved Media Market: MTVi's Layoffs Only the Start," At New York, 28 September 2000, p. 1.
345. Charles LeDuff,"What a Long, Strange Trip: Pseudo.com to Dot-Nowhere," New York Times, 27 October 2000, p. 10.
346. Steve Baldwin,"The Fire This Time," Disobey.com, 2 July 2000, p. 1.
347. "Disgusted," Disobey.com, 3 August 2000, p. 6.
348. Mike Rinzel,"The Dot-Com Fallout: How Baby Boomers Screwed Gen X," Silicon Alley Daily, 9 November 2000, p. 4.
349. Michael Indergaard,"Innovation, Speculation, and Urban Development: The New Media Market Brokers of New York City," in Kevin Fox Gotham (ed.), Research in Urban Sociology. Volume 6: Critical Perspectives on Urban Redevelopment (Oxford: JAI Press, 2001), p. 138.
350. Vargas,"Falling Dot.coms Confront Delisting," pp. 3,31.
351. Mark Walsh,"Head Resident of iVillage," Crain's New York Business, 5 June 2000, p. 2.
352. Jill Hunter,"And Then There Was One: iVillage Buys Competitor Women.com," Silicon Alley Daily, 6 February 2001, pp. 4-5.
353. Lisa Ammerman,"Post-Women.com Merger, iVillage to Cut 50 Percent of Its Staff," Silicon Alley Daily, 22 June 2001, pp. 5-6.
354. Dakota Smith,"StarMedia Cuts 125 Staffers," Silicon Alley Daily, 14 September 2000, pp. 2-3.
355. Mark Walsh,"Crunch Leaves Alley Firms Few Choices," Crain's New York Business, 26 February 2001, p.42.
356. Brian Morrissey,"StarMedia CEO Shuffle: Narciso Replaces Espuelas," Silicon Alley Daily, 8 August 2001, pp. 3-4.
357. "DoubleClick Acquires @plan in $120 Million Deal," Silicon Alley Daily, 25 September 2000, p. 8.
358. Chris Gaitler,"DoubleClick in Layoffs as Online Advertising Slackens," New York Times, 5 December 2000, Section C, p. 4.
359. Brian Morrissey,"DoubleClick Turns to E-Mail to Weather Online Ad Storm," Silicon Alley Daily, 11 july 2001, pp. 2-3.
360. "Consultant, Heal Thyself," Economist, 9 December 2000, p. 74.
361. Andrew Ross, No-Collar, p. 85.
362. Brian Morrissey,"Honey, I Shrunk the Fish: Razorfish Gets Smaller," Silicon Alley Daily, 15 August 2001, p. 5.
363. Mark Walsh,"Everything Old Is New Again," Crain's New York Business, 3 July 2000, p. 3.
364. Michael O'Sullivan, Comments, panel on The Path to Profitability, Silicon Alley Uptown, Columbia University, 17 November 2000.
365. Andy Weissman,"Surviving the Alley," keynote address at Alley Talks, New York University, 2 March 2001.
366. Wenda Harris Millard, Comments, panel on State of the New York New Media 2001, New York New Media Association, New York, 30 January 2001.
367. Scott Kurnit, Comments, panel on State of the New York New Media, 2001.
368. Jerry Colonna, Comments, panel on State of the New York New Media, 2001.
369. Laurie Joan Aron,"IBM Makes Inroads in Silicon Alley," Crain's New York Business, 2 April 2001, p. 14.
370. "Primedia to Acquire About.com for $690 Million," Silicon Alley Daily, 30 October 1999, p. 1.
371. Mark Walsh,"Old Media, New Rush to E-Merge," Crain's New York Business, 6 November 2000, p. 3.
372. Kenneth Li,"Viacom Goes Super Sonic," The Industry Standard, 16 October 2000, p. 124.
373. Lisa Ammerman,"I Want My Synergy," Silicon Alley Daily, 26 March 2001, p. 4.
374. "AOL/Time Warner," Silicon Alley Reporter (January 2001): 29.
375. Jill Hunter,"In New Venture, Pseudo's Harris Bares Much More than His Soul," Silicon Alley Daily, 7 December 2000, pp. 1-4.
376. C.J.Hughes,"Convergence, Convergence," Silicon Alley Daily, 11 January 2001, p. 5.
377. C.J.Hughes,"CondeNet Sports a New Look," Silicon Alley Daily, 18 January 2001, p. 4.
378. C.J.Hughes,"Lobbying for Change," Silicon Alley Daily, 30 November 2000, p. 5-6.
379. "AOL/Time Warner," p. 29.
380. Andrew Ross, No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 236.
381. Richard Florida,"People Who Can Rebuild a City," New York Times, 26 July 2002, p. 2.
382. Ethan Brown,"Generation Hexed," New York Magazine, 17 March 2003, p. 28.
383. Carl Swanson,"We Know What You Paid Last Summer," New York Magazine, 12 March 2001, p. 29.
384. "The Neighborhoods," New York Magazine, pp. 35-46.
