The sex of knowing

The Sex of Knowing

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-242

  Le Doeuff, Michèle ^a   Hamer, Kathryn ^b   Code, Lorraine ^c  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c MOUNT ALLISON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917131010     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203951057     Document Type: Book

References (262)

1. François de Salignac de La Mothe Fénelon, Fénelon on Education: A Translation of the "Traité de l'éducation des filles," trans. H. C. Barnard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 48.
2. Anna Maria van Schurman, De ingenii mulieribus ad doctrinam et meliores litteras aptitudine (Leiden: Elzevir, 1641).
3. English translation: Anna Maria van Schurman, The Learned Maid (London, 1659).
4. See also English translation: Whether a Christian Woman Should Be Educated and Other Writings from Her Intellectual Circle, ed. and trans. Joyce L. Irwin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
5. Immanuel Kant, Considérations sur le beau et le sublime [1764], section III; French translation by M. David-Ménard, Paris, GF-Flammarion, 1990, p. 122.
6. English translation:Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, trans. John T. Goldthwait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960).
7. Christine de Pisan, La Cité des dames, ed. Thérèse Moreau and Eric Hicks (Paris: Stock/Moyen Age, 1986), 14-15.
8. English translation: The Book of the City of Ladies, trans. Earl Jeffrey Richards (New York: Persea Books, 1982). Note: Christine's name can be spelled Pizan or Pisan.
9. See F. Mayeur, L'Enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles sous la troisième République (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1977);
10. L' Éducation des filles en France au XIXe siècle (Paris:Hachette, 1979);
11. Nicole Mosconi, Femmes et savoir (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994).
12. Jacques Derrida, Éperons: les styles de Nietzsche (Paris: Flammarion, 1978).
13. English translation: Spurs: Nietzsche's Styles, trans. Barbara Harlow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 65.
14. A devastating review by L. Scubla, of Sarah Kofman's Aberrations, le devenir-femme d'Auguste Comte, in Le temps de la réflexion (Paris: Gallimard, 1981), 506.
15. Quoted in an epigraph of Claire Michard-Marchal and Claudine Ribéry, Sexisme et sciences humaines (Lille: Presses universitaires de Lille, 1982).
16. Paul Gauguin, Avant et après. Quoted by Pierre Leprohon, Paul Gauguin (Paris: Gründ, 1975), 15.
17. René Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, trans. Laurence J. Lafleur (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1961), 10.
18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, trans. Barbara Foxley (London: Dent, 1993), 248.
19. G.W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V.Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 4.
20. G.W.F.Hegel, Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy, vol.3, trans. E.S.Haldane (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955), 550.
21. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1942), 263.
22. Hegel, Phenomenology, 149.
23. Hegel's Lectures, 550.
24. Genevieve Lloyd, "The Man of Reason," in Women, Knowledge, and Reality, ed., Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 124. Author's italics.
25. The term "folk epistemology" appears in an article by Miranda Fricker, "Intuition and Reason," Philosophical Quarterly 45, no. 179 (1995): 181.
26. See chapter 3, section 2 of the present work and my essay "L'homme et la nature dans les jardins de la science," Revue internationale de philosophie 4 (1986): 159.
27. John Frazer, Deuteroskopia: A Brief Discourse Concerning the Second Sight, Commonly So Called (Edinburgh: Andrew Symson, 1702).
28. Gabrielle Suchon, Traité de la morale et de la politique, vol. 2 (Lyon: J. Certe, 1693), 14.
29. Frazer, Deuteroskopia, 1.
30. Arthur Schopenhauer, Le Monde comme volonté et représentation [1818], vol. 2, 46.
31. Quoted in André Dez, Le Vouloir-Vivre (Paris: PUF, 1956), 7.
32. English translation: The World as Will and Idea, vol. 2, trans. R.B. Haldane and J. Kemp [1883] (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964), 53.
33. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea, vol. 1, 65.
34. Henri Bergson, Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, trans. Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell (London: Macmillan and Co., 1911), 180.
