New British fascism: Rise of the British National Party

New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-238

  Goodwin, Matthew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917104727     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203808047     Document Type: Book

References (523)

1. BNP (2010) Democracy, Freedom, Culture and Identity: British National Party General Election Manifesto 2010, Welshpool: British National Party, p. 90.
2. ‘Welcome to Barking - new far right capital of Britain’, The Guardian, Saturday, 6 May 2006.
3. C. Milmo, ‘The battle for Barking’, the Independent, Saturday, 10 April 2010.
4. M. Taylor and H. Muir (2010) ‘General election 2010: The defeat of the BNP’, the Guardian, Friday, 14 May 2010
5. F. Hamilton, ‘BNP hopes of a breakthrough dashed as party defeated in target seats’, Times Online, 7 May 2010.
6. C. Milmo, ‘Griffin’s future in doubt as BNP campaign implodes’, the Independent, Saturday, 8 May 2010.
7. A.M. Messina (2007) The Logics and Politics of Post-WWII Migration to Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 231.
8. T. Bale (2003) ‘Cinderella and her ugly sisters: The mainstream and extreme right in Europe’s bipolarising party systems’, West European Politics, 26(3): 67-90
9. A. Zaslove (2004) ‘Closing the door? The ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in Austria and Italy’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(1): 99-118
10. T. Bale, C. Green-Pedersen, A. Krouwel, K.R. Luther and N. Sitter (2009) ‘If you can’t beat them, join them? Explaining Social Democratic responses to the challenge from the populist radical right in Western Europe’, Political Studies, 58(3): 410-426.
11. W. van der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie (2005) ‘Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed: A two-step model of aggregate electoral support’, Comparative Political Studies, 38(5): 538.
12. P. Norris (2005) RadicalRight: Voters and parties in the electoral market, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 4.
13. E.L. Carter (2005) The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press
14. H. Kitschelt (with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
15. D. Butler and M. Westlake (2000) British Politics and European Elections 1999, London: Macmillan, p. 227.
16. www.searchlightmagazine.com.
17. ‘UK news in brief: London car bomb charge’, the Guardian, 4 November 1985
18. ‘Gaol for own goal bomber’, the Guardian, 28 November 1986
19. S. Tye, ‘“I’ve turned over a new leaf” claims the racist’, Swindon Advertiser, 18 January 2007
20. A. Osborne, ‘Man admits firebombing mosque’, Swindon Advertiser 23 October 2006
21. ‘Racist gave bomb tips to BNP thug’, Eastbourne Heraldt 6 July 2006
22. ‘BNP member jailed for string of racist attacks’, Eastbourne Herald, 16 March 2005.
23. ‘Who are the English Defence League’. Available online: www.englishdefenceleague.org/Who-are-the-edl-english-defence-league.html (accessed 10 January 2010).
24. ‘Five jailed for trying to stir up race hate violence’, the Guardian, Saturday, 5 November 2005.
25. T. Bjergo (ed.) (1995) Terror from the Extreme Right, London: Frank Cass Ltd
26. T. Bjergo and J. Horgan (eds) Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and collective disengagement, London and New York: Routledge
27. K.M. Blee (1996) ‘Becoming a racist: Women in contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi groups’, Gender and Society, 10(6): 680-702
28. D.P. Green and A. Rich (1998) ‘White supremacist activity and crossburnings in North Carolina’, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14(3): 263-282
29. M.W. Watts (2001) ‘Aggressive youth cultures and hate crime’, American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4): 600-615.
30. ‘Profile: Copeland the killer’, BBC News, 30 June 2000. Available online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/781755.stm (accessed 10 March 2010)
31. ‘Neo-Nazi convicted of terror plan’, BBC News 15 July 2009. Available online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8152159.stm (accessed 10 March 2010)
32. ‘BNP member jailed over terror cache’, the Independent, 15 January 2010.
