Sex wars: Sexual dissent and political culture

Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-342

  Duggan, Lisa ^a   Hunter, Nan D ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BROOKLYN LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917106929     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315786728     Document Type: Book

References (522)

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37. K Rosen, supra note 12, at 19–20.
38. gail Pheterson, “Not Repeating History,” in A Vindication of the Rights of Whores 3 (ed. g ail Pheterson, 1989).
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44. Wendy Kaminer, “Feminists Against the First Amendment,” Atlantic, November 1992, at 111, 114.
45. Michael s. Kimmel, “Does Pornography Cause Rape?” Violence Update (sage Newsletters, s eattle, Wash.), June 1993, at 1.
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48. David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality (1990).
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51. Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America (1991)..
52. Robert Reinhold “Veto of California Job-Bias Bill Unites g ay- Rights Forces Against g overnor,” New York Times, November 12, 1991, at A16.
53. Alessandra stanley, “Militants Back Queer, shoving g ay the Way of Negro,” New York Times, April 6, 1991, at A23..
54. Michel Foucault, A History of Sexuality 101 (trans. Robert Hurley, 1978).
55. Anne B. g oldstein, “History, Homosexuality, and Political Values: s earching for the Hidden Determinants of Bowers v. Hardwick,” 97 Yale Law Journal 1073, 1081–1087 (1988)..
56. John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649: Volume 2 54–55 (1853)..
57. Robert F. o aks, “Things Fearful to Name”: s odomy and Buggery in s eventeenth Century New England,” 12 J. Soc. Hist. 268, 273 (1978)..
58. Intimate Matters, supra note 6, at 30–31..
59. Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.s. 438 (1972) .
60. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.s. 479 (1965)..
61. “it considers the practice of contraception immoral in itself.” Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.s. 497, 545 (1961).
62. Foucault, supra note 8, at 42–43.
63. Halperin, supra note 6, at 27..
64. Passion and Power: Sexuality in History (Kathy Peiss and Christina simmons eds., 1989).
65. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (1983).
66. Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (1981).
67. Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (1976).
68. Randolph t rumbach, “The Birth of the Queen: s odomy and the Emergence of g ender Equality in Modern Culture, 1660–1750,” in Hidden from History.
69. supra note 6, at 129–140.
70. David g reenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality 309, 333–334 (1988)..
71. Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain, 23–32 (1977).
72. george Chauncey, Jr., “From s exual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualization of Female Deviance, Salmagundi 114 (1982–1983)..
73. Nan D. Hunter, sheryl L. Michaelson and Thomas B. stoddard, The Rights of Lesbians and Gay Men 120 (1992)..
74. Commonwealth v. Wasson, 842 s.W. 2d 487 (Ky. 1992)..
75. Oklahoma v. Post, 715 P.2d 1105 (okla. Crim. App. 1986).
76. Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (1981)..
77. Ashton v. Civiletti, 613 F.2d 923, 927 (D.C. Cir. 1979).
78. John P. Rupp, The Rights of Gay People 17 (1983)..
79. Intimate Matters, supra note 6, 346–347.
80. National Gay Task Force v. Board of Educ. of City of Oklahoma City, 729 F.2d 1270 (10th Cir. 1984).
81. aff’d per curiam, 470 U.s. 903 (1985)..
82. Hardwick v. Bowers, 760 F.2d 1202, 1204–1206 (11th Cir. 1985).
83. Virginia v. American Booksellers Ass’n., 484 U.s. 383, 392–393 (1988).
84. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.s. 186, 188 n.2 (1986)..
85. Intimate Matters, supra note 6, at 28–30.
86. Katz, supra note 12.
87. ‘homosexual laws’.” Watkins v. U.S. Army, 847 F.2d 1329, 1354 (9th Cir. 1988).
88. vacated and aff’d on other grounds, 875 F.2d 699 (9th Cir. 1989).
89. cert. denied, 111 s.Ct. 384 (1990)..
90. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.s. 186, 197 (1986).
91. High-Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 895 F.2d 563 9th Cir. 1990
92. reh’g denied, 909 F.2d 375 (9th Cir. 1990).
93. Ben-Shalom v. Marsh, 881 F.2d 454 (7th Cir. 1989).
94. cert. denied, 110 s. Ct. 1296 (1990);.
95. Woodward v. United States, 871 F.2d 1068 (Fed. Cir. 1989).
96. cert. denied, 110 s. Ct. 1295 (1990).
97. Padula v. Webster, 822 F.2d 97 (D.C. Cir. 1987)..
98. Philip Blumstein and Pepper s chwartz, American Couples 236 (1983)..
99. Watkins, 847 F.2d at 1357.
100. Singer v. Hara, 522 P.2d 1187, 1195 (Wash. App. 1974)..
101. Watkins, 847 F.2d at 1340–1341.
102. High-Tech Gays, 909 F.2d at 379.
103. Cf. Ciechon v. City of Chicago, 686 F.2d 511, 522– 524 (7th Cir. 1982).
104. Watkins, 847 F.2d at 1350–1352..
105. “ sexual o rientation and the Constitution:A Note on the Relationship Between Due Process and Equal Protection,” 55 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1161 (1988)..
106. Watkins, 847 F.2d at 1339 n. 14..
107. Hatheway v. Secretary of the Army, 641 F.2d 1376 (9th Cir. 1981)..
108. Watkins v. U.S. Army, 875 F.2d 699, 726 (9th Cir. 1989).
109. Jantz v. Muci, 759 F.supp. 1543, 1548, 1551 (D. Kan. 1991).
110. “s ocial Construction Theory: Problems in the History of s exuality,” Homosexuality, Which.
111. Homosexuality? by Dennis Altman, Carole Vance, Martha Vicinus and Jeffrey, Weeks, International Conference on g ay and Lesbian studies 13, 29 (1988)..
112. Halperin., supra note 6, at 41–53..
113. Bowen v. Gilliard, 483 U.s. 587, 602–603 (1987)..
114. High-Tech Gays, 895 F.2d 563, 573 (9th Cir. 1990) pending
115. High-Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 909 F.2d 375, 380 (9th Cir. 1990)..
116. John D’Emilio, “Making and Unmaking Minorities: The t ensions Between g ay Politics and History,” 14 N.Y.U. Rev. L. and Soc. Change 915 (1986)..