35. Suchon, Traité de la morale, vol. 1, 79, reprinted in part by S. Auffret (Paris: Éditions des femmes, 1988), 151-52.
36. Helen Deutsch, The Psychology of Women, vol. 1 (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1944), 222.
37. Deutsch, Psychology, 291.
38. Immanuel Kant, The Conflict of the Faculties [1798], trans.Mary J. Gregor (New York: Arabis Books, 1979), 31-41.
39. Kant, Conflict, 25.
40. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard Mc Keon, trans. W. D. Ross (New York: Random House, 1941), VI, 2, 1139b 5.
41. Kant, Conflict, 209.
42. Anna Maria van Schurman, De ingenii muliebris ad doctrinam et meliores litteras aptitudine (Leyden: Elzevir, 1641), 33.
43. English translation:Whether a Christian Woman Should Be Educated and Other Writings from Her Intellectual Circle, ed. and trans. Joyce L. Irwin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 36.
44. François Poullain de la Barre, De l'égalité des deux sexes [1673] (reprint Paris: Fayard, 1984), 9
45. English translation:The Equality of the Two Sexes, trans. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1989), 4.
46. For a simple example see Bacon, Advancement of Learning, in vol. 3 of The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis, and D. D. Heath, 1857-74 (reissued Stuttgart: F. F. Verlag, 1963), 480. (Hereafter Spedding.)
47. Descartes, Correspondance, vol. 10, 214.
48. Francis Bacon, letter of April 20, 1622, in Spedding, vol. 14, 364.
49. Monseigneur Dupanloup, La femme studieuse (Paris: C. Guignol, 1869), 147.
50. Dupanloup, La femme, 65.
51. Claudine Hermann, Les Voleuses de langue (Paris: Éditions des femmes, 1976), 8-9.
52. English translation: The Tongue Snatchers, trans. Nancy Kline (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 7.
53. Joseph de Maistre, Lettres et opuscules inédits, vol. 1 (Paris: A. Vaton, 1851), 194.
54. Grosz, Sexual Subversions, 1.
55. Spedding, vol. 3, 327.
56. Suchon, Traité, vol. 2, 7.
57. Suchon, Traité, vol. 2, 5 and 174.
58. Suchon, Traité, vol. 2, 32.
59. René Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, ed. David Weissman, trans. Elizabeth Haldane and G.R.T. Ross (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 8.
60. See Plato, Symposium, 201d.
61. Marie Le Jars de Gournay, Égalité des hommes et des femmes [1622 but augmented by the author until 1641] (Paris: Ĉoté-Femmes, 1989), 72-73. The best edition is Geneva: Droz 1993, see 48.
62. Suchon, Traité, preface.
63. Suchon, Traité, preface.
64. Suchon, Traité, vol. 3, 37.
65. Suchon, Traité, vol. 3, 22.
66. "Equity is eternal, that is why it requires change in the laws," Suchon, Traité, vol. 3, 34.
67. Helena Kennedy, Eve Was Framed (London: Vintage, 1992);
68. Odile Dhavernas, Droits des femmes, pouvoir des hommes (Paris: Seuil, 1978). See also the books of Catharine Mac Kinnon.
69. Rousseau, Oeuvres complètes, vol. 2 (Paris: Gallimard, 1995), 1254 (my emphasis).
70. Rousseau, "Lettre à Christophe de Beaumont" in Oeuvres complètes, 952.
71. Rousseau, Émile (Paris: Gallimard), 700-701. Émile, trans. Barbara Foxley (London: Dent, 1993), 391.
72. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in Mary Wollstonecraft, Political Writings ed. Janet Todd (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), 92.
73. Wollstonecraft, Vindication, 76.
74. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (First Discourse) and Polemics in The Collected Writings of Rousseau, vol. 2, ed. Roger D.Masters and Christopher Kelly, trans. Judith D. Bush et al. (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1992), 15.
75. Michèle Le Doeuff, "Problèmes d'investiture," Nouvelles questions féministes 6, no. 2 (1995).
76. Julia Annas, An Introduction to Plato's Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 181 ff.
77. Annas, Plato's Republic, 182.
78. Plato, La République, in Oeuvres Complètes, vol. 2, ed. and trans. Léon Robin (Paris: Gallimard, 1950).
79. Plato, La République, ed. and trans. Robert Baccou (Paris: Flammarion, 1966).
80. Plato, Theaetetus, 174a.
81. Gilles Lipovetsky, La Troisième femme: permanence et révolution du féminin (Paris: Gallimard, 1997).
82. Gregory Vlastos, "Was Plato a Feminist?" Times Literary Supplement, March 17, 1989. Reprinted in Daniel W. Graham, ed., Studies in Greek Philosophy, vol. 2 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
83. Plato, The Apology, in The Apology, Phaedo and Crito of Plato, ed. Charles W. Eliot, trans. Benjamin Jowett (New York: Collier, 1909), 41a-c, 28.