385. Swanson,"We Know What You Paid Last Summer," p. 30.
386. "The Neighborhoods," pp. 35-46.
387. Charles Bagli,"Firms in Bidding War for Midtown Space," New York Times, November 30, 2000, Section B, p. 9.
388. Saskia Sassen,"How Downtown Can Stand Tall and Step Lively Again," New York Times, 26 January 2003, p. 35.
389. Richard Child Hill and J.W. Kim,"Global Cities and Developmental States," Urban Studies, 38 (2000): 2167-95.
390. Niall Ferguson,"True Cost of Hegemony: Huge Debt," New York Times, 20 April 2003, Section 4, pp. 1,5.
391. Naval War College,"Asian Energy Futures Event Report (1): Project Overview and Introduction," NWC.navy.mil, April 2001, pp. 1-11.
392. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 2000);
393. John Aruilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2001);
394. "ESpeed Moves Up Profits Date," Silicon Alley Daily, 1 February 2001, pp. 7-8.
395. Brian Morrissey, Silicon Alley Daily, 12 September 2001, p. 6.
396. Leslie Eaton,"Economy Is Tough All Over, But in New York, It's Horrid," New York Times, 19 February 2003, Section B, p. 6.
397. New York City Partnership, Working Together to Accelerate New York's Recovery: Update of the NYC Partnership's Economic Impact Analysis of the September 11th Attack on New York City, 11 February 2002.
398. Charles R.Morris,"New York and Wall Street," New York Times, 11 May 2003, Weekend Section, p. 5.
399. Leslie Eaton,"Job Losses in New York City Since 9/11 Continue to Grow," New York Times, 14 March 2003, Section B, p. 3.
400. Katin Hetter,"Report: Attacks'Wound' Many Industries," Newsday.com, 31 October 2000, p. 1.
401. Charles Bagli,"Insurer Considers Major Move to Downtown's Empty Office Spaces," New York Times, 7 March 2003, Section D, p. 4.
402. Kyle Shannon, Comments, panel on the State of the NYC Digital Economy, New School University, 8 November 2001.
403. Lore Croghan,"Disappearing Downtown," Crain's New York Business, 14 January 2002, p. 19.
404. Relief, Rebuilding, and Recovery Community Meeting, 3 October 2001.
405. "Media Roll-ups," Silicon Alley Daily, 18 January 2001.
406. Andrew Marks,"Revisiting a Vastly Changed Alley," Crain's New York Business, 26 November 2002, p. 20.
407. David D. Kirkpatrick,"Lawsuits Say AOL Investors Were Mislead," New York Times, 15 April 2003, Section C, pp. 1,13.
408. Randy Whitestone,"Flatiron Partners to Move in with J.P. Morgan to Save Money," Bloomberg.com, 14 May 2001, p. 1.
409. David Whitford,"Recalculating His Riches," Fortune Small Business, October 2001, p. 1.
410. Stephen Gandel,"Chase Fails to Capitalize on Unit," Crain's New York Business, 13 November 2000, p. 12.
411. Heike Wipperforth,"A Triple Play of Mistakes," Crain's New York Business, 23 September 2002, p. 53.
412. Paul D. Colford,"Biz, Money Mags in Ad Crunch," New York Daily News, 3 September 2002, p. 1.
413. Jim Rutenberg,"CNBC Official for Business News Resigns," New York Times, 8 August 2002, Section C, p. 4.
414. Ryan Naraine,"Silicon Alley Reporter Goes Under," internetnews.com, 8 October 2001, p. 1.
415. Amy Harmon,"Requiem for a Cheerleader: Silicon Alley Magazine Is Dead," New York Times, 8 October 2001, Section C, p. 9.
416. "Media Technology Firm Puts Itself Up for Sale," Crain's New York Business, 27 January 2003, pp. 1-2.
417. Lisa Fichenscher,"Abandoned in NY," Crain's New York Business, 20 May 2002, p. 26.
418. C.J.Hughes,"Running Through the Alley: Candidates Log Their Tech Position," Silicon Alley Daily, 7 September 2001, p. 4.
419. Lisa Fichenscher,"NY Tech Jobs Crash-Landing in NJ, Abroad," Crain's New York Business, 3 March 2003, p. 30.
420. Lisa Fichenscher,"Abandoned Alley," Crain's New York Business, 16 November 2001, p. 16.
421. Susan Stallin,"The Long, Humbling Quest for a Job in Technology," New York Times, 17 March 2002, Section 10, pp. 1,3.
422. Anne Field,"When a Job Hunt Is Measured in Seasons or Even in Years," New York Times, 8 December 2002, Section 10, pp. 1,3.
