Richard I and His Appointments to English Shrievalties*

English Historical Review

Volumn 112, Issue 445, 1997, Pages 1-19

  Heiser, Richard R ^a  

^a New York She feels blessed to teach our future nurses and advocate for those in need   (United States)

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EID: 84917122532     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.1     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (2 vols., London, 1887), ii. 337.
2. E.g. Sidney Painter, 'The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus,' in A History of the Crusades, ed. Kenneth M. Setton (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1962), ii. 53-4; JohnT. Appleby, England Without Richard, 1189-1199 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1965), pp. 35-6.
3. John Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart (London, 1978), p.285; id., 'The Art of Kingship: Richard I, 1189-99,' History Today, xxxv (April, 1985), p. 23.
4. J. O. Prestwich, 'Richard Coeur de Lion: Rex Bellicosus,' Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, cclni
5. j . J. C. Holt, 'Ricardus Rex Anglorum et Dux Normannorum', in his Magna Carta and Medieval Government (London, 1985), pp. 81-2.
6. For instance, W. A. Morris concluded that King Richard saw the shrievalties as assets to be sold: W. A. Morris, The Medieval English Sheriff to 1300 (Manchester, 1927), p. 138. D. M. Stenton agrees, stating that Richard's highest priority was to raise money; however, the restoration of order in the kingdom, a process that affected shrieval personnel directly, was left to the regency {The Great Roll of the Pipe for the Sixth Year of the Reign of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1194, ed. D. M. Stenton (Pipe Roll Society, n.s. v, 1928) [hereafter Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, etc], p. xvii.
7. William of Newburgh, in Chronicles of Stephen, Henry 11, and Richard 1, ed. R. Howlett (2 vols., Rolls Ser., London, 1884), i. 304-6; [Chronica Magistri Rogeri de] Hovedene, ed. W. Stubbs (4 vols., Rolls Ser., London, 1870), iii. 13; Gesta [Regis] Henrici [Secundi Benedicti Ahbatis], ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols., Rolls Ser., London, 1867), 11. 90-1; Pipe Rolls 2-10 Ric. I, passim.
8. Morris, Medieval EnglishSheriff, pp. 11 s-23; D. A. Carpenter, 'The Decline of the Curial Sheriff in England, 1194-1258,' ante, xci (1976), 1-4.
9. 63). PPS-9-
10. Pipe Roll2 Ric. 1, pp. 14, 24, 29, 43, 58, 111, 116, 122, 126, 155.
11. Pipe Roll 2 Ric. 1, pp. 10, 26, 31, 37, 45, 49, 58, 91, 103, 117, 127, 138, 152; List of Sheriffs for England and Wales: From Earliest Times to A.D. I8JI (Public Record Office Lists and Indexes, no. 9, 1898), p. 72; Richard Heiser, 'The Sheriffs of Richard I: Trends of Management as Seen in the Shrieval Appointments from 1189 to 1194,' Haskins Society journal, iv (1992), p. 113.
12. Hovedene, iii. 6, 27; Gesta Henrici, ii. 78,99; Lionel Landon, The Itinerary of King Richard I with Studies on Certain Matters of Interest Connected with His Reign (Pipe Roll Society, n.s. xiii, London, 1935), p. 16. John received Cornwall, Devon, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire, and Somerset/Dorset, and Bishop Hugh, Northumberland. How Northumberland was governed under Bishop Hugh is not known, but evidence suggests that John placed his own men over the shires given to him: Richard R. Heiser, 'The Sheriffs of Richard the Lionheart: A Prosopographical Survey of Appointments, Politics, and Patronage, 1189-1199' (Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 1993), pp. 240-1.
13. Actaof Henry II and Richard I: Hand-list of Documents Surviving in the Original in Repositories in the United Kingdom, ed. J. C. Holt and Richard Mortimer (List and Index Society, vol. xxi, 1986), no.331; The Great Roll of the Pipe for the First Year of the Reign of King Richard the First, A.D. 1189-1190, ed. Joseph Hunter (Record Commission, 1844), p. 216. There was one exception to the reinstatement: Henry de Cornhill could not return to the London sheriff's office.
14. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 111-12.
15. E.g. Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, pp. 36,47,51, 115; Pipe Roll} Ric. I, pp. 11-12, 28-9, 102-3, ' 56—S, 162-3.
16. E.g. Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, pp. 14, 24, 29, 43, 58, 89, 111, 116, 122, 126, 15;.
17. y E.g. Pipe Roll IJohn, pp. 28, 72, 102, 151-2, 197,252,289-90.
18. Holt, 'Ricardus Rex,' p.73.
19. Acta of Henry II and Richard I, no. 315; Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, p. 2. Canville joined the royal court in Normandy just before the King sailed for Portsmouth. He was present at the coronation and attested a charter several days prior to Richard's departure for Normandy. He apparently crossed the Channel with the court, as he attested some Norman charters in March 1190 (Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, pp. 2, 4, 20, 30).
20. Pipe Roll 2 Ric. I, p. 89. It does not appear that Nicola de la Haye's inheritance included the shrievalty, since no one from the de la Haye family had served in that post (List of Sheriffs, p. 78).
21. Ibid., p. 52. Others who frequented the royal court and who received shrieval office in 1189 include Bishop Hugh of Coventry and John Marshal (ibid., pp. 37, 5 8).
22. Ibid., p. 3$.
23. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 111-12.
24. Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, p. 26; Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard 1/ pp. 113-16.
25. Hugh Bardolf was sheriff of Northumberland, Yorkshire, and Westmorland; William Briwerre had Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire; and Geoffrey fitz Peter eventually acquired five shires (List of Sheriffs, pp. 1, 6, 54, 97, 102, 107, 117, 127, 150, 161).
26. 1963). i. j 1-j; N. J. G. Pounds, The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 87, 96.
27. [Radulphi de]Diceto[Opera Historical, ed. W.Stubbs (Rolls Ser., 2 vols., London, 1876), 11. 90; F. J. West, The Justiceship in England, 1066-12J2 (Cambridge, 1966), p. 73.
28. List of Sheriffs, pp. 1, 21, 34, 43, 49, 54, 72, 78, 86, 92, 97, 102, 107, 122, 127, 135, 144, 157, 161. Those who remained were predominantly from the social and curial elite, such as William Marshal, Earl William of Salisbury, Hugh Bardolf, William Briwerre, William fitz Alan, and William de Braose.
29. Hovedene, iii. 241; Pipe Roll6 Ric. I, pp. 102, 145.
30. E.g. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 102, 183, 203, 231; Landon, Itinerary ofRichard I, p. 87.
31. Hovedene, iii. 240-2.
32. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 29, 46, 126.
33. Pipe Roll} Ric. I,p. 44; Pipe Roll% Ric. /,pp.xx, IJ8, 166; Pipe Roll6 Ric. I, pp. xiv, 212, z^y,Pipe Roll 7 Ric. I, p. 2; Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, pp. 82-3, 98; Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart, pp.216-17, 221-5.
34. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 212, 221; Landon, Itinerary of Richard I', pp. 82-3,98; I. J. Sanders, English Baronies: A Study of Their Origin and Descent, 1086-1327 (Oxford, i960), pp. 66-7.
35. Hovedene, iii. 241.
36. E.g. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, pp. 30, 69, 103, 127, 232.
37. Ibid., pp. 39, 89.
38. Ibid., pp. 160-1.
39. Pipe Roll) Ric. /, pp. 72-73.
40. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 160-62.
41. Hovedene, 111. 241; Diceto, 11. 115; Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, pp. 93-4.
42. Pipe Roll s Ric. 1, p. 73; Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, pp. 161-5.
43. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, p. 182.
44. Ibid.
45. Reginaldus de Cornhill'promiserat domino R. c m. de cremento comitatus de Kent: The Chancellor's Roll for the Eighth Year of the Reign of King Richard the First, ed. Doris M. Stenton (Pipe Roll Society, n.s. vii, 1930), p. 282.