84. R. H. Barrow, Slavery in the Roman Empire (New York: Dial Press, 1928)
85. quoted in Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (New York: Anchor Books, 1958), 129.
86. Evelyne Le Garrec, Les Messagères (Paris: Éditions des femmes, 1976), 40-41.
87. Plato, Laws, 817e-822.
88. See the Odyssey, IX, 114;
89. Plato, Laws, vol. 1, trans. R. G. Bury (London: Heinemann, 1926), III, 680b.
90. See also Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, X, 10, 1180a 25 and Politics, I, 2, 1252b 20.
91. Plato, Laws, Bury translation, 780a-781a.
92. Plato, Theaetetus 148e and 149d.
93. Henri Estienne, Commentaire de Diogène Laërce (Geneva, 1570);
94. Gilles Ménage, Historia Mulierum Philosopharum [1690], in Commentaires sur Diogène Laërce, vol. 2 (1692).
95. Eduard Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer Geschichtlichen Entwicklung (Leipzig: Fues, 1865-75), vol. 3, 84.
96. English translation: A History of Greek Philsophy from the Earliest Period to the Time of the Present (Longmans, Green and Co.: 1881).
97. See also F.Wilhelm, "Die Oeconomica der Neupythagoreer Bryson," Rheinisches Museum, LXX (1915), 161-223.
98. Mario Meunier, Femmespythagoriciennes: fragments et lettres (Paris:L'Artisandu Livre, 1932). Thanks to Michel Onfray for the reference.
99. Luce Irigaray, Je, tu, nous: vers une culture de la différence (Paris: Editions Grasset et Fasquelle, 1990).
100. English translation: Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference (New York: Routledge, 1993), 19.
101. Irigaray, Toward a Culture, 12.
102. Plato, Laws III, 689.
103. Plato, Republic, III, 414b.
104. Hegel, Phénoménologie de l'esprit, vol. 2, 41. Phenomenology of Spirit, 287-88.
105. Jeanne Hersch, "Eve ou la naissance éternelle du temps," Textes (Fribourg: Le Feu de Nuict, 1985), 27.
106. Leigh Hunt, "Bluestocking Revels," Monthly Repository (July 1837): 33-57.
107. Anonymous, Women Doctors (London: Groombridge and Son, 1867).
108. Charles Webster, The Great Instauration (London: Duckworth, 1975), 255.
109. Sandra L. Chaff et al., Women in Medicine (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977).
110. See E. Joyce Cockram, "Tribute to Sabine," Journal of the Medical Women's Federation 43 (July 3, 1961): 86-89.
111. A. Chéreau, L'Unionmédicale 31, no. 93 (August 7, 1866): 241-48;
112. Marcel Beaudoin, Gazette médicale, 22 (June 1, 1901);
113. Muriel Joy Hughes, Women Healers in Medieval Life and Literature (New York: King's Crown Press, 1943). The trial of Jacoba Félicie is of particular interest because some of her patients who had been cured testified on her behalf; however, this is far from a unique case.
114. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own, ed. Morag Shiach (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 34.
115. Francis Bacon, Advancement of Learning, The Works of Francis Bacon, vol. 3, ed. James Spedding et al., 1857-74 (reissued Stuttgart: F.F. Verlag, 1963), 373;
116. French translation: Du progrès et de la promotion des savoirs (Paris: Gallimard, 1991), 147.
117. Linda Nochlin, Women, Art, and Power and Other Essays (New York:Harper and Row, 1988).
118. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, La Phénoménologie de la perception (Paris: Gallimard, 1978), 182.
119. English translation: The Phenomenology of Perception, trans.Colin Smith (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 156.
120. Jakob Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (Basel, 1860), section 5.
121. English translation: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, trans. S.G.C. Middlemore (London: Phaidon, 1995), 256.
