Decoding liberation: The promise of free and open source software

Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software

Volumn 9780203942147, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-211

  Chopra, Samir ^a   Dexter, Scott D ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS; DECODING; OPEN SYSTEMS; SOFTWARE ENGINEERING;

FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES; FREE SOFTWARE; FREE SPEECH; POLITICAL CHANGES; ROLE OF SOFTWARE;

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE;

EID: 84917120099     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203942147     Document Type: Book

References (401)

1. Albert, Phil. 2004. GPL: Viral Infection or Just Your Imagination? Linux Insider, May 25, http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/33968.html.
2. Alexander, Kim. 2004. The Need for Transparent, Accountable and Verifiable U. S. Elections. In A Framework for Understanding Electronic Voting. Menlo Park, CA.
3. Allison, Jeremy. 2005. A Tale of Two Standards. In Open Sources 2.0, edited by C. Dibona, D. Cooper, and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
4. Ammerman, Michael. 2006. A Terrific Site of Amazing Code Where BVS Was Utilized. July 13, http://blueverticalstudio.com/go/?p=1627.
5. Anderson, Nate. 2006. Amazon's 'One-Click' Patent Reconsidered. Ars Technica, May 19, http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060519-6872.html.
6. Anderson, Ross. 2005. Open and Closed Systems are Equivalent (That is, in an Ideal World). In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
7. Anderson Strathern. 2002. Can Musicians Stop Political Parties 'Spinning' Their Discs? http://www.andersonstrathern.co.uk/knowledge/media_area/?content_id=585.
8. Aristotle. 350 BC/1962. Nichomachean Ethics. Translated by M. Ostwald. New York: Prentice-Hall.
9. Aristotle. 1984. Physics. In The Complete Works of Aristotle, edited by J. Barnes.
10. Aristotle. 1998. Politics. Translated by E. Barker. Edited by R. F. Stalley. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
11. Associated Press. 1999. Intel Expected to Buy Stake in Linux Firm. New York Times, March 1, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/03/biztech/articles/01linux.html.
12. Atwood, Jeff. 2006. Pretty Code, Ugly Code. June 19, http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000615.html.
13. Ayer, A. J., ed. 1966. Logical Positivism. New York: Free Press.
14. Bailyn, Bernard, ed. 1993. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788. . New York: Library of America.
15. Bailyn, Bernard, ed. 1993. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part Two: January to August 1788. New York: Library of America.
16. Baker, Mitchell. 2005. The Mozilla Project: Past and Future. In Open Sources 2.0, edited by C. Dibona, D. Cooper, and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
17. Bauer, H. H. 1992. Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
18. Baxi, Upendra, Jay David Bolter, James D. A. Boyle, and Rosemary Coombe. 1993. The Bellagio Declaration. http://www.case.edu/affil/sce/BellagioDec.html.
19. Beardsley, Monroe C. 1965. On the Creation of Art. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 23: 291-304.
20. Bell, E. T. 1937. Men of Mathematics. New York: Simon and Schuster.
21. Benjamin, Walter. 1969. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In Illuminations, edited by H. Arendt. New York: Schocken.
22. Benjamin, Walter. 1992. The Author as Producer. In Art in Theory 19 00-199 0: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, edited by C. Harrison and P. Wood. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell. Original edition, 1934.
23. Benkler, Yochai. 2002. Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm. Yale Law Journal 112 (3): 369-446.
24. Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press.
25. Benn, S. I., and R. S. Peters. 1959. The Principles of Political Thought. New York: Free Press.
26. Bennis, Warren G., and Patricia Ward Biederman. 1998. Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration. New York: Perseus Books Group.
27. Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. Berry, David M. 2004. The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free/Libre and Open Source Movements. Critical Discourse Studies 1 (1): 65-89.
29. Berry, David M., and Giles Moss. 2006. Free and Open Source Software: Opening and Democratising E-Government's Black Box. Information Polity 11: 21-34.
30. Berry, Josephine. 2002. Bare Code: Net Art and the Free Software Movement. NetArt Commons, May 7, http://netartcommons.walkerart.org/article.pl?sid=02/05/08/0615215.
31. Bessen, James. 2002. What Good Is Free Software? In Government Policy toward Open Source Software, edited by R. W. Hahn: American Enterprise Institute-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
32. Bessen, James, and Robert M. Hunt. 2004. The Software Patent Experiment. March 16, http://www.researchoninnovation.org/softpat.pdf.
33. Bessen, James, and Eric Maskin. 1999. Sequential Innovation, Patents and Imitation. http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf.
34. Bessette, Joseph. 1994. The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Blakeslee, Melise R., and Brian E. Ferguson. 2006. United States: The Truths and Myths of Open Source Software. May 31, http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=40128.
36. Borgmann, Albert, and N. Katharine Hayles. 1999. An Interview/Dialogue on Humans and Machines. University of Chicago Press, http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/borghayl.html.
37. Boring, Randy. 1998. Open Is Still Much Better Than Closed Source. August 11, http://www.mibsoftware.com/bazdev/0015.htm.
38. Boston Consulting Group. 2002. The Boston Consulting Group/OSTG Hacker Survey. In O'Reilly Open Source Conference.
39. Bourbakis, Nick. 1998. World History. Metropolis, February/March, http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0298/fe98wor.htm.
40. Boyle, James. 1996. Shamans, Software and Spleens: Law and the Information Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
41. Boyle, James. 1997. Foucault in Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty, and Hard-Wired Censors. University of Cincinnati Law Review 66:177.
42. Boyle, James. 2000. The First Amendment and Cyberspace: The Clinton Years. Law and Contemporary Problems 63:337.
43. Bradner, S. 1996. RFC 2026: The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2026.txt.
44. Bradner, S. 2000. A Different Hell? Network World, May 8, http://www.networkworld.com/columnists/2000/0508bradner.html.
45. Brandle, Lars. 2006. Waits Wins Spanish Appeal on Ad Sound-Alike Case. Billboard, January 20, http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001882361.
46. Brooks, Frederick. 1995. The Mythical Man-Month: Essays in Software Engineering. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
47. Brooks, Frederick. 1996. The Computer Scientist as Toolsmith II. Communications of the ACM 39 (3): 61-68.
48. Brooks, R. A. 1991. New Approaches to Robotics. Science 253: 1227-32.
49. Brown, Ken Spencer. 2006. Linux Provider Red Hat Reports 38% Rise In Sales. June 28, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ibd/20060628/bs_ibd_ibd/2006628tech01.