117. Jantz v. Muci, 759 F. supp. 1543, 1549 (D. Kan. 1991).
118. Harv. L. Rev. 1302 (1985)
119. United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.s. 144, 152 n.4 (1938)..
120. High-Tech Gays, 895 F.2d at 574;.
121. Steffan v. Cheney, 780 F. supp. 1, 7–9 D.D.C. 1991
122. High-Tech Gays, 909 F.2d 378 (9th Cir. 1990).
123. Craig v. Boren, 429 U.s. 190 (1976);.
124. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.s. 677 (1973).
125. High-Tech Gays, 909 F.2d at 378..
126. Bruce A. Ackerman, “Beyond Carolene Products,” 98 Harvard Law Review 713 (1985)..
127. simon LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men,” 253 Science 1034 (1991);.
128. J. Michael Bailey and Richard C. Pillard, “A g enetic study of Male s exual o rientation,” 48 Archives Gen. Psychiatry 1089 (1991)..
129. “The Politics of Finding Homosexuality g enetic,” New York Times, Jan. 7, 1992.
130. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard, “Are s ome People Born g ay?,” New York Times, December.
131. William Byne and Bruce Parsons, Human Sexual Orientation: The Biological Theories Reappraised (1991).
132. Woodward v. U.S., 871 F.2d 1068, 1076 (Fed. Cir. 1989);.
133. High-Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 895 F2.d 563, 573–574 (9th Cir. 1990);.
134. Steffan v. Cheney, 780 F. supp. 1, 8–10 (D.C. 1991)..
135. Watkins v. U.S., 847 F.2d 1329, 1347 (9th Cir. 1988);.
136. High-Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 909 F.2d 375, 377.
137. Janet Halley, “The Politics of the Closet: t owards Equal Protection for g ay, Lesbian and Bisexual Identity,” 36 UCLA L. Rev. 915 (1989)..
138. Lyng v. Castillo, 477 U.s. 635, 638 (1986);.
139. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.s. 677, 686 (1973)..
140. Cf. Sugarman v. Dougall, 413 U.s. 634, 657 (1973).
141. Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.s. 202, 216 n.14 (1982);.
142. Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.s. 365, 372 (1971).
143. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners v. Scott, 463 U.s. 825, 836 (1983)..
144. “The notion of race is a taxonomic device and, as with all such constructs, it exists in the human mind, not as a division in the objective universe.” Ortiz v. Bank of America, 547F. supp. 550, 565 (E.D. Cal. 1982).
145. Halley, supra note 71, at 924–926.
146. Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb, 481 U.s. 615 (1987).
147. Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.s. 604 (1987)..
148. Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.s. 365 (1971)..
149. “that issue is not free from doubt.” Ravenstahl v. Thomas Jefferson Hospital, 37 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) 38,330, 38,332 (E.D.Pa. 1985)..
150. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.s. 186, 203 n.2 (1986).
151. DeSantis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co., 608 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1979);.
152. Smith v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 569 F.2d 325 (5th Cir. 1978);.
153. Holloway v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 556 F.2d 659 (9th Cir. 1977)..
154. Kenneth L. Karst, “The Pursuit of Manhood and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces,” 38 UCLA L. Rev. 499 (1991).
155. sylvia Law, “Homosexuality and the s ocial Meaning of g ender,” 1988.
156. Wis. L. Rev. 187; I. Bennett Capers, Note, “s ex(ual o rientation) and t itle VII,” 91 Colum. L. Rev. 1158 (1991).
157. Andrew Koppelman, Note, “The Miscegenation Analogy: s odomy Law as s ex Discrimination,” 98 Yale L.J. 145 (1988)..
158. Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center v. Georgetown University, 536 A.2d 1 (D.C. 1987);.
159. Gay Lib. v. University of Missouri, 558 F.2d 848 (8th Cir. 1977).
160. cert. denied, 434 U.s. 1080 (1978);.
161. Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, 544 F.2d 162 (4th Cir. 1976);.
162. Singer v. U.S. Civil Service Commission, 530 F.2d 247 (9th Cir. 1976).
163. vacated, 429 U.s. 1034 (1977);.
164. Gay Students Organization of University of New Hampshire v. Bonner, 509 F.2d 652 (1st Cir. 1974);.
165. McConnell v. Anderson, 451 F.2d 193 (8th Cir. 1971).
166. cert. denied, 405 U.s. 1046 (1972);.
167. Endsley v. Naes, 673 F. supp. 1032 (D. Kan. 1987)..
168. Hardwick, 478 U.s. 186..
169. Baker v. Wade, 769 F.2d 289, 292 (5th Cir. 1985).
170. cert. denied, 478 U.s. 1022 (1986)..
171. Dronenburg v. Zech, 741 F.2d 1388, 1397 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
172. reh’g en banc denied, 746 F.2d 1579 (D.C. Cir. 1984)..
173. In Re Opinion of the Justices, 530 A.2d 21, 25 (N.H. 1987)..
174. Barnes v. Glen Theaters, 111 s. Ct. 2456 (1991)..
175. Robert Bork, Civil Rights—A Challenge, The New Republic, August 31, 1963, at 21..
176. Singer v. Hara, 11 Wash. App. 247, 522 P.2d 1187 (1974);.
177. Jones v. Hallahan, 501 s.W.2d 588 (Ky.Ct.App. 1973);.
178. Baker v. Nelson, 291 Minn. 310, 191 N.W.2d 185 (1971).
179. appeal dismissed 409 U.s. 810 (1972)..
180. Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir. 1982).
181. McConnell v. Nooner, 547 F.2d 43 (8th Cir. 1976).
182. Matter of Cooper, 187 A.D.2d 128, 592 N.y.s.2d 797 (1993).
183. DeSanto v. Barnsley, 476 A.2d 952 (Pa. super. Ct. 1984)..
184. Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.s. 374 (1978).
185. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.s. 186 (1986).
186. Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (1993)..
187. Braschi v. Stahl Associates, 74 N.y.2d 201, 544 N.y.s.2d 784, 543 N.E.2d 49 (1989)..
188. Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.s. 609, 620 (1984)..
189. “A More Perfect Union: A Legal and s ocial Analysis of Domestic Partnership o rdinances,” 92 Columbia Law Review 1164 (1992)..
190. Bishop, “s an Francisco g rants Recognition to Couples Who Aren’t Married,” New York Times, May 31, 1989, at A-17..
191. Bishop, “Not Quite a Wedding, but Quite a Day for Couples by the Bay,” New York Times, February 15, 1991, at A-16..
192. g utis, “small steps t oward Acceptance Renew Debate on g ay Marriage,” New York Times, November 5, 1989 at E–24.
193. sullivanl, “Here Comes the g room: A (Conservative) Case for g ay Marriage,” The New Republic, August 28, 1989, at 20;.
194. Isaacson, “should g ays Have Marriage Rights?,” Time, November 20, 1989, at 101 (hereafter, “Isaacson”);.
195. Lewin, “suit o ver Death Bene?ts Asks, What Is a Family?,” New York Times, s eptember 21, 1990, at 1, B7..
196. D. t eal, The Gay Militants 282–293 (1971) [hereafter, “t eal”]..
197. s. s cheingold, The Politics of Rights (1974)..
198. s. Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex (1970);.
199. Cronan, “Marriage” in Radical Feminism (1973).
200. A. Koedt, E. Levine and J. Rapone, and M. Barrett and M. McIntosh, The Anti-Social Family (1982)..
201. A. Echols, Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975 (1989)..
202. “The Church, state and Homosexuality: A Radical Analysis,” Gay Power No. 14 (emphasis in the original), quoted in.
203. Williams, “Equality’s Riddle: Pregnancy and the Equal t reatment/ special t reatment Debate,” 13 Review of Law and Social Change 325 (1984/1985).
204. John Boswell, Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe (1994)..
205. William N. Eskridge, Jr., “A History of s ame-s ex Marriage,” 79 Virginia Law Review 1419 (1993);.
206. Joan Kelly, and Phyllis Vine, Household and Kin: Families in Flux (1981);.
207. Herbert g. g utman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750–1925 (1976);.
208. Jane Collier, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and sylvia yanagisako, “Is there A Family? New Anthropological Views,” in Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions 25 (Barrie Thorne and Marilyn yalom eds. 1982);.
209. Mary P. Ryan, “The Explosion of Family History,” 10 (No. 4) Rev. Am. Hist. 181, 186–87 (1982);.
210. Jessie Bernard, The Future of Marriage 272–280 (1973)..
211. Ellen Kandoian, “Cohabitation, Common Law Marriage, and the Possibility of a shared Moral Life,” 75 Georgetown Law Journal 1829, 1838 1987
212. Edward de grazia and Roger K. Newman, Banned Films: Movies, Censors and The First Amendment 92 (1982)..
213. Judith T. Younger, “Community Property, Women and the Law s chool Curriculum,” 48 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 211 (1973).
214. Mary Ann glendon, “Marriage and the state: The Withering Away of Marriage,” 62 Virginia Law Review 663, 702–703 (1976).
215. Holmes Norton, and susan C. Ross, “sex Role Discrimination in the Law of the Family,” in Sex Discrimination and the Law: Causes and Remedies 561–566 (1975).
216. The First Restatement of the Law of Contracts (1932), 587.
217. Lee Rainwater and William L. yangey, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy 30 1967
218. Paula giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America 325–329 1984
219. Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America 1985
220. Nan D. Hunter, “Child support Law and Policy: The systematic Imposition of Costs on Women,” 6 Harvard Women’s Law Journal 1 1983
221. Myrna Felder, “grounds for Divorce,” in Family Law and Practice 4–21 Arnold H. Rutkin, ed. 1991
222. Albert Momjian, “Annulment,” in Family Law and Practice 5–6, 5–8–5–9 (ed. Arnold H. Rutkin, 1991).
223. Woodruff v. Woodruff, 44 N.C. App. 350, 260 s.E.2d 775, 776 1979
224. sylvia A. Law, “Homosexuality and the s ocial Meaning of g ender,” 1988.
225. Wisconsin Law Review 187, 196.
226. Ruthann Robson and S.E. Valentine, “Lov(h)ers: Lesbians as Intimate Partners and Lesbian Legal Theory,” 63 Temple Law Review 511, 536–537 (1990)..
227. bell hooks, Feminist Theory From Margin to Center 37 (1984)..
228. Martha Minow, “‘Forming Underneath Everything That g rows:’ t oward a History of Family Law,” 1985 Wisconsin Law Review 819.
229. Kathryn A. London, “Cohabitation, Marriage, Marital Dissolution and Remarriage: United states, 1988,” in 194 Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics 1, 1 (January 4, 1991)..
230. “Marital status and Living Arrangements: March 1989” 1, 1 (1990).
231. “Advance Report for Final Divorce statistics, 1987,” 38 Monthly Vital Statistics Report No. 12, Supp. 2 (1990)..
232. Changing Family Patterns in the United States 5 (1986).
233. Carlee R. s cott, “As Baby Boomers Age, Fewer Couples Untie the Knot,” Wall St. J., November 7, 1990, at B1, col. 3..
234. Mitchell Bernard, Ellen Levine, stefan Presser, and Marianne stecich, The Rights of Single People 12 (1985)..
235. Martha L. Fineman, “Law and Changing Patterns of Behavior: s anctions on Non-Marital Cohabitation,” 1981 Wisconsin Law Review 287–290..
236. Barbara J. Cox, “Alternative Families: o btaining t raditional Family Bene?ts Through Litigation, Legislation and Collective Bargaining,” 2 Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal 1 (1986).
237. Hollenbough v. Carnegie Free Library, 436 F. supp. 1328 (W.D.Pa. 1977).
238. “Cohabitation Without Marriage: A Different Perspective,” 28 UCLA Law Review 1125 (1981).