33. C. Mudde (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
34. J. Rydgren (2004) The Populist Challenge: Political protest and ethno-nationalist mobilization in France, New York and Oxford
35. J. Rydgren (2007) ‘The sociology of the radical right’, Annual Review of Sociology 33: 241-262
36. U. Backes (2010) Political Extremes: A conceptual history from antiquity to the present, London and New York: Routledge
37. C. Mudde (2000) The Ideology of the Extreme Right, Manchester: Manchester University Press
38. T. Saalfeld (1993) ‘The politics of national-populism: Ideology and politics of the German Repulikaner Party’, German Politics, 2(2): 177-199.
39. P. Taggart (2000) Populism, Buckingham: Open University Press
40. D. Canovan (1999) ‘Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy’, Political Studies, 42: 2-16.
41. L. Weinberg and A. Pedahzur (2004) ‘Introduction’, in L. Weinberg and A. Pedahzur (eds) Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism, London: Frank Cass, pp. 6-7
42. S.M. Lipset and E. Raab (1971) The Politics of Unreason: Right-wing extremism in America, 1790-1970 London: Heinemann, p. 5
43. R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Introduction’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin, The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 1-20.
44. BNP (2010) Democracy, Freedom, Culture and Identity: British National Party General Election Manifesto 2010, Welshpool: British National Party, pp. 22-23.
45. Nick Griffin (2010) ‘What is going to be done’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk/news/what-going-be-done (accessed 20 September 2010).
46. P. Ignazi (1992) ‘The silent counter-revolution: Hypotheses on the emergence of extreme right-wing parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, 22(1): 10.
47. R. Griffin (1991) The Nature of Fascism, London: Routledge.
48. A. Cole (2005) ‘Old right or new right? The ideological positioning of parties of the far right’, European Journal of Political Research ‘44(1): 203-230
49. M. Golder (2003) ‘Explaining variation in the success of extreme right parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Political Studies‘36(4): 432-466
50. H. Kitschelt (with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
51. J. Rydgren (2005) ‘Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family’, European Journal of Political Research, 44(3): 416.
52. R. Eatwell (1998) ‘Britain, the BNP and the Problem Of Legitimacy’, in H.G. Betz And S. Immerfall (eds) The New Politics Of The Right: Neo-populist parties and movements in established democracies, New York: St Martin’s Press, pp. 143-155
53. R. Eatwell (2000) ‘The extreme right and British exception- alism: The primacy of politics’, in P. Hainsworth (ed) The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the margins to the mainstream‘London: Pinter, pp. 172-192
54. M.J. Goodwin (2007) ‘The extreme right in Britain: Still an “ugly duckling” but for how long?’ Political Quarterly, 78(2): 241-250
55. H. Kitschelt (with A. McGann) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
56. G.A. Almond and S. Verba (1963) The Civic Culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 455
57. K. Arzheimer and E.L. Carter (2006) ‘Political opportunity structures and right-wing extremist party success’, European Journal of Political Research, 45(3): 419-443
58. E.L. Carter (2004) ‘Does PR promote political extremism? Evidence from the West European parties of the extreme right’, Representation, 40(2): 82-100
59. R. Griffin (1996) ‘British fascism: The ugly duckling’, in M. Cronin (ed) The Failure of British Fascism: The far right and the fight for political recognition, Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan and St Martin’s Press, p. 163
60. M.J. Goodwin (2007) ‘The extreme right in Britain: Still an ugly duckling but for how long?’ Political Quarterly, 78(2): 241-250.
61. BNP (2001) ‘The BNP and the general election’, Identity, 7: 7.
62. ‘Gains by far right but relief for ministers’, the Guardian, Saturday, 4 May 2002.
63. www.electoralcommission.org.uk (accessed June 2010).
64. N. Griffin (2004) ‘Chairman’s article’, Identity 48: 4
65. N. Griffin (2005) ‘New target that’s going to make it special’, Identity, 52: 4.
66. ‘BNP to contest racial hotspot’, the Guardian, 11 January 2005.