50. Campbell, Donald. 1960. Blind Variation and Selective Retention in Creative Thought as in Other Knowledge Processes. Pyschological Review 67:380-400.
51. Carroll, Noel. 2003. Art, Creativity, and Tradition. In The Creation of Art, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Carver, Brian W. 2005. Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing and Open Source and Free Software Licenses. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 20:443-81.
53. Caslon Analytics. 2006. Caslon Analytics Intellectual Property Guide. http://www.caslon.com.au/ipguide17.htm#cases (accessed July 25, 2006).
54. Cavalier, Forest J. III. 1998. Some Implications of Bazaar Size. August 11, http://www.mibsoftware.com/bazdev/.
55. Century, Michael. 2001. Open Code and Creativity in the Digital Age. Paper read at International Conference on Collaboration and Ownership in the Digital Economy, at Cambridge, U.K.
56. Ceruzzi, Paul E. 2003. A History of Modern Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
57. Chance, Tom. 2006. Free Culture, February 10, http://blog.cmc.oregonstate.edu/mtblogs/jon/2006/02/conference:paper_1.html#comment-805.
58. Chandrasekhar, C. P. 2002. The Two Faces of Mr. Gates. Countercurrents.org, December 2, http://www.countercurrents.org/glo-sekhar.htm.
59. Chandrashekhar, Subhramanyam. 1990. Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Clark, Andy. 2006. Author's Reply to Symposium on Natural-Born Cyborgs. June 28, http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1315.
61. Clark, Andy. 1996. Linguistic Anchors in the Sea of Thought. Pragmatics and Cognition 4 (1): 93-103.
62. Clark, Andy. 1998. Magic Words: How Language Augments Human Computation. In Language and Thought: Interdisciplinary Themes, edited by P. Carruthers and J. Boucher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Clark, Andy. 2003. Natural-Born Cyborgs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
64. Clark, Andy, and David Chalmers. 1998. The Extended Mind. Analysis 58 (1): 7-19.
65. Clements, Douglas. 2003. Creation Myths: Does Innovation Require Intellectual Property Rights? Reason, March, http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml.
66. Clynes, Manfred E., and Nathan S. Kline. 1960. Cyborgs and Space. Astronautics 14(9): 26-27, 74-76.
67. Cole, M. 1991. Conclusion. In Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition, edited by L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine and S. D. Teasley. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
68. Coleman, Gabriella. 2005. The Social Construction of Freedom in Free and Open Source Software: Hackers, Ethics, and the Liberal Tradition, Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.
69. Coleman, Gabriella. 2005. Three Ethical Moments in Debian. September 15, http://ssrn.com/abstract=805287.
70. Collingwood, R. G. 1938. The Principles of Art. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Collins, Michael. 2001. Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journey. Lanham, MD: Cooper Square Press.
72. Cox, Geoff, Alex McLean, and Adrian Ward. 2004. Coding Praxis: Reconsidering the Aesthetics of Code. In READ_ME 2004. Aarhus, Denmark.
73. Cranston, Maurice. 1954. Freedom: A New Analysis. Longmans, Green, and Co.: New York.
74. Crease, Robert P. 2004. The Greatest Equations Ever. Physics World, October.
75. Crocker, Lawrence. 1980. Positive Liberty: An Essay in Normative Political Philosophy. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
76. Cusumano, Michael. 2004. Reflections on Free and Open Software. Communications of the ACM 47(10): 25-27.
77. Cusumano, Michael. 2005. Response to "Free Is Not Open Software.". Communications of the ACM 48(7): 13.
78. Cusumano, Michael, Clay Shirky, Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani, eds. 2005. Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software. Cambridge: MIT Press.
79. David, Paul. 2005. From Keeping 'Nature's Secrets' to the Institutionalization of 'Open Science.' In CODE: Collaborative Ownership in the Digital Economy, edited by R. A. Ghosh. Cambridge: MIT Press.
80. Davis, Randall, Pamela Samuelson, Mitchell Kapor, and Jerome Reichman. 1996. A New View of Intellectual Property and Software. Communications of the ACM 39 (3): 21-30.
81. Debian Project. 2004. Debian Social Contract. April 26, http://www.debian.org/social_contract.
82. Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. 1983. Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by R. Hurley, M. Seem, and H. R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
83. Delio, Michelle. 2004. Linux: Fewer Bugs than Rivals. Wired, December 14, http://www.wired.com/news/linux/0,1411,66022,00.html.
84. Denning, Peter J. 2000. Computer Science: The Discipline. In The Encylopedia of Computer Science, edited by A. Ralston, E. D. Reilly, and D. Hemmendinger. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.
85. Dewey, John. 1934. Art as Experience. New York: Perigee Trade.
86. Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981). http://laws.findlaw.com/us/450/175.html.
87. Dibona, Chris, Danese Cooper, and Mark Stone. 2005. Open Sources 2.0. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
88. DiBona, Chris, Danese Cooper, and Mark Stone. 2006. Introduction. In Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution, edited by C. DiBona, D. Cooper, and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
89. DiBona, Chris, Sam Ockman, and Mark Stone, eds. 1999. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
90. Dickie, George. 1974. Art and the Aesthetic: An Institutional Analysis. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
91. Dickson, David. 1993. The New Politics of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
92. Dijkstra, Edsger Wysbe. 1968. Go-to statement considered harmful. Communications of the ACM 11(3): 147-48.
93. Dijkstra, Edsger Wysbe. 1970. Notes on Structured Programming. Eindhoven: Technological University Eindhoven.
94. Dijkstra, Edsger Wysbe. 1980. Some Beautiful Arguments Using Mathematical Induction. Acta Informatica 13:1-8.
95. Dijkstra, Edsger Wysbe. 1999. EWD1284: Computing Science; Achievements and Challenges. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD12xx/EWD1284.html.
96. Dixon, Rod. 2003. Open Source Software Law. Norwood, MA: Artech House Publishers.
97. Drepper, Ulrich. 2001. Glibc 2.2.4 Release Notes. http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-announce/2001/msg00000.html.