239. Barbara J. Cox, “Alternative Families: o btaining t raditional Family Bene?ts Through Litigation, Legislation and Collective Bargaining,” 2 Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal 1 (1986).
240. Hollenbough v. Carnegie Free Library, 436 F. supp. 1328 (W.D.Pa. 1977).
241. “Cohabitation Without Marriage: A Different Perspective,” 28 UCLA Law Review 1125 (1981).
242. Marvin v. Marvin, 18 Cal. 3d 660, 557 P.2d 106, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815 (1976).
243. Levar v. Elkins, 604 P.2d 602 (Alaska 1980).
244. Carroll v. Lee, 148 Ariz. 10, 712 P.2d 923 (1986).
245. Boland v. Catalano, 202 Conn. 333, 521 A.2d 142 (1987).
246. Carlson v. Olson, 256 N.W.2d 249 (Minn. 1977).
247. Kinkenon v. Hue, 207 Neb. 698, 301 N.W.2d 77 (1981).
248. Hay v. Hay, 100 Nev. 196, 678 P.2d 672 (1984).
249. Kozlowski v. Kozlowski, 80 N.J. 378, 403 A.2d 902 (1979).
250. Beal v. Beal, 282 o r. 115, 577 P.2d 507 (1978).
251. Watts v. Watts, 137 Wis. 2d 506, 405 N.W.2d 303 (1987)..
252. Whorton v. Dillingham, 202 Cal. App. 3d 447, 248 Cal. Rptr. 405 (Cal. Ct. App. 1988)..
253. Contra Hewitt v. Hewitt, 77 Ill. 2d 49, 58, 394 N.E.2d 1204, 1207–1208 (1979)..
254. Group House of Port Washington, Inc. v. Bd. of Zoning and Appeals of the Town of North Hempstead, 45 N.y.2d 266, 272, 380 N.E.2d 207, 209, 408 N.y.s.2d 377, 379–380 1978
255. Michael g rossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth- Century America 69–78 (1985).
256. State v. John, 30 N.C. (3 Ired.) 330 (1848).
257. William v. State, 33 g a. supp. 85 (1864)..
258. Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 431 U.s. 494 1977
259. “domestic partnership movement” as a better alternative to a campaign for lesbian and gay marriage. Out/Look, supra note 11, at 17..
260. Wade Lambert, “Domestic Partners of s eattle Workers g et Health Bene?ts,” Wall St. J., May 7, 1990, at B4, col. 4.
261. American Civil Liberties Union, Introduction to Domestic Partnership 6–7 (1990).
262. Laurie Becklund, “The Word ‘Family’ g ains New Meaning,” L.A. Times, December 13, 1990, at A3, col. 2..
263. Frances E. o lsen, “The Family and the Market: A study of Ideology and Legal Reform,” 96 Harvard Law Review 1497 (1983).
264. Nadine t aub & Elizabeth M. s chneider, “Women’s subordination and the Role of Law,” in The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 151 (ed. David Kairys, 1990) [hereinafter Politics of Law]..
265. Frank I. Michelman, “The supreme Court and Litigation Access Fees: The Right to Protect o ne’s o wn Rights—Part I,” 1973 Duke Law Journal 1153, 1177..
266. “Critical Legal studies symposium,” 36 Stanford Law Review Nos. 1 and 2 (1984).
267. “symposium: A Critique of Rights,” 62 Texas Law Review No. 8 (1984)..
268. Peter g abel and Duncan Kennedy, “Roll o ver Beethoven,” 36 Stanford Law Review 1, 5 (1984)..
269. Allan C. Hutchinson and Patrick J. Monahan, “The “Rights” stuff: Roberto Unger and Beyond,” 62 Texas Law Review 1477, 1510 (1984).
270. Lynd, “Communal Rights,” 62 Texas Law Review 1417, 1418–1419 (1984)..
271. Alan D. Freeman, “Antidiscrimination Law: The View from 1989,” in Politics of Law, supra note 76, at 96.
272. Robert W. g ordon, “New Developments in Legal Theory,” in Politics of Law, supra note 76, at 413..
273. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: t ransformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law,” 101 Harvard Law Review 1331, 1357 1988
274. Patricia J. Williams, “Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals From Deconstructed Rights,” 22 Harvard Civil Rights- Civil Liberties Law Review 401, 424 (1987).
275. Elizabeth s chneider, “The Dialectic of Rights and Politics: Perspectives From the Women’s Movement,” 61 New York University Law Review 589 (1986)..
276. “help[s] women to overcome th[e] sense of privatization and of personal blame [that] has perpetuated women’s subordination.” schneider, supra note 88, at 626.
277. Gay and Lesbian Students Ass’n v. Gohn, 850 F.2d 361 (8th Cir. 1988).
278. Gay Students Services v. Texas A & M Univ., 737 F.2d 1317 (5th Cir. 1984).
279. Gay Lib v. University of Mo., 558 F.2d 848 (8th Cir. 1977).
280. Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, 544 F.2d 162 (4th Cir. 1976) .
281. Gay Students Org. of the Univ. of N.H. v. Bonner, 509 F.2d 652 (1st Cir. 1974).
282. Student Coalition for Gay Rights v. Austin Peay State Univ., 477 F. supp. 1267 (M.D. t enn. 1979).
283. Wood v. Davison, 351 F. supp. 543 (N.D. g a. 1972).
284. Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, s. Doc. No. 241, 81st Cong., 2d s ess. 4 (1950).
285. John D’Emilio, “The Homosexual Menace: the Politics of s exuality in Cold War America,” in Passion and Power: Sexuality and History 226, 226 (ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina simmons, 1989)..
286. Employment of Homosexuals in Government, supra note 2, at 9..
287. Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two 13, 139–141 (1990)..
288. Judiciary, The Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, s. Rep. No. 1515, 81st Congress, 2d s ess. 343 (1950)..
289. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States 1940–1970 31–33, 49–50, 186–188 (1983).
290. John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America 290–294 (1988).
291. Arthur s. Leonard, “The g ay Bar and the Right to Hang o ut t ogether,” in his Sexuality and the Law: An Encyclopedia of Major Legal Cases 190–196 (1993)..