423. Michael Indergaard,"Retrainers as Labor Market Brokers: Remaking the Networks and Narratives of Downriver Detroit," Social Problems, 46,1 (1999): 67-87;
424. Vicki Smith, Crossing the Great Divide (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2001);
425. Jonathan Mahler,"Commute to Nowhere," New York Times Sunday Magazine, April 13, 2003, p. 44.
426. Smith, Crossing the Great Divide, p. 134.
427. Mahler,"Commute to Nowhere," p. 75
428. Brown,"Generation Hexed," p. 29.
429. Erin Joyce,"Rumors of Death of Silicon Alley," At New York, 16 November 2001, pp. 2-3.
430. Fichenscher,"Abandoned Alley," p. 16.
431. Denny Lee,"Silicon Alley: A Once-Evocative Name Falls Victim to the Bursting of the High-Tech Bubble," New York Times, 24 March 2002, p. 4.
432. Erin Joyce,"A Pitch for the State of New Media, Software Summit," At New York, 1 March 2002, p. 3;
433. Kathyrn Wylde, Comments, panel on State of New York New Media 2002, 26 February 2002, New York;
434. Alan Patricof, Comments, panel on State of New York New Media 2002,26 February 2002, New York.
435. Sharon Zukin, The Cultures of Cities (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1995);
436. Nanette Byrnes,"The Future of the City," BusinessWeek, 1 October 2001, p. 52.
437. Neil Scott Kleinman,"The Creative Engine: How Arts & Culture Is Fueling Economic Growth in New York City Neighborhoods," Center for an Urban Future, New York, 12 November 2002, p. 15.
438. Kathyrn Wylde, Comments, panel on State of New York New Media 2002, 26 February 2002, New York;
439. Alan Patricof, Comments, panel on State of New York New Media 2002, 26 February 2002, New York.
440. Jennifer Steinhauer,"Mayor's Proposal Envisions Lower Manhattan as an Urban Hamlet," New York Times, 13 December 2002, pp. 1-2.
441. Kleinman,"The Creative Engine," p. 16.
442. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books: 2002);
443. Joel Kotkin, The New Geography (New York: Random House, 2000);
444. Joel Kotkin,"Saving Silicon Alley: The Key to Lower Manhattan's Future," Techscapes (2002): 1-4.
445. Patrick Springer,"Plan Offers Old Name, New Twist," Fargo Forum, 30 December 2002, p. 4.
446. Joel Kotkin,"New York State of Blind," Center for an Urban Future, New York, 13 May 2002, p. 2.
447. Richard Florida,"People Who Can Rebuild a City," New York Times, 26 July 2002, p. 21.
448. Mike Wallace,"New York, New Deal," in Michael Sorkin and Sharon Zukin (eds.), After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City (New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 210.
449. Jane Jacobs, The Nature of Economics (New York: Modern Library, 2000);
450. Frederick Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994);
451. Eric Foner, The Story of Amer-ican Freedom (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), p. 236.
452. Kevin Phillips,"The Cycles of Financial Scandal," New York Times, 17 July 2002, p. 19;
453. Miriam Kreinin Souccar,"Groups Urge Link of Arts, New York Economy," Crain's New York Business, 11 November 2002, p. 3.
454. Joel Kotkin,"Why Saving Silicon Alley Is Essential for New York," WallStreetJournal.com, 25 April 2002, p. 1.
455. Karen W.Arenson,"CUNY Getting Money to Nurture High-Tech Firms," New York Times, 17 October 2002.
456. "Feds Give $1 Million for Software Institute," Crain's New York Business, 17 March 2003, p. 2.
457. Harold Varmus,"The DNA of a New Industry," New York Times, 24 September 2002, p. 27.
458. Jane Roh,"High (-Finance) Art: Arts Organization Thundergulch Seeks Synergy in the Alley," Silicon Alley Reporter, 5 (2001): 76.
459. Michael Hess,"Never-Ending Stories?" AlleyCat News, February 2001, p. 67.
460. Sarah Boxer,"Photography Review: The Street Game Is to Be Distinctive Without Seeming to Work at It," New York Times, 5 July 2002, Section E, p. 34.
461. Cathy Lang Ho,"To the Rise of Techno-Decor," New York Times, 12 September 2002, Section Fl, p. 2.
462. Julia Chaplin,"On Wall Street After Dark, A New Bohemia Beckons," New York Times, 18 August 2002, Section 9, p. 2.
463. Lang Ho,"To the Rise of Techno-Decor" p. 1.
464. Sir Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization (New York: Pantheon, 1998);
465. Lang Ho,"To the Rise of Techno-Decor," p. 9.
466. Kuniko Fujita,"Neo-Industrial Tokyo: Urban Development and Globalization in Japan's State-Centered Developmental Capitalism," Urban Studies, 40,2 (2003):249-82.
467. Robert Sharoff,"Rebirth of a Chicago Industrial Area," New York Times, 26 March 2003, Section C, p. 4.
468. Susan Fainstein, The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980-2000, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), p.219.
469. See Charles Sabel,"Bootstrapping Reform: Rebuilding Firms, the Welfare State, and Unions," Politics and Society, 23 (1995): 5-48;
470. Gary Herrigel,"Power and the Redefinition of Industrial Districts," in Gerhard Grabher (ed.), The Embedded Firm (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1993), pp. 227-51;
471. Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift,"Living in the Global," in Amin and Thrift (eds.), Globalization, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 1-22.