98. Drummond, Rennie. 2003. Editorial Peer Review: Its Development and Rationale. In Peer Review in Health Sciences, edited by F. Godlee and T. Jefferson. London: BMJ Publishing Group.
99. Dunn, Peter, and Loraine Leeson. 1997. The Aesthetics of Collaboration: Aesthetics and the Body Politic. Art Journal 56 (1).
100. Dupuy, Jean-Pierre. 2000. The Mechanization of the Mind. Translated by M. B. DeBevoise. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
101. Dworkin, Gerald. 1988. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
102. Dworkin, Ronald. 2000. Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
103. East, E. M., and D. F. Jones. 1919. Inbreeding and Outbreeeding. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
104. Eco, Umberto. 1984. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
105. Eco, Umberto. 1989. The Open Work. Translated by A. Cancogni. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
106. Ellul, Jacques. 1967. The Technological Society. London: Vintage.
107. Elster, Jon. 2000. Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Pre-Commitment, and Constraints. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
108. Engemann, Christoph. 2006. The Citoyen of Electronic Government, Sociology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
109. Eunice, Jonathan. 1998. Beyond the Cathedral, Beyond the Bazaar. http://www.illuminata.com/cgi-local/pub.cgi?docid=cathedral§ion=cathedral1.
110. Europa. 2003. Cases of Official Recognition/Adoption of F/OSS. http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/opensource/cases/index_en.htm.
111. Evans, James. 2006. Horrible Code. http://www.nabble.com/Horrible-code-t1631900.html.
112. Farmelo, Graham, ed. 2002. It Must be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science. London: Granta Books.
113. Farrell, Nick. 2006. Sun will open source Java 'in months.' The Inquirer, June 28, http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=32685.
114. Fells, David. 2004. Writing Clean and Efficient PHP Code. May 26, http://www.devshed.com/c/a/PHP/Writing-Clean-and-Efficient-PHP-Code/.
115. Feyerabend, Paul. 1975. Against Method. London: New Left Books.
116. Feynman, Richard. 1965. The Character of Physical Law. New York: The Modern Library.
117. Fish, Stanley. 1994. There's No Such Thing as Free Speech . . . and It's a Good Thing Too. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Fishwick, Paul, Stephan Diehl, Jane Prophet, and Jonas Löwgren. 2003. Aesthetic Computing Manifesto. Leonardo 36, no. 4, doi:10.1162/002409403322258556, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/002409403322258556.
119. Fitzgerald, Brian. 2005. Has Open Source Software a Future? In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
120. Fogel, Karl. 2005. Managing Volunteers. In Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
121. Forsythe, George. 1967. A University's Education Program in Computer Science. Communications of the ACM 10(1): 3-11.
122. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage.
123. Foucault, Michel. 1980. Two Lectures. In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 , edited by C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon.
124. Fourman, Michael. 2002. Informatics. In Routledge International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science, edited by J. Feather and P. Sturges. New York: Routledge.
125. Fredkin, Edward. 2001. Introduction to Digital Philosophy. http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/digital_philosophy/toc.htm.
126. Freud, Sigmund. 1994. Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming. In Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art, edited by A. Neill and A. Ridley. New York: McGraw-Hill.
127. Friedman, B., D. C. Howe, and E. Felten. 2002. Informed Consent in the Mozilla Browser: Implementing Value Sensitive Design. Paper read at 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02).
128. Gallaway, Terrel, and Douglas Kinnear. 2004. Open Source Software, the Wrongs of Copyright, and the Rise of Technology. Journal of Economic Issues 38 (2): 467-75.
129. Galler, Bernie. 1968. Language Protection by Trademark Ill-Advised. Communications of the ACM 11(3): 148.
130. Galli, Peter. 2005. Sun Sees Shining Future in Open Source. eWeek.com, April 5, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1782922,00.asp.
131. Gallie, W. B. 1956. Essentially Contested Concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society 56:167-88.
132. Galloway, Alexander R. 2004. Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. Cambridge: MIT Press.
133. Gannes, L. 2006. Friendster Wins Patent. Red Herring, July 6, http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=17498&hed=Friendster+Wins+Patent#.
134. Garfield, Eugene. 1979. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. New York: Wiley.
135. Garfinkel, Simson L., Richard M. Stallman, and Mitchell Kapor. 1991. Why Patents are Bad for Software. Issues in Science & Technology 8 (1): 50-55.
136. Gates, William. 1976. An Open Letter to Hobbyists. http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V2_01/.
137. Gatto, James G. 2006. Open Source License Survives Challenge: Doubts About GPL Enforceability Continue to Wane. http://www.pillsburylaw.com/content/portal/publications/2006/4/20064181257864/Open%20Source:IP%20Vol%201402%20No%204023%2004-18-06.pdf.
138. Gaut, Berys, and Paisley Livingston. 2003. The Creation of Art: Issues and Perspectives. In The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer. 1998. Cooking-pot Markets: An Economic Model for the Trade in Free Goods and Services on the Internet. First Monday 3(3).
140. Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer, ed. 2005. CODE: Collaborative Ownership in the Digital Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
141. Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer, and Ruediger Glott. 2002. Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/index.htm.
142. Gibson, Christine. 2006. How Jack Kilby Changed Your Life. AmericanHeritage.com, February 6, http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20060206-jackkilby-microchip-integrated-circuit-transistor-vacuum-tube-texas-instrumentsrobert-noyce-semiconductor-computer-c lculator.shtml.
143. Ginsparg, Paul. 2003. Can Peer Review be Better Focused? March 13, http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~ginsparg/blurb/pg02pr.html.
144. Glass, Robert L. 2005. Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller. In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
145. Goldman, Emma. 2005. Anarchism and Other Essays: Filiquarian Publishing.
146. Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972).
147. Graham, Paul. 2000. Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
148. Gray, Chris Hables. 2001. Cyborg Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age. New York: Routledge.
149. Gray, Chris Hables, S. Mentor, and H. J. Figueroa-Sarriera. 1995. Cyborgology: Constructing the Knowledge of Cybernetic Organisms. In The Cyborg Handbook, edited by C. H. Gray. New York: Routledge.