122. Paul Hoffman, La Femme dans la pensée des Lumières (Paris: Ophrys, 1977).
123. Bertrand Russell, The Scientific Outlook (London: Allen and Unwin, 1931), 17;
124. Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (London: Allen and Unwin 1950; reprint, London: Routledge, 1995), 115 (page citation is to the reprint edition).
125. Russell, The Scientific Outlook, 16.
126. "Population: The Battle of the Bulge," The Economist, September 3, 1994, 23-25.
127. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Queene Elizabethes Achademy, [circa 1570], ed. Furnival (London: Early English Text Society, 1869).
128. Jean-Paul Dumont, Les Présocratiques (Paris: Gallimard, 1988), xix.
129. Women's Problems in General Practice, ed. Ann Mc Pherson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
130. French edition: Uta Ranke-Heinemann, Des eunuques pour le royaume des cieux (Paris: R. Laffont, 1990).
131. English translation: Uta Ranke-Heinemann, Eunuchs for Heaven: The Catholic Church and Sexuality, trans. Peter Heinegg (London: A. Deutsch, 1990). I am indebted to this book for the exceptional erudition I am able to display here.
132. Hannah Arendt, "Lying in Politics," inCrises of the Republic (New York:Harvest Books, 1972).
133. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, ed. and trans. Franz Rosenthal (New York: Pantheon Books, 1958).
134. Amartya Sen, "More than 100 Million Women Are Missing," The New York Review of Books December 20, 1990.
135. Dhavernas, "Entrave," 68.
136. Benedict de Spinoza, Traité politique, trans. Charles Apphun (Paris: GF-Flammarion, 1966), 114.
137. English translation: Benedict de Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus in The Political Works, ed. and trans. A. G.Wernham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), 443.
138. G.W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1942).
139. Maria Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
140. George Steiner, "Bad Friday," The New Yorker, March 2, 1992, 86-91.
141. Henri Arquillière, L'Augustinisme politique (Paris: Vrin, 1934).
142. Elizabeth Rogers, ed., The Correspondence of Sir Thomas More (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947), 120-23.
143. The letter is thought to date from May 1518. I base my reading on the translation by Jean-Claude Margolin, Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger (October-December 1956): 543-47.
144. Christine de Pisan, La Cité des dames, ed. Thérèse Moreau et Eric Hicks (Paris: Stock/Moyen-Â ge, 1986), 51.
145. English translation: The Book of the City of Ladies, trans. Earl Jeffrey Richards (New York: Persea Books, 1982), 19.
146. Information on the Nogarola sisters comes from the chapter "Education for What?" in Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986).
147. My thanks to David Norbrook, for the gift of Martha Monlsworth,My Name was Martha: A Renaissance Woman's Autobiographical Poem. Ed., with commentary by Robert C. Evans and Barbara Weidemann (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1993).
148. Christine de Pisan, La Cité des dames 276; Book of the City of Ladies, 255.
149. Demetrius Zambaco, "Onanisme avec troubles nerveux chez deux petites filles" [Onanism with nervous disorders in two female children], in L'Encéphale, 1882 (Reissued Paris: Solin, 1978), 44.
150. Vivès, Selected Works, vol. 1, 39. (Please note that this and all subsequent citations of Vivès refer to the English edition already cited.)
151. Vivès, Selected Works.
152. Vivès, Selected Works, vol. 1, 43.
153. Nicolas Malebranche, La Recherche de la vérité [1675], ed. Geneviève Rodis-Lewis (Paris: Vrin, 1965), 140-41.
154. English translation:Nicola alebranche, The Search after Truth, trans. Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olcamp (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1980), 131-32.
155. François de Salignac de La Mothe Fénelon, Oeuvres complètes, vol. 5 (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1971), 591-94.
156. English translation: Fénelon on Education: A Translation of the "Traité de l'éducation des filles," trans. H. C. Barnard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 78.
157. Helen Deutsch, Psychology of Women, conclusion.
158. Christine de Pisan, "My dear child, what ever has happened to your critical judgement?" La Cité des Dames, 39; Book of the Ladies, 6.
159. Arendt, 37-41.
160. Christine de Pisan, La Cité des dames 42; Book of the City of Ladies, 10.
161. Catherine Pozzi, Peau d'ame [1935] (Paris: La Différence, 1990), 28-31.
162. Pierre Thuillier, Les Passions du savoir: Essais sur les dimensions culturelles de la science (Paris: Fayard, 1988), 72-77
163. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980).