292. D’Emilio and Freedman, supra note 13, at 294..
293. Cyr v. Walls, 439 F. supp. 697, 704–05 (N.D. t ex. 1977)
294. E.Carrington Boggan, Marilyn g. Haft, Charles Lister and John P. Rupp, The Rights of Gay People 10–12 (1975).
295. Lesbians, Gay Men and the Law 88, 92 (ed. William B. Rubenstein, 1993)..
296. H.L.A. Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality 14–15 (1963).
297. Ashton v. Civiletti, 613 F.2d 923, 927 D.C. Cir. 1979
298. Roth v. United States, 354 U.s. 476, 489 (1957).
299. Miller v. California, 413 U.s. 15, 24–25 (1973).
300. People v. Friede, 233 N.y.s. 565, 567 (Mag. Ct. 1929).
301. One, Inc. v. Olesen, 241 F.2d 772, 777 9th Cir. 1957
302. Roth v. United States. One, Inc., 355 U.s. 371, 371.
303. Manual Enterprises v. Day, 370 U.s. 478 1962
304. Van Ooteghem v. Gray, 628 F.2d 488 5th Cir. 1980
305. Singer v. United States Civil Serv. Comm’n, 530 F.2d 247 (9th Cir. 1976).
306. vacated and remanded, 429 U.s. 1034 (1977).
307. Acanfora v. Board of Educ., 491 F.2d 498 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.s. 836 1974
308. McConnell v. Anderson, 451 F.2d 193 (8th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.s. 1046 (1972)..
309. Norton v. Macy, 417 F.2d 1161, 1167 (D.C. Cir. 1969).
310. Van Ooteghem, 628 F.2d at 490–93.
311. Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.s. 444, 447–448 (1969).
312. Gay Student Servs. v. Texas A&M Univ., 737 F.2d 1317, 1328 (5th Cir. 1984).
313. Gay Lib v. University of Mo., 558 F.2d 848, 854 (8th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.s. 1080 (1978).
314. Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, 544 F.2d 162, 166 (4th Cir. 1976).
315. Gay Students Org. of the Univ. of N.H. v. Bonner, 509 F.2d 652, 662 (1st Cir. 1974)..
316. “Here we are not dealing with conduct, but with the advocacy of the acceptability of conduct.” Student Coalition for Gay Rights v. Austin Peay State Univ., 477 F. supp. 1267, 1274 (M.D. t enn. 1979)..
317. “gay Power Comes to sheridan s quare,” Village Voice, July 3, 1969, at 1, 18..
318. The Rights of Gay People, supra note 15, at 21..
319. Randy shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk 221 (1982)..
320. “Witch-hunting” The Economist, o ctober 28, 1978, at 50..
321. David B. g oodstein, “Fighting the Briggs Brigade,” The Advocate, June 14, 1978, at 6.
322. “Poll shows a Major shift on Prop 6,” Gay Community News, o ctober 21, 1978, at 1..
323. scott Anderson, “After Victories, Leaders Ponder the Next step,” The Advocate, December 27, 1978, at 8–9..
324. sasha g regory-Lewis, “Californians Face Proposition 6” and “Will it Be Written, Mene, Mene, t ekel Upharsin?,” The Advocate, November 15, 1978, at 7–12.
325. “Victory in California, s eattle; Miami Defeat,” The Advocate, December 13, 1978, at 9 [hereinafter “Victory in California”]..
326. Gay Law Students Ass’n v. Pacific Tel. and Tel. Co., 595 P.2d 592, 610–611 (Cal. 1979)..
327. Soroka v. Dayton Hudson Corp., 1 Cal. Rptr. 2d 77, 87–88 Cal. Ct. App. 1991
328. Board of Educ. of Okla. City v. National Gay Task Force, 470 U.s. 903 (1985) (No. 83–2030)..
329. National Gay Task Force v. Board of Educ. of Okla. City, 729 F.2d 1270, 1274 (10th Cir. 1984).
330. National Gay Task Force, 729 F.2d at 1277 (Barrett, J., dissenting)..
331. Arthur s. Leonard, “Discrimination,” in AIDS and the Law: A Guide for the Nineties 297 (ed. s cott Burris et al., 1993)..
332. scott Burris, “t esting, Disclosure, and the Right to Privacy,” in AIDS and the Law, supra note 49, at 115..
333. Dennis Altman, “Legitimation through Disaster: AIDs and the g ay Movement,” in AIDS: The Burdens of History 305 (ed. Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, 1988).
334. AIDS Research: Hearings on Dep’ts of Labor, Health and Human Servs., Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989.
335. Ronald Bayer, Private Acts, Social Consequences: AIDS and the Politics of Public Health 89–93 (1989).
336. Dennis Altman, AIDS and the New Puritanism 74–78 (1986)..
337. Recommended Additional Guidelines for HIV Antibody Counseling and Testing in the Prevention of HIV Infection and AIDS, at 9–13 (April 30, 1987)..
338. Marlene Cimons, “AIDs Education g rants Frozen,” L.A. Times, December 4, 1985, at 12..
339. simon g ar?eld, “The Age of Consent,” The Independent, November 10, 1991, at 3..
340. Rorie sherman, “s ex Education Manual spurs Censorship Debate,” Nat’l L.J., July 18, 1988, at 14.
341. Clare Kittredge, “s ex-Education Dispute s ettled by state, Clinic,” Boston Globe, s eptember 7, 1988.
342. Rod Paul, “s ex Education Manual Prompts Moral o utrage,” N.Y. Times, April 24, 1988, at 39..
343. Gay Rights Coalition v. Georgetown Univ., 536 A.2d 1, 26 (D.C. 1987)..
344. Carole s. Vance, “Misunderstanding o bscenity,” Art in America, May 1990, at 49–55.
345. Finley v. National Endowment for the Arts, 795 F. supp. 1457, 1461 & n.5 (C.D. Cal. 1992)..
346. Memorandum from s ecretary of Defense to Joint Chiefs of staff, Policy on Homosexual Conduct in the Armed Forces, July 19, 1993..