67. N. Cohen. ‘Forget these Londoners and the BNP reaps the harvest’, Evening Standard, 7 May 2008.
68. www.electoralcommission.org.uk
69. A. Lecomber (2004) ‘June 10th: What happened?’, Identity, 47: 6.
70. B. Macintyre, ‘If history is any guide, the BNP will follow Mosley’s Fascists down the plughole’, The Times, 23 October 2009.
71. N. Lowles (2010) ‘Record breakers’, Searchlight May, 419: 17
72. N. Lowles (2010) ‘Routed’, Searchlight, June, 420: 6
73. N. Lowles (2010) ‘The politics of Hope and Hate’, Searchlight, April, 418: 7.
74. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2012) Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge).
75. R. Eatwell (2003) ‘Ten theories of the extreme right’, in P.H. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds) Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, London: Frank Cass, pp. 47-73
76. H. Kitschelt (with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
77. S. Berman (1997) ‘The life of the party’, Comparative Politics 30(1): 101-122.
78. H.G. Betz (1994) Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, New York: St Martin’s Press.
79. H. Blumer (1958) ‘Race prejudice as a sense of group position’, Pacific Sociological Review1: 3-7
80. L. Bobo (1983) ‘Whites’ opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict?’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 1196-1210.
81. H.D. Clarke, D. Sanders, M.C. Stewart and P.F. Whiteley (2009) Performance Politics and the British Voter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
82. H.D. Clarke, D. Sanders, M.C. Stewart and P. Whiteley (2004) Political Choice in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
83. W. van der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie (2005) ‘Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed: A two-step model of aggregate electoral support’, Comparative Political Studies 38: 537-573
84. H. Kitschelt (with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
85. Y. Alibhai-Brown, ‘BNP supporters do not merit sympathetic understanding, just outright condemnation’, the Independent, 24 April 2006
86. R. Liddle, ‘Labour’s heartland won’t be fooled on immigration again’, The Sunday Times, 15 November 2009
87. T. Gold, ‘General election 2010: One dark day with the BNP in Dagenham’, the Daily Telegraph, 12 April 2010
88. T. Parsons, ‘No matter how let down you feel, the BNP will not make life better - for anyone’, the Daily Mirror, 5 May 2010.
89. P. John, H. Margetts, D. Rowland and S. Weir (2006) The BNP: The roots of its appeal, Essex: Democratic Audit, p. 12.
90. E. Ivarsflaten, ‘Reputational shields: Why most anti-immigrant parties failed in Western Europe, 1980-2005.’ Paper presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia 2006.
91. D. Art (2008) ‘The organizational origins of the contemporary radical right: The case of Belgium’, Comparative Politics, 40(4): 421-440
92. E.L. Carter (2005) The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or failure?, Manchester: Manchester University Press
93. M. Golder (2003) ‘Explaining variation in the electoral success of extreme right parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Political Studies 36(4): 432-466
94. P. Ignazi (1992) ‘The silent counterrevolution: Hypotheses on the emergence of extreme right-wing parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research 22(1): 3-34
95. H. Kitschelt (in collaboration with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
96. N. Griffin (2006) ‘The convergence of catastrophes’, Identity, 68: 7 (July).
97. T. Lineham (2000) British Fascism 1918-39: Parties, ideology and culture Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 38-83
98. R.C. Thurlow (1998) Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Mosley’s Blackshirts to the National Front, revised paperback edition, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, pp. 30-61.
99. G. Webber (1984) ‘Patterns of membership and support for the British Union of Fascists’, Journal of Contemporary History, 19: 575-606.
100. S.M. Cullen (1987) ‘The development of the ideas and policy of the British Union of Fascists, 1932-40’, Journal of Contemporary History, 22: 114-136
101. R. Eatwell (1995) Fascism: A history, London: Chatto & Windus, pp. 227-242.
102. R. Griffin (ed) (1995) Fascism Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 172.
103. N. Nugent and R. King (1979) ‘Ethnic minorities, scapegoating and the extreme right’, in R. Miles and A. Phizacklea (eds) Racism and Political Action in Britain, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 35.