164. Robin Briggs, Witches and Neighbours (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 257.
165. Marina Yaguello, Le Sexe des mots (Paris: Belfond, 1989).
166. Octave Mannoni, Clefs pour l'imaginaire (Paris: Seuil, 1969).
167. Thuillier, Les Passions, 73.
168. Evelyn Fox Keller, "Women Scientists and Feminist Critics of Science," Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 116, no. 4 (Fall 1987): 77-91
169. Keller, "Women Scientists," 79.
170. Bruno Bettelheim, "The Commitment Required of a Woman Entering a Scientific Profession in Present-Day American Society"
171. Erik H. Erikson, "Concluding Remarks," in Women and the Scientific Professions, ed. Jacqueline A.Mattfield and Carol E. Van Aken (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965).
172. Nancy Hopkins, "The High Price of Success in Science," Radcliffe Quarterly 10 (June 1976): 16-18.
173. Keller, "Women Scientists," 86.
174. Hopkins, "Success in Science," n.p.
175. Keller, "Women Scientists," 79.
176. Keller, Reflections, 38.
177. Keller, Reflections, 35
178. F. H. Anderson, ed., Francis Bacon: The New Organon and Related Writings (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1960), 29. [Please note that the items in square brackets are in the Keller text but not in the Anderson text (trans.).]
179. Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, in vol. 1 of The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding et al., 1857-74. (reissued Stuttgart: F.F. Verlag, 1963), 157. Hereafter Spedding.
180. Bacon, Partis instaurationis secondae delineatio, in Spedding, vol. 3, 557.
181. Keller, Reflections, 34.
182. Keller, Reflections, 38
183. Farrington, "Temporis Partis Masculus: An Untranslated Writing of Francis Bacon," Centaurus 1 (1951):194.
184. I have not been able to find this quotation in the new edition: Benjamin Farrington, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1964). Hereafter Farrington.
185. See F. Saxl, Veritas filia temporis, in R. Klibansky and H.J. Paton, eds., Philosophy and History: Essays in Honour of Ernst Cassirer (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936). (Reprinted Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1975.)
186. Keller, Reflections, 36
187. Spedding, vol. 3, 573;
188. Bacon, Novum Organum, Spedding, vol. 4, 97;
189. see Bacon, Redargutio, Spedding, vol. 3, 573;
190. Bacon, Filium Labyrinthi, Spedding, vol. 3, 638.
191. Bacon, Redargutio, Spedding, vol. 3, 582;
192. Bacon, Novum Organum, Spedding, vol. 4, 65.
193. Bacon, De augmentis, Spedding, vol. 1, 623.
194. Bacon, The New Atlantis, Spedding, vol. 3, 138.
195. Bacon, Descriptio Globi Intellectualis, Spedding, vol. 3, 730.
196. See also Bacon, Novum Organum, Spedding, vol. 4, 47.
197. Bacon, Of the Advancement of Learning, Spedding, vol. 3, 395.
198. Bacon, Redargutio, Spedding, vol. 3, 573
199. Filium labyrinthi, Spedding, vol. 3, 638.
200. See Michèle Le Doeuff, "Un rationaliste chez Augias," Les Études philosophiques 3 (1985).
201. Bacon,Descriptio globi intellectualis, Spedding, vol. 3, 719.
202. See also Parasceve Spedding, vol. 1, 395.
203. Bacon, Of the Interpretation of Nature, Spedding, vol. 3, 243.
204. Bacon, Descriptio Globi Intellectualis, Spedding, vol. 3, 730.
205. Tony Tanner, introduction to Jane Austen, Mansfield Park [1914] (London: Penguin, 1966), 8.
206. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley, eds., The Rights and Wrongs of Women (London: Penguin, 1976), 17.
207. Bacon, Cogitationes de Scientia Humana, Spedding, vol. 3, 185.
208. Bacon, A Description of the Intellectual Globe, Spedding, vol. 5, 506.
209. Bacon, Commentarius solutus, Spedding, vol. 11, 64-65.
210. Bacon, Novum Organum, Spedding, vol. 4, 114.
211. Joseph de Maistre, Lettres et opuscules inédits (Paris: A. Vaton, 1851), vol. 1, 194.
212. Rousseau, Lettre, 11n.
213. Jacques Derrida, L' Écriture et la différence (Paris: Seuil, 1967), 228.
214. Quoted by Catherine Chalier in Figures du féminin (Paris: Verdier, 1982), 9.
215. Translated into English with an introduction and additional notes by Allan Bass, Writing and Difference. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 320-21n92.