150. Gray, Chris Hables, and Steven Mentor. 1995. The Cyborg Body Politic and the New World Order. In Prosthetic Territories: Politics and Hypertechnologies, edited by G. Brahm and M. Driscoll. Colorado Springs: Westview Press.
151. Greene, Richard C. 2001. Ballmer: "Linux is a cancer." The Register, June 2, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/02/ballmer_linux_is_a_cancer/.
152. Grene, Marjorie. 1985. Perception, Interpretation and the Sciences. In Evolution at a Crossroads, edited by D. Depew and B. Weber. Cambridge: MIT Press.
153. Grier, David Alan. 2005. When Computers Were Human. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
154. Gude, Olivia. 1989. An Aesthetics of Collaboration. Art Journal 48 (4): 321-23.
155. Hannemyr, Gisle. 1999. Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive. First Monday 2, no. 4 (February 1), http://www.firstmonday.dk/ISSUES/issue4_2/index.html.
156. Haraway, Donna. 1991. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
157. Haraway, Donna. 1995. Cyborgs and Symbionts: Living Together in the New World Order. In The Cyborg Handbook, edited by C. H. Gray, H. J. Figueroa-Sarriera and S. Mentor. New York: Routledge.
158. Harmon, Amy. 2000. For Many Online Music Fans, Court Ruling Is Call to Arms. New York Times, July 28, http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/biztech/articles/28napster.html.
159. Harvey, David. 1989. The Condition of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
160. Haskins, Walaika K. 2006. Microsoft and XenSource Team Up on Viridian. Newsfactor.com, July 18, http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=001000000YIJ.
161. Hauben, Michael, Ronda Hauben, and Thomas Truscott. 1997. Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet. Los Alamitos, CA: Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press.
162. Hausman, Carl. 1981. Criteria for Creativity. In The Concept of Creativity in Science and Art, edited by D. Dutton and M. Krausz. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
163. Hayles, N. Katherine. 2005. My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
164. Heisenberg, Werner. 1974. The Meaning of Beauty in the Exact Sciences. In Across the Frontiers, edited by R. Nanda. New York: Harper and Row.
165. Heiss, Janice J. 2002. The Poetry of Programming. http://java.sun.com/features/2002/11/gabriel_qa.html.
166. Henneberg, Maciej. 1997. Peer Review: The Holy Office of Modern Science. naturalSCIENCE 2 (February). http://naturalscience.com/ns/articles/01-02/ns_mh.html.
167. Himanen, Pekka. 2002. The Hacker Ethic: A Radical Approach to the Philosophy of Business. New York: Random House.
168. Hippel, E. von, and G. von Krogh. 2003. Open Source Software and the Private-Collective Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science. Organization Science 14 (2): 209-23.
169. Hissam, Scott A., Charles B. Weinstock, Daniel Plakosh, and Jayatirtha Asundi. 2001. Perspectives on Open Source Software. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2001-TR-019, Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/01.reports/01tr019.html.
170. Hollaar, Lee A. 2002. Legal Protection of Digital Information. Edison, NJ: BNA Books.
171. Horrobin, David. 2001. Something Rotten at the Core of Science?. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22(2): 51-52.
172. Horrobin, David F. 1981. Peer Review: Is the Good the Enemy of the Best? Journal of Research in Communication Studies 3:327-34.
173. Horrobin, David F. 1990. The Philosophical Basis of Peer Review and the Suppression of Innovation. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1438-41.
174. Horrobin, David F. 1996. Peer Review of Grant Applications: A Harbinger for Mediocrity in Clinical Research? Lancet 348:1293-95.
175. Horvath, John. 1998. Freeware Capitalism. Email to nettime mailing list, February 5, http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9802/msg00026.html.
176. House, Ron. 1999. Uniting the Open-Source and Commercial Software Worlds. http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/house/ipl/ppunite.htm.
177. Human Genome Program. 2006. Genetics and Patenting. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/patents.shtml (accessed August 8, 2006).
178. Hume, David. 1978. A Treatise of Human Nature. Edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge and P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Original edition, 1739.
179. Hylton, Jeremy. 2002. Infuriating ZClass Registry Heisenbug. Email to Zope-dev mailing list, December 16, http://mail.zope.org/pipermail/zope-dev/2002-December/018339.html.
180. Ignatieff, Michael. 1998. Isaiah Berlin: A Life. London: Chatto and Windus.
181. James, William. 1950. Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover. Original edition, 1890.
182. Jameson, Fredric. 1991. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
183. John-Steiner, Vera. 2000. Creative Collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
184. Jones, Pamela. 2003. The GPL Is a License, Not a Contract, Which Is Why the Sky Isn't Falling. Groklaw, December 14, http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20031214210634851.
185. Jurafsky, Daniel, and James H. Martin. 2000. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
186. Juris, Jeffrey S. 2005. Youth and the World Social Forum. http://ya.ssrc.org/transnational/Juris/.
187. Kablenet. 2001. From Father State to Partner State. http://www.staat-modern.de/infos/daten/r140501_1.html (accessed November 10, 2005; article no longer available).
188. Kaku, Michio. 1994. Hyperspace. New York: Oxford University Press.
189. Kalnichevski, Oleg. 2005. RFC: HttpEntity, HttpIncomingEntity, HttpOutgoingEntity Revisited. Email to jakarta-httpcomponents-dev mailing list, May 1. http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/jakarta-httpcomponents-dev/200505.mbox/%3c1114948928.4890.6.camel@localhost.localdomain%3e.
190. Kant, Immanuel. 1790/1987. Critique of Judgment. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett.
191. Kant, Immanuel. 1991. A Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Original edition, 1797.
192. Katsh, M. Ethan. 1996. Software Worlds and the First Amendment: Virtual Doorkeepers in Cyberspace. University of Chicago Legal Forum. 335.
193. Kelty, Christopher. 2001. Free Software/Free Science. First Monday 6, no. 12 (December 2001), http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_12/kelty/.
194. Kelty, Christopher. 2002. Hau to Do Things with Words. http://kelty.org/or/papers/Kelty.Hautodothings.2002.rtf.
195. Kelty, Christopher. 2005. Free Science. In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
196. Kempf, Karl. 1961. Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps: U.S. Army Ordnance Corps.
197. Kerckhoffs, Auguste. 1883. La Cryptographie Militaire. Journal des Sciences Militaires 9:5-83, 161-91.
198. Kernighan, Brian W., and P. J. Plauger. 1978. The Elements of Programming Style. New York: McGraw-Hill.
199. Kesan, Jay P., and Rajiv C. Shah. 2005. Shaping Code. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 18 (2): 319-99.