104. R.C. Thurlow (1987) Fascism inBritain: A history, 1918-1985, OxfordandNew York: Basil Blackwell, p. 107.
105. N. Fielding (1981) The National Front, London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 41
106. T. Lineham (1996) East London for Mosley: The British Union of Fascists in East London and South-West Essex, 1933-40 London: Frank Cass, p. 216.
107. J. Brewer (1984) Mosley’s Men: The BUF in the West Midlands, Aldershot
108. S. Rawnsley (1980) ‘The membership of the British Union of Fascists’, in K. Lunn and R.C. Thurlow (eds) British Fascism: Essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain. London: Croom Helm, pp. 150-166.
109. J. Rydgren (2005) ‘Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family’, European Journal of Political Research, 44: 413-437.
110. A.S. Leese (1951) OutofStep: Events in the two lives of an anti-Jewish camel-doctor, Guildford: Arnold Leese, p. 50.
111. D. Baker (1996) ‘The extreme right in the 1920s: Fascism in a cold climate or “conservatism with knobs on”?’, in M. Cronin (ed) The Failure of British Fascism: The far right and the fight for political recognition, London and New York: Macmillan, pp. 12-28
112. J. Morell (1980) ‘Arnold Leese and the Imperial Fascist League: The impact of racial fascism’, in K. Lunn and R.C. Thurlow (eds) British Fascism: Essays on the Radical Right in Inter-War Britain, New York: St Martin’s Press
113. N. Hillman (2001) “Tell me chum, in case I got it wrong. What was it we were fighting during the War?” The re-emergence of British Fascism, 1945-58’, Contemporary British History, 15(4): 1-34.
114. D. Baker (1996) Ideology of obsession: A.K. Chesterton and British fascism London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, p. 198.
115. M. Walker (1977) The National Front, Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, p. 40.
116. N. Copsey (2004) Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy, London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 13.
117. Michael Billig (1978) Fascists: A socialpsychological view of the National Front, London and New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. 6-127.
118. S. Taylor (1982) The National Front in English politics London and New York: Macmillan, p. 18.
119. R. Eatwell (1996) ‘The esoteric ideology of the National Front in the 1980s’, in M. Cronin (ed) The Failure of British fascism. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 99-117.
120. J. Tyndall (1988) The eleventh hour, London: Albion Press, p. 11.
121. S. Small and J. Solomos (2006) ‘Race, immigration and politics in Britain: Changing policy agendas and conceptual paradigms, 1940s-2000s’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 47(3-4): 237
122. Z. Layton-Henry (1984) The Politics of Race in Britain London: George Allen and Unwin, p. 24.
123. D. Butler and D. Stokes (1974) Political Change in Britain: The evolution of electoral choice, 2nd edn, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 219
124. A.M. Messina (2007) The Logic and Politics of Post-WWII Migration to Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 109-110.
125. D.E. Schoen (1977) Enoch Powell and the Powellites London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 37.
126. R. Ford (2007) British attitudes towards ethnic minorities 1964-2005: Reactions to diversity and their political effects, University of Oxford: unpublished DPhil thesis.
127. B. Sarlvik and I. Crewe (1983) Decade of Dealignment: The Conservative victory of 1979 and electoral trends in the 1970s Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 170, 172, 306, 242.
128. R. Eatwell (1996) ‘The esoteric ideology of the National Front in the 1980s’, in M. Cronin (ed.) The Failure of British Fascism, Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 102.
129. D. Butler and D. Kavanagh (1975) The British General Election of February 1974, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 164.
130. Taylor (1979) ‘The National Front: Anatomy of a political movement’, in Racism and political action in Britain, edited by R. Miles and A. Phizacklea. Boston: Routledge & Kegan, p. 138.