46. Chan. Roll 8 Ric. /, p. 282.
47. Morris, Medieval English Sheriff, pp. 111—14.
48. 2S5~75-
49. List ofSheriffs, pp. 43, 49, 117, 127, 144.
50. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 113-19.
51. List of Sheriffs, p. 117.
52. Ibid., pp.49, 141.
53. Ibid., pp. 6, 97, 102, 107, 127, 144, 150, 161.
54. Ibid., pp. 26, 59, 67, 86, 150, 1 j2, 157, 161.
55. Warren, Henry 11, pp. 620-6; Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart, pp. 230-1; W. L. Warren, King John (New York, 1961), pp.42-6; Morris, Medieval English Sheriff, pp. 137-8.
56. Pipe Roll6 Ric. I, pp. xvii-xix, 39,43-4,80,95,102,123,166,172,183; Heiser,'Sheriffs of Richard 1/ pp. 112-13.
57. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 113-16, 118-19.
58. Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, pp.45, 58-9, 75.
59. Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, pp. 15,37,58; Pipe Roltj/j Ric. 1, pp. xiv-xvi; Pipe Roll} Ric. /, pp. 1, 24, 56, 84, 99, 117, 160; West, Justiciarship, pp. 71-2; Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 113-16, 120-2.
60. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' p. 117; List of Sheriffs, pp. 54,59, 67, 127, 135, 141, 144, 150, 152, 161. The ousted sheriffs were John de Rebez, Henry de Longchamps, Osbert de Longchamps (two shires), Henry de Cornhill (two shires), Philip and Robert de Tregoz.
61. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 30, 47-8, 127; Pipe Roll 7 Ric. I, p. 9.
62. Pipe Roll 2 Ric. /, p. 1; Pipe Roll j Ric. I,p. iy6;Chan. Roll 8 Ric. I,p. 110. William de Longchamps had been granted custody of the Tower of London by Richard I (Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, p. 1; Pipe Roll} Ric. /, p. 136, West, Justiciarship, p. 67).
63. Pipe Roll} Ric. I, p. 136; Pipe RolURic. 1, pp. 38,65-66; Pipe Roll7 Ric. I, p. 79; Chan. Roll8 Ric. I, pp. 3, 121, 274; Pipe Roll 9 Ric. /, p. 234; Pipe Roll 10 Ric. I, p. 161. Werricus de Marignes served as Longchamps' undersheriff, and Robert de Insula was Longchamps' custodian for the honor of Eye.
64. Pipe Roll 10Ric. I, pp. 73, 77.
65. Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart, p. 134. See also Holt, 'Ricardus Rex,' pp. 73-4, 82.
66. C. Warren Hollister and John W. Baldwin, 'The Rise of Administrative Kingship: Henry I and Philip Augustus,' American Historical Review, Ixxxiii (1978), 885; List of Sheriffs, pp. 21, 26, 34,59, 67, 72, 78,92, 150, 157.
67. John W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1988), pp. 132-3.
68. H. G. Richardson, 'The Morrow of the Great Charter,' Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, xxviii (1944), 43 1-9; D. A. Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 116-27; Morris, Medieval English Sheriff, pp. 171-5.
69. West,Justidarship,p.6y.
70. Richard Mortimer, 'The Family of Rannulf de Glanville.' Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, liv (19SI), 12.
71. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard the Lionheart, 1189-1199,' pp. 289-301.
72. List of Sheriffs, pp. i, 6, 21, 26, 34, 54, 92, 102, 107, 117, 122, 127, 141, 152, 161.
73. Ibid., pp. 1,6,12, 21, 34,43,49, J9,67, jz, 78, 86,92, ^j, 107, n2,117,122,135, 141,144,150, 161.
74. Ralph V. Turner, Men Raised From the Dust: Administrative Service and Upward Mobility in Angevin England (Philadelphia, 1988), p. 43; Robert C. Palmer, The County Courts of Medieval England, 1 ifo-ij^o (Princeton, 1982), pp. 30-1; Morris, Medieval English Sheriff, pp. 58, 103, 111; Holhster and Baldwin, 'Administrative Kingship,' 885-87; Carpenter, 'Decline of the Curial Sheriff,' •-7-
75. Heiser, 'Sheriffs of Richard I,' pp. 112-13. They were in 1189 William Rufus, William Marshal, Oger fitz Oger, Henry de Cornhill, William Mauduit, and John Marshal, and in 1194 they were William de Longchamps, Reginald de Cornhill, Simon de Pattishall, Hugh Bardolf, William Briwerre, Robert de Thornham, and William Marshal.