200. Kesteloot, Lawrence. 1998. Thoughts About Bazaars. http://www.teamten.com/lawrence/cathedral-bazaar.html.
201. Kim, Eugene. 2006. Everything Is Known. In Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution, edited by C. DiBona, D. Cooper and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
202. Kludge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kludge (accessed August 22, 2006).
203. Knuth, Donald E. 1972. George Forsythe and the Development of Computer Science. Communications of the ACM 15 (8).
204. Knuth, Donald E. 1992. Literate Programming. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
205. Kohno, Tadayoshi, Adam Stubblefield, Aviel D. Rubin, and Dan S. Wallach. 2004. Analysis of an Electronic Voting System. Paper read at IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, at Oakland, CA.
206. Kollock, Peter. 1997. The Economies of Online Cooperation: Gifts and Public Goods in Computer Communities. In Communities in Cyberspace, edited by M. Smith and P. Kollock. Berkeley: University of California Press.
207. Kragh, H., and R. C. Hovis. 1993. P. A. M. Dirac and the Beauty of Physics. Scientific American, 104-09.
208. Krill, Paul. 2006. Microsoft Executive Lauds Open Source. InfoWorld, July 19, http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/07/19/HNkaefer_1.html.
209. Kropotkin, Peter. 1902. Mutual Aid. London: Heinemann.
210. Kuhn, Thomas. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
211. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1998. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice. In Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues, edited by M. Curd and J. A. Cover. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
212. Laffoon, Eric. 2005. Qt, the GPL, Business and Freedom. Open for Business, August 5, http://www.ofb.biz/article.pl?sid=381.
213. Lakhani, Karim R., and Robert G. Wolf. 2005. Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects. In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by M. Cusumano, C. Shirky, J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. A. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
214. Lammers, Susan. 1989. Programmers at Work: Interviews With 19 Programmers Who Shaped the Computer Industry. Redmond, WA: Tempus Books of Microsoft Press.
215. Lancashire, David. 2001. The Fading Altruism of Open Source Development. First Monday 6.
216. LaSala, Joseph A., Ryan Richards, Judith L. Harris, and Gary L. Kaplan. 2002. Comments of Novell Inc. http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_tuncom/major/mtc-00029523.htm.
217. Latour, Bruno. 1999. A Collective of Humans and Nonhumans. In Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
218. Laudan, Larry. 1981. A Confutation of Convergent Realism. Philosophy of Science 48:19-49.
219. Laudan, Larry. 1984. Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate. Berkeley: University of California Press.
220. Laurent, Andrew M. St. 2004. Open Source and Free Software Licensing. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
221. Laurie, Ben. 2006. Open Source and Security. In Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution, edited by C. DiBona, D. Cooper and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
222. Lawson, Mark. 2005. Berners-Lee on the Read/Write Web. BBC News, August 9, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4132752.stm.
223. League for Programming Freedom. 2004. Unisys/CompuServe GIF Controversy. July 2 http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/Patents/Gif/Gif.html.
224. Leonard, Andrew. 1999. Open Season. Wired 7, no. 5 (May), http://www.wirednews.com/wired/ archive/7.05/open_source.html.
225. Leonard, Andrew. 2006. Free Software, Big Oil, and Venezuelan Politics, Salon.com, January 12, http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/01/12/venezuela/index_np.html.
226. Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole. 2001. The Open Source Movement: Key Research Questions. European Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 35:819-26.
227. Lessig, Lawrence. 1999. The Code Is the Law. The Standard, April 9, http://www.lessig.org/content/standard/0,1902,4165,00.html.
228. Lessig, Lawrence. 2000. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
229. Letowska, Ewa. 1997. A Constitution of Possibilities. East European Constitutional Review 6 (2-3).
230. Levien, Ralph. 1998. The Decommoditization of Protocols. November 4, http://www.levien.com/free/decommoditizing.html.
231. Levy, Stephen. 1994. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Penguin.
232. Lewontin, Richard. 1991. Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New York: Harper Perennial.
233. Libervis.com. 2006. FUDzilla: Anti-disinformation Project. http://www.libervis.com/x/modules/mylinks/.
234. Lindquist, Christopher. 2006. Dirty Code, Licenses and Open Source. CIO Magazine, July 1, http://www.cio.com/archive/070106/et_main.html.
235. Lions, John. 1977. Lions' Commentary on Unix. 6th ed. Charlottesville, VA: Peer-to-Peer Communications.
236. Livingston, Paisley. 2003. Pentimento. In The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
237. Lohr, Steve, and Laurie J. Flynn. 2006. Microsoft announces another delay for Windows Vista. San Diego Union-Tribune, March 22. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060322/news_1b22vista.html.
238. Longino, Helen. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
239. Lovelock, J. E. 1979. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York: Oxford University Press.
240. Lozes, Richard L. 2006. To Make CS Relevant, Give It an Industrial Focus. Communications of the ACM 49(6): 11.
241. MacCallum, Gerald. 1967. Negative and Positive Freedom. Philosophical Review 76:312-34.
242. Machan, Tibor. 1998. Generosity: Virtue in the Civil Society. Washington, DC: The Cato Institute.
243. Mahoney, Michael. 1990. Software and the Assembly Line. Paper read at Workshop on Technohistory of Electrical Information Technology, at Deutsches Museum, Munich.
244. Markoff, John. 2005. Three Technology Companies Join to Finance Research. New York Times, December 15, C5.
245. Matusow, Jason. 2005. Shared Source at Microsoft. In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
246. Maynard, Patrick. 2003. Drawings as Drawn: An Approach to Creation in an Art. In The Creation of Art: Issues and Perspectives, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. New York: Cambridge University Press.
247. Mazlish, Bruce. 1993. The Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-evolution of Human and Machines. New Haven: Yale University Press.
248. McCullagh, Declan. 1999. Prix Ars Elctronica 1999 Jury-Statement. http://www.aec.at/en/archives/prix_archive/prixjuryStatement.asp?iProjectID=2600.