131. B.T. Husbands (2006) Racial Exclusionism and the City: The urban support of the National Front, London: Routledge, p. 14
132. M. Harrop, J. England and C.T. Husbands (1980) ‘The bases of National Front support’, Political Studies 18(2): 271-283
133. P. Whiteley (1979) ‘The National Front vote in the 1977 G.L.C. elections: An aggregate data analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, 9: 370-380
134. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 1-25.
135. D. Butler and D. Kavanagh (1980) The General Election of 1979, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 419.
136. H. Kitschelt (in collaboration with A. McGann) (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, p. 255.
137. W. van der Brug and M. Fennema (2003) ‘Protest or mainstream? How the European anti-immigrant parties developed into two separate groups by 1999’, European Journal of Political Research, 42(1): 55-69
138. W. van der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie (2005) ‘Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed’, Comparative Political Studies, 38(5): 537-73.
139. BNP (2009) Constitution of the British National Party, 11th edn, Welshpool: British Heritage/BNP, p. 1.
140. John Tyndall (1998) The eleventh hour, 2nd edn, Welling, Kent: Albion Press, p. 483.
141. J. Tyndall (1998) ‘The movement in Britain: Time to bury some myths’, Spearhead, Oct. 1992, p. 4.
142. R. Hill and A. Bell (1988) The other face of terror: Inside Europe’s neo-Nazi network, London: Grafton, p. 184.
143. ‘Repatriation: another view’, Spearhead, July 1995, p. 7.
144. M. Billig (1978) Fascists: A socialpsychological view of the National Front, London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 166.
145. C. Mudde (2000) The ideology of the extreme right, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 73-161.
146. K. Thomson, ‘All change on the British “extreme right”? Nick Griffin and the “modernization” of the British National Party (BNP)’, PhD Diss (University of Bath), p. 43.
147. S. Taylor (1982) The National Front in English Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 97-98.
148. E. Carter (2008) The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or failure, London: Routledge, p. 52.
149. R. Harmel (2002) ‘Party organizational change: Competing explanations?’, in K.R. Luther and F. Müller-Rommel (eds) Political Parties in the New Europe: Political and analytical challenges, Oxford: Oxford University, pp. 119-142
150. R. Harmel and L. Svasand (1993) ‘Party leadership and party institutionalization: Three phases of development’, West European Politics, 16(1): 67-88.
151. H. Kitschelt (in collaboration with A. McGann) (1995) The radical right in western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, p. 249.
152. Q. Cowdry, ‘Immediate action urged over war crime allegations’, The Times, 24 October 1989.
153. I. Smith, ‘Law urged to ban rival race protests’, The Times, 26 June 1989.
154. E. Morrison (n.d.) Memoirs of a street soldier: A life in white nationalism (part 14), available online: www.white.org.uk/memoirs14.html (accessed 10 May 2005).
155. M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘In search of the winning formula: Nick Griffin and the “modernization” of the British National Party’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in twenty-first century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 169-190.
156. N. Copsey (1996) ‘Contemporary British fascism in the local arena: The BNP and the “Rights for Whites”’, in M. Cronin (ed) The failure of British fascism: The far right and the fight for political recognition, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 118-141
157. R. Eatwell (1998) ‘The dynamics of right-wing electoral breakthrough’, Patterns of Prejudice, 32(3): 3-31.
158. H. Kitschelt (in collaboration with A. McGann) (1995) The radical right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
159. J. Rydgren (2005) ‘Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family’, European Journal of Political Research, 44: 413-437.
160. C. Mudde (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
161. M. Barker (1981) The new racism: Conservatives and the ideology of the tribe, London: Junction books
162. C. Mudde (1995) ‘Right-wing extremism analyzed: A comparative analysis of the ideologies of three alleged right- wing extremist parties (NPD, NDP, CP’86)’, European Journal of Political Research, 27(2): 203-224.