216. Chalier, Figures du féminin, 9.
217. Derrida, L' Écriture, 321n92.
218. Bridget Hill, The Republican Virago: The Life and Times of Catharine Macaulay, Historian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 137 and all of chap. 6.
219. Catharine Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James I to the Brunswick Line (London; Nourse, 1763-1783), vol. 1, xvi.
220. Macaulay, History of England, xvii.
221. For the reception of Macaulay's History, see Bridget Hill, and Bridget Hill and Christopher Hill, "Catharine Macaulay's History and Her Catalogue of Tracts," XVIIth Century 8, no. 2, 269-285;
222. Bonnie Smith, "Gender and the Practice of Scientific History," The American Historical Review 100 (October 1995): 1152.
223. See Bridget Hill, "Macaulay's History," 21-23.
224. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 99.
225. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité (Paris: Flammarion), 193.
226. English translation: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, ed. and trans.Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 217.
227. Auguste Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (Paris: Hermann, 1975), 50th lesson, my emphasis.
228. English translation: The Positive Philosophy, trans. Harriet Martineau (New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1858).
229. John Stuart Mill, On Genius [1832]. In the Complete Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963-1991), vol. 1, 329.
230. Ann P. Robson and John M. Robson, eds., Sexual Equality: Writings by John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill and Helen Taylor (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 358. Hereafter Robson.
231. Maurice Godelier, La Production des grands hommes (Paris: Fayard, 1982). Quoted by Mathieu, 209.
232. English translation:Maurice Godelier,The Making of Great Men:Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya, trans. Rupert Swyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
233. Mathieu, L'Anatomie politique, 209.
234. John Locke,Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 192.
235. Locke, Two Treatises, 339.
236. Moustapha Safouan, La Sexualité féminine (Paris: Seuil, 1976), 155.
237. Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), 20.
238. Olivier Cauly, Comenius (Paris: Félin, 1995).
239. Cauly, Comenius, 117;
240. Comenius, De veris et falsis prophetis.
241. F.A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: Their Correspondence and Subsequent Marriage (Chicago: University of Chiago Press, 1951), 122. Hereafter Hayek.
242. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography, ed. John M. Robson (London: Penguin, 1989), 149.
243. H.O. Pappe, John Stuart Mill and the Harriet Taylor Myth (Melbourne:Melbourne University Press, 1960), 29.
244. Warnock, Women Philosophers, xxxv.
245. Reprint of John Stuart Mill,Dissertations and Discussions (London:Trubner, 1868), attributed here to Mrs. Stuart Mill.
246. Mill, Autobiography, 182.
247. Harriet Taylor, On Marriage in Robson, 18.
248. Taylor, On Marriage, in Robson, 19.
249. Mill, On Marriage in Robson, 3.
250. Mill, The Subjection in Robson, 359.
251. In Herbert Spencer, Essays on Education (London: Everyman, 1911), 15.
252. Harriet Taylor, "An Early Essay" in Hayek, 276.
253. Harriet Taylor Mill, The Enfranchisement of Women, in Robson, 186.
254. Mill, Subjection of Women, in Robson, 323.
255. Taylor, The Enfranchisement of Women, in Robson, 186.
256. Mill, Preface to Dissertations and Discussions, in Robson, 178.
257. Mill, Preface to Dissertations and Discussions, in Robson, 178.
258. John Stuart Mill, Complete Works, vol. 31, 332-33.
259. Janine Mossuz Lavau and Mariette Sineau, in Le Monde diplomatique, May 5, 1988.
260. Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, vol. 1 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1967), 155.
261. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, Spedding, vol. 3, 270.
262. For further information about female printers, carpenters and brewers, see Sheila Rowbotham, Hidden from History; about type-setters, see Evelyne Le Garrec, Les Messagères (Paris: Édition des femmes, 1976). On the subject of medical interns, I honor the memory of Marguerite Cordier.