249. Merton, Robert. 1979. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
250. Microsoft Research. 2006. University Relations. http://research.microsoft.com/ur/asia/.
251. Mill, John Stuart. 1975. On Liberty. New York: Penguin Classics.
252. Miller, David. 2006. Constraints on Freedom. In The Liberty Reader, edited by D. Miller. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers.
253. Mills, Harlan D. 1983. Software Productivity. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
254. Miner, Robert C. 1998. Verum-factum and Practical Wisdom in the Early Writings of Giambattista Vico. Journal of the History of Ideas 59 (1): 53-73.
255. Mirapaul, Matthew. 1999. Lyrics Site in Copyright Dispute May Go Commercial. New York Times, July 30, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/01/cyber/articles/30lyrics.html.
256. Mitchell, William. 1996. City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn. Cambridge: MIT Press.
257. Moglen, Eben. 2000. When Code Isn't Law, April 3, http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-01.pdf.
258. Moglen, Eben. 2003. Freeing the Mind: Free Software and the Death of Proprietary Culture. July 29, http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/maine-speech.html.
259. Moglen, Eben. 2003. The dotCommunist Manifesto. http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/dcm.html.
260. Moody, Glyn. 2002. Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution. New York: Basic Books.
261. Mooers, Calvin N. 1968. Reply to "Language Protection by Trademark Ill-Advised.". Communications of the ACM 11(3): 148-49.
262. Moore, Fred. 1975. The Club is All of Us. Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter 1, no. 2 (April 12), http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_02/.
263. Morowitz, Harold. 2002. The Emergence of Everything: How the World Become Complex. New York: Oxford University Press.
264. Mulvey, Patrick J., and Starr Nicholson. 2005. Enrollment and Degrees Report, 2003: American Institute Physics.
265. Napoli, Lisa. 1999. Yahoo Angers GeoCities Members With Copyright. New York Times, June 30, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/07/cyber/articles/01yahoo.html.
266. National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works. 1977. Transcript of Meeting No. 16. http://homepages.nyu.edu/~gmp216/documents/contu/meeting-16.txt.
267. National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works. 1980. Final Report http://digital-law-online.info/CONTU/contu1.html.
268. National Research Council, Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, and Mathematics Commission on Physical Sciences, and Applications. 1999. Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
269. National Science Board. 2004. Science and Engineering Indicators 2004.
270. Newell, A., A.J. Perlis, and H.A Simon. 1967. What Is Computer Science? Science 157 (1373-74).
271. Newell, Allen, and Herbert A. Simon. 1976. Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search. Communications of the ACM 19 (3): 113-26.
272. Nissenbaum, Helen. 1996. Accountability in a Computerized Society. Science and Engineering Ethics 2:25-42.
273. Noble, David. 1979. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
274. Noble, David F. 1991. Progress Without People: In Defense of Luddism. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr.
275. Novitz, David. 2003. Explanations of Creativity. In The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
276. O'Reilly, Tim. 2001. Is Open Source Un-American? OnLAMP.com, March 8, http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2001/03/08/unamerican.html.
277. O'Mara, Margaret Pugh. 2005. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search For the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
278. Okruhlik, Kathleen. 1998. Gender and the Biological Sciences. In Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues, edited by M. Curd and J. A. Cover. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
279. Olsen, Stein Haugom. 2003. Culture, Convention, and Creativity. In The Creation of Art, edited by B. Gaut and P. Livingston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
280. Olson, Michael. 2006. Dual Licensing. In Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution, edited by C. DiBona, D. Cooper, and M. Stone. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
281. Open Source Initiative. 2006. The Open Source Definition (Annotated), version 1.9. http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php.
282. Open Source Risk Management. 2004. Position Paper: Mitigating Linux Patent Risk. http://www.osriskmanagement.com/pdf_articles/linuxpatentpaper.pdf.
283. Open Voting Consortium. 2006. Specter of Stolen Elections Creates Crisis. http://www.openvotingconsortium.org/the_problem.
284. Orlowski, Andrew. 2005. 'Cool it, Linus' - Bruce Perens. The Register, April 15, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/04/15/perens_on_torvalds/.
285. Orlowski, Andrew. 2005. Torvalds Knifes Tridgell. The Register, April 14, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/04/14/torvalds_attacks_tridgell/.
286. Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584 (1978). http://laws.findlaw.com/us/437/584.html.
287. PC SOFT. 2006. An Easy and Powerful 5th Generation Language: W-Language. http://www.pcsoft.fr/us/windev/broch9/Export19.htm.
288. Pepperdine, Kirk. 2006. The Commercialization of Open Source: Is VC Investment a Good Thing for Open Source? Enterprise Open Source Magazine, April 5, http://opensource.sys-con.com/read/44367.htm.
289. Pollock, Lansing. 1981. The Freedom Principle. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
290. Popper, Karl. 1962. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. New York: Basic Books.
291. Popper, Karl. 1966. The Open Society and its Enemies. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Original edition, 1945.
292. Post, David G. 2000. Internet: Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace. 2 Vanderbilt Journal of Enterntainment Law and Practice 70.
293. Putnam, Hilary. 1995. Pragmatism: An Open Question. London: Blackwell Publishers.
294. Quine, W. V. 2005. The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
295. Radack, David V. 1994. Understanding Confidentiality Agreements. Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 46(4): 68.
296. Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
297. Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
298. Raymond, Eric S. 1998. The Halloween Documents. http://www.catb.org/~esr/halloween/.
299. Raymond, Eric S. 2001. Freedom, Power, or Confusion. Linux Today, August 17, http://www.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2001-08-17-016-20-OP-CY.
300. Raymond, Eric S. 2001. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Cambridge: O'Reilly Books.
301. Raymond, Eric S. 2002. Homesteading the Noosphere, version 3.0. http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/homesteading/ (accessed June 28, 2006).
302. Raymond, Eric S. 2002. The Cathedral and the Bazaar, version 3.0. http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ (accessed June 24, 2006).
303. Raymond, Eric S. 2002. The Magic Cauldron, version 3.0. http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedralbazaar/magic-cauldron/ (accessed June 28, 2006).
304. Raymond, Eric S. 2001. How to Become a Hacker. http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html (accessed April 23, 2006).
305. Raymond, Eric S. 2000. A Brief History of Hackerdom. http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedralbazaar/hacker-history/ (accessed June 22, 2006).