76. F. M. Powicke, 'England: Richard I and John,' in Cambridge Medieval History, ed. H. M. Gwatkin, J. P. Whitney, J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte-Orton, and 2. N. Brooke (8 vols., Cambridge, 1929), vi. 206-8; Morris, Medieval English Sheriff, p. 138; Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042-1216 (4th edn., London, 1988), p. 352.
77. D. L. Douie, Archbishop Geoffrey Plantagenet and the Chapter of York (York, 1960), p. 4; Pipe Roll 2 Ric. I, pp. 52, 58; David Crouch, William Marshal: Court, Career, and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire (London, 1990), pp. 59-69. William Marshal had Gloucester Castle also.
78. Robert de Thornham was in Surrey, William Marshal in Sussex, Reginald de Cornhill in Kent, and Hugh de Bosco in Hampshire (Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 212, 221, 226, 242).
79. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 136, 140.
80. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 80, 132. Northumberland and Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire had been palatine grants in 1189 to Bishop du Puiset of Durham and Count John respectively (Hovedene, iii. 6; Landon, Itinerary of Richard I, p. 16).
81. Sanders, English Baronies, pp.8, 10, 23, 70-71, 75-76, 79, 109, 124-25, 146; Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. Hubert Hall (3 vols., Rolls Ser., London, 1896), i. 83-4,100; William Farrer, Honors and Knights' Fees (3 vols., Manchester, 1923-5), 11. 118, 238-9; Brian Golding, 'Simon of Kyme, the Making of a Rebel,' Nottingham Medieval Studies, xxvii (1983), 23-5.
82. Sidney Painter, The Reign of King John (Baltimore, 1949), p.42; Sanders, English Baronies, pp. 70-1, 112.
83. List of Sheriffs, pp. 127, 144.
84. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 28, 145.
85. C. N. L. Brooke and G. Keir, London, 800-1216: The Shaping of a City (Berkeley, 1975), pp. 210-12; Susan Reynolds, 'The Rulers of London in the Twelfth Century,' History, lvii (1972), 346-7; Emma Mason, 'The Mauduits and their Chamberlainship of the Exchequer,' Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, xlix (1976), 4-5.
86. Carpenter, 'Decline of the Curial Sheriff,' 4, 6-7.
87. Sydney Knox Mitchell, Studies in Taxation under John and Henry HI (New Haven, Conn., 1914), p. 2. That Angevin income was falling behind that of the Capetians at the beginning of the thirteenth century is suggested in Ferdinand Lot and Robert Fawtier, Le Premier Budget de la Monarchic Francaise (Paris, 1932), pp. 135-9. Cf. J. C. Holt, 'The End of the Anglo-Norman Realm,' Proceedings of the British Academy, lxi (1975), 223-65; id., 'The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance,' in War and Government in the Middle Ages, ed. John Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Wood-bridge, Suffolk, 1984), pp. 92-105; John Gillingham, The Angevin Empire (New York, 1984), pp. 40-6, 73-4; id., Richard the Lionheart, pp. 303-4; Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, pp. 144-75.
88. B. E. Harris, 'King John and the Sheriffs' Farms,' ante, Ixxix (1964), 532-3; P. D. A. Harvey, 'The English Inflation of 1180-1220,' Past and Present, lxi (1973), 3-12, 15.
89. Carpenter, 'Decline of the Curial Sheriff,' 6-7. They included Archbishop Geoffrey of York, Bishop William de Longchamps, Bishop Hugh of Coventry, Earl William fitz Patrick of Salisbury, Henry and Reginald de Cornhill, William Rufus, William Marshal, and Simon de Pattishall.