347. President’s Remarks Announcing the New Policy on g ays and Lesbians in the Military, 29 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1372 (July 26, 1993)..
348. Rowland v. Mad River Local Sch. Dist., 470 U.s. 1009, 1016 n. 11 (1985).
349. Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.s. 705, 717 (1977).
350. Cf. West Virginia State Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette, 319 U.s. 624, 642 (1943).
351. Lesbian Herstory Archives, Newsletter, 1 (June 1975)..
352. Jonathan Katz, Gay American History (New york, 1976)..
353. Katz’s Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New york, 1983)..
354. Allan Bérubé, “Lesbian Masquerade,” Gay Community News, November 17, 1979, 8–9..
355. Elizabeth Kennedy and Madeline Davis’ Boots of Leather Slippers of Gold (Routledge: New york, 1993)..
356. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago, 1980).
357. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago, 1983).
358. Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (New york, 1981)..
359. James A. Fraser and Harold A. Averill, Organizing an Archives: The Canadian Gay Archives Experience (t oronto, 1980)..
360. Joseph Interrante, “From the Puritans to the Present: 350 years of Lesbian and g ay History in Boston,” in Gay Jubilee: A Guidebook to Gay Boston—Its History and Resources, ed. Richard Burns, Neuma Cradall, and Eric Rofes (Boston, 1980)..
361. Among Women, Among Men: Sociological and Historical Recognition of Homosocial Arrangements (Amsterdam, 1983)..
362. Chris Czernick, “How the Boston History Project Began,” Gay Community News, June 16, 1984, 14–17..
363. Eric g arber, “t ain’t Nobody’s Bizness.” This slide show, available through the Committee on Lesbian and g ay History, is an account of gay life during the Harlem Renaissance. s ee also Black Lesbians: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by J. R. Roberts (t allahassee, Fla., 1981).
364. Joan Nestle, “Radical Archiving: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective,” Gay Insurgent, 4–5 (spring 1979), 10–12..
365. Leila Rupp, review of Katz and D’Emilio, Signs, 9 (1984), 712–715..
366. Katz, GayLesbian Almanac; Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men; Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London, 1977).
367. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London, 1981)..
368. Kenneth Plummer, The Making of the Modern Homosexual (London, 1981)..
369. Allan Bérubé, “Marching to a Different Drummer: Lesbian and g ay g Is in World War II,” Advocate, o ct. 15, 1981, 20–24..
370. Amber Hollibaugh, “s exuality and the state,” Socialist Review, 9 (May–June 1979), 55–72..
371. David N. Dinkins, “Keep Marching for Equality,” the New York Times, March 21, 1991..
372. steven Epstein, “g ay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of s ocial Constructionism,” Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 3/4 (May–August 1987)..
373. Charlotte Bunch, “Learning from Lesbian s eparatism,” in her Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action (New york: st. Martin’s Press, 1987)..
374. Michelangelo signorile, “g ossip Watch,” Outweek, April 18, 1990, pp. 55–57..
375. steve Beery et al., “smashing the Closet: The Pros and Cons of o uting,” Outweek, May 16, 1990, pp. 40–53..
376. Michelangelo signorile, “The o ther side of Malcolm,” Outweek, March 18, 1990, pp. 40–45..
377. C. Carr, “Why o uting Must stop,” The Village Voice, March 19, 1991, p. 37.
378. Audre Lorde, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1982), p. 226..
379. Louise sloan, “Beyond Dialogue,” San Francisco Bay Guardian Literary Supplement, March 1991, p. 3..
380. Jeffrey Escoffier, “Inside the Ivory Closet: The Challenges Facing Lesbian and g ay studies,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly, no. 10 (Fall 1990), pp. 40–48..
381. Diana Fuss, “Lesbian and gay Theory: The Question of Identity Politics” in her Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference (New york: Routledge, 1989), pp. 97–112..
382. Jonathan Katz, “The Invention of the Homosexual, 1880– 1950,” in his Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New york: Harper & Row, 1983), pp. 137–174..
383. Dennis Altman, Homosexual Oppression and Liberation (New york: Avon Books, 1971).
384. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” reprinted in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. A. snitow, C. stansell and s. Thompson (New york: Monthly Review Press, 1983), pp. 177–205..
385. Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaahumani, Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (Boston: Alyson Publications, 1991)..
386. “Birth of A Queer Nation,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly, no. 11 (Winter 1991), pp. 14–23..
387. Pat Cali?a, “g ay Men, Lesbians and s ex: Doing It t ogether,” The Advocate, July 7, 1983, pp. 24–27.
388. Jorjet Harper, “Lesbians Who sleep With Men,” Outweek, February 11, 1990, pp. 46–52..
389. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac;.
390. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men;.
391. Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London, 1977).
392. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London, 1981)..
393. Kenneth Plummer, The Making of the Modern Homosexual (London, 1981)..
394. Allan Bérubé, “Marching to a Different Drummer: Lesbian and g ay g Is in World War II,” Advocate, o ct. 15, 1981, 20–24..
395. Amber Hollibaugh, “s exuality and the state,” Socialist Review, 9 (May–June 1979), 55–72..
396. David N. Dinkins, “Keep Marching for Equality,” the New York Times, March 21, 1991..
397. steven Epstein, “g ay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of s ocial Constructionism,” Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 3/4 (May–August 1987)..
398. Charlotte Bunch, “Learning from Lesbian s eparatism,” in her Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action (New york: st. Martin’s Press, 1987)..
399. Michelangelo signorile, “g ossip Watch,” Outweek, April 18, 1990, pp. 55–57..
400. steve Beery et al., “smashing the Closet: The Pros and Cons of o uting,” Outweek, May 16, 1990, pp. 40–53..
401. Michelangelo signorile, “The o ther side of Malcolm,” Outweek, March 18, 1990, pp. 40–45..
402. C. Carr, “Why o uting Must stop,” The Village Voice, March 19, 1991, p. 37.
403. Audre Lorde, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1982), p. 226..
404. Louise sloan, “Beyond Dialogue,” San Francisco Bay Guardian Literary Supplement, March 1991, p. 3..
405. Jeffrey Escoffier, “Inside the Ivory Closet: The Challenges Facing Lesbian and g ay studies,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly, no. 10 (Fall 1990), pp. 40–48..