306. Raymond, Eric S. 2004. If Cisco Ignored Kerckhoffs's Law, Users Will Pay the Price. LWN.net, May 17, http://lwn.net/Articles/85958/.
307. Raymond, Eric S. 2002. Software Release Practice HOWTO, version 3.4. http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Release-Practice-HOWTO/index.html (accessed November 12, 2005).
308. Rees, Martin. 2006. Dark Materials. The Guardian, June 10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0, 1794383,00.html.
309. Reidenberg, Joel E. 1998. Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules Through Technology. Texas Law Review 76 (3): 553-84.
310. Reidenberg, Joel E. 2003-2004. States and Internet Enforcement. University of Ottawa Law and Technology Journal 1 (1-2): 213-30.
311. Resnick, L. B., J. M. Levine, and S. D. Teasley, eds. 1991. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
312. Reuters. 1999. Dell Bolsters Support of Windows Rival Linux. New York Times, April 7, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/04/biztech/articles/07linux.html.
313. Richtel, Matt. 1999. Share Price More Than Triples in Red Hat's Public Offering. New York Times, August 12, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/08/biztech/articles/12linux.html.
314. Rosen, Lawrence. 2004. Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall PTR.
315. Rothwell, P. M., and C. N. Martyn. 2000. Reproducibility of Peer Review in Clinical Neuroscience: Is Agreement Between Reviewers any Greater Than Would be Expected by Chance Alone? Brain 123:1964-69.
316. Rusovan, Srdjan, Mark Lawford, and David Lorge Parnas. 2005. Open Source Software Development: Future or Fad? In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
317. Rustad, Roger E., Jr. 2004. Joel Reidenberg on Hack Toolz, Lex Informatica, and Affirming Non-US Democratic Values. March 23, http://grep.law.harvard.edu/articles/04/03/23/1640243.shtml.
318. Sacks, Oliver. 1990. Seeing Voices. New York: Harper Collins.
319. Salkever, Alex. 2003. For Windows, Less Fat Means Fewer Bugs. BusinessWeek, April 29, http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/apr2003/tc20030429_6540_tc047.htm.
320. Sawyer, R. Keith. 2003. Group Creativity: Music, Theater, Collaboration. Mahwah, NJ: LEA, Inc.
321. Scheffler, Israel. 1982. Science and Subjectivity. Indianapolis: Hackett.
322. Schneiderman, Ben, and Catherine Plaisant. 2004. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. 4th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley.
323. Seiwald, Christopher. 2005. Seven Pillars of Pretty Code. http://www.perforce.com/perforce/papers/prettycode.html.
324. Shankland, Stephen. 2000. Web Pioneer Andreessen Joins Open-Source Venture. CNET News.com, March 27, http://news.com.com/2100-1001-238484.html.
325. Shankland, Stephen. 2004. Torvalds: A Solaris Skeptic. CNET News.com, December 21, http://news.com.com/Torvalds+A+Solaris+skeptic/2008-1082_3-5498799.html.
326. Shirky, Clay. 1998. View Source . . . Lessons from the Web's Massively Parallel Development. http://www.shirky.com/writings/view_source.html.
327. Shirky, Clay. 2005. Epilogue: Open Source Outside the Domain of Software. In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press.
328. Sidgwick, Henry. 1981. The Methods of Ethics. 7th ed. London: Hackett Publishing Company.
329. Silver, David. 2000. Looking Backwards, Looking Forward: Cyberculture Studies 1990-2000. In Web.studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Digital Age, edited by D. Gauntlett. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
330. Simonton, D. K. 1988. Scientific Genius: A Psychology of Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
331. Smyth, Colm. 2004. 'Bazaar' - How Useful is the Right to Fork? November 28, http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/ColmSmyth?entry=bazaar_how_useful_is_the.
332. Sokal, Alan, and Jean Bricmont. 1999. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. New York: Picador.
333. St. Laurent, Andrew M. 2004. Understanding Open Source & Free Software Licensing. Sebastopol: O'Reilly.
334. Stallman, Richard. 1983. Initial Announcement. Message to newsgroups net.unix-wizards and net.usoft, September 27, http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html.
335. Stallman, Richard. 1992. Why Software Should Be Free. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html.
336. Stallman, Richard. 1994. Why Software Should Not Have Owners. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html.
337. Stallman, Richard. 1999. The X-Windows Trap. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/x.html.
338. Stallman, Richard. 1999. The GNU operating system and the free software movement. In Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, edited by C. Dibona. Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates.
339. Stallman, Richard. 2000. Qt, the GPL, KDE, and GNOME. Linux Today, September 5, http://www.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-09-05-001-21-OP-LF-KE.
340. Stallman, Richard. 2001. Patent Reform Is Not Enough. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/patentreform-is-not-enough.html.
341. Stallman, Richard. 2001. The GNU GPL and the American Way. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html.
342. Stallman, Richard. 2001. The Danger of Software Patents. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallmanmec-india.html.
343. Stallman, Richard. 2002. My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs. http://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html.
344. Stallman, Richard. 2003. Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html.
345. Stallman, Richard. 2005. BitKeeper Bon Voyage is a Happy Ending. NewsForge, April 25, http://software.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=05/04/25/130207.
346. Stallman, Richard. 2005. Ethical Analysis of the GPL. Personal communication.
347. Stallman, Richard. 2005. Patent Absurdity. Guardian Unlimited, June 20, http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1510566,00.html.
348. Sterling, Bruce. 1994. The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. http://www.mit.edu/hacker/hacker.html.
349. Strathern, Marilyn. 2005. Imagined Collectivities and Multiple Authorship. In CODE: Collaborative Ownership in the Digital Economy, edited by R. A. Ghosh. Cambridge: MIT Press.
350. Sutton, Adrian. 2004. Beautiful Code Is Important. http://www.symphonious.net/2004/11/27/beautiful-code-is-important/.
351. Swann, Matthew, and Clark Turner. 2004. Executable Code is not the Proper Subject of Copyright Law: Cal Poly State University.
352. Sweet, David. 2001. KDE 2.0 Development. Vol. 2006. Indianapolis: Sams Publishing.
353. Sylvan, Richard. 1996. Anarchism. In A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, edited by R. E. Goodin and P. Pettit. London: Blackwell.