90. j . Reginald de Argentan, Reginald Basset, Simon de Beauchamp, Herbert fitz Herbert, Simon de Kyme, and Henry de Oilli were those presenting gifts or fines. Only Reginald de Argentan and Henry de Oilli still had balances on the pipe rolls at the end of the reign (Pipe Roll 1 John, pp. 154, 220).
91. Archbishop Geoffrey of York, Bishop William de Longchamps, and Earl William fitz Patrick of Salisbury were the three magnates who offered money to the King. Reginald de Cornhill was the only curialis, and he paid his debts in full in 1198-9 (Pipe Roll 10 Ric. /, p. 202).
92. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, pp. 29-30, 102-3.
93. Pipe Roll2 Ric. /, pp. 14, 24, 29, 43, 58, 89, i n, 116, 122, 126, 155.
94. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, p. 161.
95. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 30, 76, 127.
96. Pipe Roll 1 Ric. I, pp. 38, 84.
97. Ibid., pp. 1 [4, [34; Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, pp.63, 146.
98. Pipe Roll f Ric. /, pp. 15, ioo. The county of Buckingham owed £10 and four falcons, the falcons being the most burdensome aspect of the increment for the sheriff of Bedfordshire/Buckinghamshire to meet. William Rufus, sheriff for the first half of Richard's reign, had faithfully paid the £10, but by 1193 had allowed his debt of falcons to climb to forty-two (Pipe Roll2 Ric. /, p. 138; Pipe Roll; Ric. I, pp. 141-42)-
99. The nine counties to receive increments for the first time were Cambridgeshire/Huntingdonshire, Hampshire, Somerset/Dorset, Kent, Essex/Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire, Lincolnshire, Worcestershire, Northamptonshire.
100. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /, p. 30; Pipe Roll7 Ric. l,p.zij;Chan. Roll 8 Ric. I,p. 1 n; Pipe Roll 9 Ric. /, p. 64; Pipe Roll 10 Ric. /, p. 127; Pipe Roll 1 John, p. 87.
101. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, p. 127; Pipe Roll7 Ric. /, p. 9; Chan. Roll 8 Ric. /, p. 13; Pipe Roll 9 Ric. /, p. 188.
102. Pipe Roll ;o Ric. /, pp. 73-4.
103. Pipe Roll2 Ric. /, p. 58.
104. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. /,pp.231-2; Pipe Roll 7 Ric. /, p. 174.
105. Pipe Roll2 Ric. I, p.43.
106. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 39, 43.
107. Pipe Roll 2 Ric. I, p. 24; Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, p. 127.
108. Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, p. xx.
109. E.g. Pipe Roll 7 Ric. /, pp. 174, 217; Pipe Roll 10 Ric. /, pp. 2, 127.
110. Carpenter, "Decline of the Curial Sheriff,' p. 7.
111. Harris, 'King John and the Sheriffs' Farms,' 533.
112. Pipe Roll 1 John, p. 231; Harris, 'King John and the Sheriffs' Farms,' 533.
113. J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1992), p. 457, cap. 25.
114. In Warwickshire/Leicestershire, the increment was doubled in 1198 to £200 annually for reasons unknown. Simon de Kyme's replacement in 1197 as sheriff of Lincolnshire was required to account for an increment of 200 marks, 100 marks less than had been expected of Simon. In Hampshire, Hugh de Bosco obtained a reduction of 20 marks in his county's increment in 1198 (Pipe Roll 6 Ric. I, pp. 102-3; Pipe Roll 10 Ric. I, pp. 18, 45; Pipe Roll 1 John, p. 245).
115. John Gilfingham, 'Conquering Kings: Some Twelfth-Century Reflections on Henry II and Richard I,' in Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages, ed. Timothy Reuter (London, 1992), p. 166.
116. Chan. Roll 8 Ric. /, p. 282; Pipe Roll 10 Ric. 1, p. 4 j .