406. Diana Fuss, “Lesbian and gay Theory: The Question of Identity Politics” in her Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference (New york: Routledge, 1989), pp. 97–112..
407. Jonathan Katz, “The Invention of the Homosexual, 1880– 1950,” in his Gay/Lesbian Almanac (New york: Harper & Row, 1983), pp. 137–174..
408. Dennis Altman, Homosexual Oppression and Liberation (New york: Avon Books, 1971).
409. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” reprinted in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. A. snitow, C. stansell and s. Thompson (New york: Monthly Review Press, 1983), pp. 177–205..
410. Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaahumani, Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (Boston: Alyson Publications, 1991)..
411. “Birth of A Queer Nation,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly, no. 11 (Winter 1991), pp. 14–23..
412. Pat Cali?a, “g ay Men, Lesbians and s ex: Doing It t ogether,” The Advocate, July 7, 1983, pp. 24–27.
413. Jorjet Harper, “Lesbians Who sleep With Men,” Outweek, February 11, 1990, pp. 46–52..
414. John D’Emilio, “Not A simple Matter: g ay History and g ay Historians,” Journal of American History, vol. 76, no. 2 (s eptember 1989), pp. 435–442..
415. Eve Kosofsky s edgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 1..
416. Alexander Wilson, “Foucault and the Politics of Identity,” The Advocate, August 7, 1984, pp. 27–30, 58..
417. Julie Abraham’s review of s edgwick’s Epistemology of the Closet in The Women’s Review of Books, vol. 8, no. 7 (April 1991), pp. 17–18..
418. Biddy Martin, “Lesbian Identity and Autobiographical Difference(s),” in Life/lines: Theorizing Women’s Autobiography, Bella Brodzky and Celeste s chenck, eds. (Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press, 1988), pp. 77–103..
419. t eresa de Lauretis, Technologies of Gender (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 25..
420. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New york: Routledge, 1990). s ee especially pp. 136–139..
421. Cherríe Moraga and g loria Anzaldúa, This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (Watertown, MA: Persephone Press, 1981)..
422. Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs: s cience, t echnology, and s ocialist Feminism in the 1980s,” Socialist Review, vol. 15, no. 2 (March–April, 1985), pp. 73–74..
423. g loria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (s an Francisco: spinsters/Aunt Lute, 1987).
424. Kobena Mercer, “skin Head s ex Thing: Racial Difference and the Homoerotic Imaginary,” in How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video, ed. Bad o bjects Collective (s eattle: Bay Press, 1991), pp. 169–210.
425. g ayle Rubin, “Thinking s ex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of s exuality,” in Pleasure and Danger: Explorations in Female Sexuality, ed. Carole s. Vance (New york: Routledge, 1984), pp. 267–319..
426. Jeffrey Escoffier and Allan Bérubé, “Queer/Nation,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly, no. 11 (Winter 1991), pp. 14–16..
427. Lisa Keen, “Record Number of Ballot Fights Looming for g ays,” Washington Blade, January 21, 1994..
428. Hastings Wyman, Jr., “strengthening g ays’ Political Response in ’94,” Washington Blade, January 7, 1994.
429. steven Holmes, “g ay Rights Advocates Brace for Ballot Fights,” New York Times, January 12, 1994..
430. D’Erasmo, “The g ay Nineties: In s chools across the Country, g ay studies Is Coming on strong,” Rolling Stone, o ctober 3, 1991..
431. Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New york: Routledge, 1993)..
432. “Cryptonormativism and Double g estures: The Politics of Poststructuralism,” Cultural Critique 21 (1992)..
433. Cindy Patton, “t remble Hetero swine!” in Fear of a Queer Planet..
434. Nancy Fraser, “Rethinking the Public sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy,” Social Text, no. 25/26 (1990)..
435. Jeffrey Escoffier, “Inside the Ivory Closet: The Challenges Facing Lesbian and g ay studies,” Out/Look, no. 10 (Fall 1990), pp. 40–48..
436. “g ay Academy, g ay Communities,” Outlines (Chicago), February 1992, pp. 34–35..
437. Joan W. s cott, “The Evidence of Experience,” in Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale and David Halperin, editors, The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New york: Routledge, 1993), p. 398..
438. scott, “The Evidence of Experience,” p. 400..
439. American Historical Review 92 (o ctober 1987).
440. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (London: Longman, 1981).
441. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics/Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
442. scott, “The Evidence of Experience,” p. 401.
443. Biddy Martin, “Lesbian Identity and Autobiographical Difference(s),” in Abelove, et. al., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader.
444. Michael Warner, ed. Fear of a Queer Planet (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), pp. 7-31.
445. Schroeder v. Hamilton Sch. Dist., 282 F.3d 946, 950-51 (7th Cir. 2002).
446. William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Nan D. Hunter, Sexuality, Gender and the Law, 2nd ed. (Foundation Press, New york, 2004), 76–78.
447. Patricia A. Cain, Rainbow Rights: The Role of Lawyers and Courts in the Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights Movements (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000), 136–137.
448. Diana Hassel, “The Use of Criminal s odomy Laws in Civil Litigation,” 79 Texas Law Review, 813 (2001).
449. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800, 275 (London: Longman, 1981).
450. g ayle Rubin, “Thinking s ex: Notes for a Radical theory of the Politics of s exuality” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole s. Vance, (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984), 267, 282.
451. Katherine Franke, “The Domesticated Liberty of Lawrence v. Texas,” 104 Colum. L. Rev. 1399 (2004).
452. t eemu Ruskola, “g ay Rights vs. Queer Theory: What Is Left of s odomy After Lawrence v. Texas” 23 Soc. Text 235 (2005).
453. Dale Carpenter, “Lawrence Past”, in The Future of Gay Rights in America, H. N. Hirsch, ed. (New york: Routledge, 2004), 107–149.