354. Tanenbaum, Andrew S. 1987. Operating Systems: Design and Implementations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
355. Tanksley, William, and Neel Krishnaswami. 1999. Be Gentle With Me . . . . Email to python-list mailing list, December 3, http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/1999-December/017213.html.
356. Taylor, Charles. 1979. What's Wrong with Negative Liberty? In The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, edited by A. Ryan. Oxford Oxford University Press.
357. Terranova, Tiziana. 2000. Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy. Social Text 18 (2): 33-58.
358. Thacker, Eugene. 2004. Foreword: Protocol Is As Protocol Does. In Protocol: How Control Exists After Decentralization. Cambridge: MIT Press.
359. The Canadian Press. 2005. Nationalized Oil Resources, Firms Appeal to Many Canadians. Business Edge, September 15, http://www.businessedge.ca/article.cfm/newsID/10433.cfm.
360. The European Convention. 2003. Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. http://europa.eu.int/constitution/futurum/constitution/index_en.htm.
361. The Free Software Foundation. 2005. The Free Software Definition. http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/free-sw.html (accessed June 22, 2006).
362. The Free Software Foundation. 2006. Discussion Draft 1 of the GPL, Version 3. http://gplv3.fsf.org/comments/(accessed July 25, 2006).
363. The Free Software Foundation. 2006. Discussion Draft 2 of the GPL, Version 3. http://gplv3.fsf.org/gpl-draft-2006-07-27.html (accessed August 10, 2006).
364. The Open Source Initiative. 2006. Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.opensource.org/advocacy/faq.php (accessed June 22, 2006).
365. The Open Source Initiative. 2006. History of the OSI. http://www.opensource.org/history.
366. The Pugwash Conferences. 2002. Mission Statement. http://www.pugwash.org/about/mission.htm.
367. The SavetheInternet.com Coalition. 2006. Save the Internet. http://www.savetheinternet.com/.
368. Thompson, Ken. 1999. Unix and Beyond: An Interview with Ken Thompson. IEEE Computer 5:58-64.
369. Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1976. Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem. The Monist 59:204-17.
370. Tolstoy, Leo. 1960. What Is Art?. Translated by A. Maude. New York: MacMillan.
371. Tompkins, Howard E. 1963. Computer Education. In Advances in Computers, edited by F. L. Alt and M. Rubinoff. New York: Academic Press.
372. Tridgell, Andrew. 2000. Samba-TNG Fork. http://us1.samba.org/samba/tng.html.
373. Truscello, Michael. 2003. The Architecture of Information: Open Source Software and Tactical Postructuralist Anarchism. Postmodern Culture 13 (3).
374. Ts'o, Theodore. 1997. Microsoft "embraces and extends" Kerberos V5. Usenix, December 3, https://db.usenix.org/publications/login/1997-11/embraces.html.
375. Turing, Alan. 1936. On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2 (42): 230-65.
376. Turoff, Murray, John Foster, Roxanne Hiltz, and Kenneth Ng. 1990. The TEIES Design and Objectives: Computer Mediated Communications and Tailorability. Paper read at 22 Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1989.
377. Tyre, James. 2001. Brief of Amici Curiae, Universal City Studios, Inc., et al. vs. Eric Corley, a/k/a Emmanuel Goldstein, 2600 Enterprises, Inc., Shawn C. Reimerdes, Roman Kazan. http://cryptome.org/mpaa-v-2600-bac.htm.
378. Vaidyanathan, Siva. 2003. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Copyright and How It Threatens Creativity. New York: New York University Press.
379. van Rooyen, Susan, Fiona Godlee, Stephen Evans, Nick Black, and Richard Smith. 1999. Effect of Open Peer Review on Quality of Reviews and on Reviewers' Recommendations: a Randomised Trial. British Medical Journal 318 (7175): 23-27.
380. Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. 2005. Red Hat's Earnings and Stock Soar. eWeek.com, September 29, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1865193,00.asp.
381. Vermazen, Bruce. 1991. The Aesthetic Value of Originality. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 16:266-79.
382. Vygotsky, L. S. 1962. Thought and Language. Translated by E. Hanfmann and G. Vakar. Cambridge: MIT Press.
383. Vygotsky, L. S. 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
384. W3C. 2006. Extensible Markup Language (XML). http://www.w3.org/XML/.
385. Wacha, Jason B. 2004. Taking The Case: Is the GPL Enforceable. Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal 21:451-88.
386. Wallace, Daniel. 2004. Why the GPL is Invalid. Email to license-discuss mailing list, February 12, http://www.mail-archive.com/license-discuss@opensource.org/msg07093.html.
387. Wallas, Graham. 1926. The Art of Thought. London: J. Cape.
388. Warsaw, Barry. 1999. Be Gentle With Me. . . . Email to python-list mailing list, December 6, http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/1999-December/017384.html.
389. Weber, Steven. 2004. The Success of Open Source. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
390. Weeks, Stephen. 2005. Why BSD-style Instead of the GPL? Posting to web forum, December 5, http://www.codecomments.com/archive269-2005-12-721015.html.
391. Weik, Martin H. 1961. The ENIAC Story. ORDNANCE (January-February), http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html.
392. Weisberg, Robert W. 2006. Creativity: Understanding Innovation in Problem Solving, Science, Invention, and the Arts. New York: Wiley.
393. Wheeler, David A. 2005. Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html.
394. Williams, Sam. 2002. Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.
395. Wirth, Niklaus. 1995. A Plea for Lean Software. IEEE Computer 28 (2).
396. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953/1999. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G.E.M. Anscombe. Third ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.
397. Wolfram, Stephan. 2002. A New Kind of Science. New York: Wolfram Media.
398. Wollheim, Richard. 1980. Criticism as Retrieval. In Art and Its Objects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
399. Zawinski, Jamie. 2000. The Lemacs/FSFmacs Schism. http://www.jwz.org/doc/lemacs.html.
400. Zittrain, Jonathan. 2004. Normative Principles for Evaluating Free and Proprietary Software. University of Chicago Law Review 71 (1).
401. Zymaris, Con. 2003. A Comparison of the GPL and the Microsoft EULA. http://www.cyber.com.au/about/comparing_the_gpl_to_eula.pdf.