454. Williams v. Attorney General, 378 F.3d 1232 (11th Cir. 2004).
455. Carlos A. Ball, “The Positive in the Fundamental Right to Marry: s ame-s ex Marriage in the Aftermath of Lawrence v. Texas,” 88 Minn. L. Rev. 1184, 1208–1215 (2004).
456. Joyce Murdoch and Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court (New york: Basic Books, 2001), 418.
457. Jonathan g roner, “12 Winning Arguments: D.C.–Area Lawyers Who Make Their Mark in Appellate Litigation,” Legal Times (July 19, 2004) at 32.
458. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.s. 640, 650 (2000).
459. Martha t. McCluskey, “subsidized Lives and the Ideology of Efficiency”, 8 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 115, 118–27 (2000).
460. Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003).
461. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New york: Verso, 1991).
462. g eorge Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: t emple University Press, 1998).
463. s. De Beauvoir, The Second Sex 202–203, 366–413 (trans. H. Parshley, 5th printing 1968).
464. Hunter, “The Pornography Debate in Context: A Chronology of s exuality, Media & Violence Issues in Feminism,” reprinted in this volume.
465. snitow, stansell and Thompson, Introduction, in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality 9 (ed. A. snitow, C. stansell and s. Thompson, 1983).
466. s. s chechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement (1982).
467. snitow, “Retrenchment Versus t ransformation: The Politics of the Antipornography Movement,” in Women Against Censorship 107 (V. Burstyn, ed. 1985).
468. Duggan, “Censorship in the Name of Feminism,” Village Voice, o ctober 16, 1984.
469. B. Lynn, Polluting the Censorship Debate: A Summary and Critique ot the Final Report of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography 14–16 (1986).
470. Vance, “The Meese Commission on the Road,” Nation, August 2, 1986.
471. S chauer, “speech and “speech”—o bscenity and “o bscenity”: An Exercise in the Interpretation of Constitutional Language,” 67 Georgetown Law Journal 899, 922–923 (1979).
472. Rabidue v. Osceola Refining Co., 805 F.2d 611, 622 (1986).
473. P. Nobile and E. Nadler, United States of America vs. Sex: How The Meese Commission Lied About Pornography 224–225 (1986).
474. “Anti-Pornography Law Defeated in Cambridge,” New York Times, Nov. 12, 1985.
475. Wald, “Voters in Maine Defeat Anti-o bscenity Plan,” New York Times, June 11, 1986.
476. Wald, “o bscenity Debate Focuses Attention on Maine, Where Voters Weigh Issue,” New York Times, June 10, 1986.
477. Vance, “Pleasure and Danger: t oward a Politics of s exuality,” in Pleasure and Danger, supra note 2.
478. Voices From Women’s Liberation 158 (L. t anner ed. 1971).
479. M. sherfrey, The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality (1972).
480. L. Barbach, For Yourself: The Fulfillment of Female Sexuality (1971).
481. Malamuth and spinner, “A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Sexual Violence in the Best–Selling Erotic Magazines,” 16 J. Sex. Research 226, 237 (1980).
482. smith, “The s ocial Content of Pornography,” 26 J. Comm. 16, 23 (1976).
483. Dietz and Evans, “Pornographic Imagery and Prevalence of Paraphilia,” 139 Am. J. Psychiatry 1493, 1495 (1982).
484. United States v. One Obscene Book Entitled “Married Love,” 48 F.2d 821 (s.D.N.y. 1931).
485. United States v. One Book Entitled “Contraceptions,” 51 F.2d 525 (s.D.N.y. 1931).
486. United States v. Dennett, 39 F.2d 564.
487. Bours v. United States, 229 F. 960 (7th Cir. 1915).
488. g arson, “A Reviewer Under the Influence,” Ms., December 1975, at 37, 38.
489. L. gould, A Sea Change 95 (1977)..
490. State v. Cohen, 125 s o. 2d 560 (Fla. 1960).
491. State v. Reese, 222 s o. 2d 732(Fla. 1969).
492. Rhodes v. State, 283 s o. 2d 351 (Fla. 1973). .
493. Abramson and Hayashi, “Pornography in Japan: Cross–Cultural and Theoretical Considerations,” in Pornography and Sexual Aggression 173.
494. Take Back the Night: Women and Pornography 239–246 (1980)..
495. K. Acker, Blood and Guts in High School (1984).
496. L. Barbach, Pleasures: Women Write Erotica (1984).
497. J. Chicago, The Dinner Party (1979).
498. t. Corinne & J. Lapidus, Yantras of Women Love (1982).
499. N. Friday, My Secret Garden: Women’s Sexual Fantasies (1973) and Forbidden Flowers: More Women’s Sexual Fantasies (1975).
500. L. g ould, A Sea Change (1977).
501. E. Jong, Fear of Flying (1973) and How to Save Your Own Life (1976).
502. s. Kitzinger, Women’s Experience of Sex (1983).
503. R. Mapplethorpe, Lady Lisa Lyon (1983).
504. K. Millett, Sita (1976).
505. A. Nin, Delta of Venus (1977).
506. o lds, “Bestiary” in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality supra p. 22, at 409.
507. A. o akgrove, The Raging Peace (1984).
508. J. Rechy, City of Night (1963).
509. shulman, “A story of a g irl and Her Dog,” in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, supra, p. 22 at 410..
510. Duggan, “Censorship in the Name of Feminism,” Village Voice, o ctober 16, 1984.
511. Craig v. Boren, 429 U.s. 190 (1976).
512. Women and Poverty (1974).
513. Women Still in Poverty (1979).
514. M. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, Women, Culture and Society (1974).
515. M. Ryan, Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present (1979).
516. N. Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (1978).
517. D. Dinnerstein, The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements and Human Malaise (1976).
518. J. Mitchell, Women’s Estate (1972).
519. Devine v. Devine, 398 s o. 2d 686 (Ala. 1981).
520. “Developments in the Law: The Constitution and the Family,” 93 Harv. L. Rev. 1156, 1334–1338 (1980).
521. s. Ross and A. Barcher, The Rights of Women, 229–230 (1983).
522. Williams,“Reflections on Culture, Courts and Feminism,” 7 Women’s Rts. L. Rep. 175, 198 (1982).