163. P. Hainsworth (2000) ‘Introduction: the extreme right’, in P. Hainsworth (ed) The politics of the extreme right: From the margins to the mainstream, London and New York: Pinter, p. 1.
164. M. Golder (2003) ‘Explaining variation in the success of extreme right parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Political Studies, 36(4): 432-466
165. M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘In search of the winning formula: Nick Griffin and “modernization” of the British National Party’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in 21st century Britain, London and New York: Routledge.
166. J. Wood (1982) ‘The British National Party: A step towards unity’, Spearhead, 167: 17 (Sep.).
167. N. Griffin (2002) ‘Moving forward for good’, Identity, 21: 4-7.
168. ‘BNP elects new leader’, British Nationalist, Oct. 1999, p. 1.
169. A.M. Messina (2007) The logics and politics of post-WWII migration to Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
170. R. Ford (2007) British attitudes toward ethnic minorities, 1964-2005: Reactions to diversity and their political effects, University of Oxford: unpublished DPhil thesis.
171. Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2008) Migration statistics 2008: Annual Report Surrey: Office of National Statistics.
172. Home Office (2007) Accession monitoring report A8 countries May 2004-June 2007, London: Home Office.
173. Office for National Statistics (2010) Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, August, London: Home Office/Department for Work and Pensions.
174. S. Vertovec (2006) The emergence of super-diversity in Britain, Working paper no.25, University of Oxford.
175. ‘Tory leader attacks asylum system’, BBC News Sunday, 10 April 2005. Available online: http://news.bbc.co.uk (accessed 20 October 2009).
176. Conservative Party (2005) Conservative election manifesto 2005, London: Conservative Party.
177. ‘What does “British jobs” pledge mean?’ BBC News, Friday, 16 November 2007. Available online: http://news.bbc.co.uk (accessed 20 October 2009).
178. B. Duffy and A. Pierce (2007) Socio-political influencers: Who they are and why do they matter? London: Ipsos-MORI.
179. H.D. Clarke, D. Sanders, M.C. Stewart and P.F. Whiteley (2009) Performance politics and the British voter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
180. H.D. Clarke, D. Sanders, M.C. Stewart and P. Whiteley (2004) Political choice in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
181. D.E. Stokes (1963) ‘Spatial models of party competition’, American Political Science Review, 57: 368-377.
182. L. McLaren and M. Johnson (2007) ‘Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigration hostility in Britain’, Political Studies, 55: 709-732.
183. R. Ford (2010) ‘Who might vote for the BNP? Survey evidence on the electoral potential of the extreme right in Britain’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in twenty-first century Britain, Abingdon and New York: Routledge, pp. 145-168.
184. R. Ford and W. Somerville (2010) ‘Immigration and the 2010 General Election: More than meets the eye’, in T. Finch and D. Goodhart (eds) Immigration under Labour, London: Institute for Public Policy Research, pp. 10-14.
185. J. Cruddas (2010) ‘A clear and present peril’, in T. Finch and D. Goodhart (eds) Immigration under Labour, London: Institute for Public Policy Research, p. 40.
186. H.D. Clarke et al. (2009) Performance politics and the British voter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-77.
187. D. Cutts, R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) ‘Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European elections’, European Journal of Political Research (forthcoming).
188. M. Sobolewska (2010) ‘Religious extremism in Britain and British Muslims: Threatened citizenship and the role of religion’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in twenty-first century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 23-46.
189. D. Voas and R. Ling (2010) ‘Religion in Britain and the United States’, in A. Park, J. Curtice, K. Thomson, M. Phillips, E. Clery and S. Butt (eds) British Social Attitudes: The 26th Report, London: Sage, pp. 65-86.
190. J. Rydgren (2004) The populist challenge: Political protest and ethno-nationalist mobilization in France, New York and Oxford: Berghahn, p. 193.
191. H.D. Klingemann (1999) ‘Mapping political support in the 1990s: A global analysis’, in P Norris (ed) Critical Citizens: Global support for democratic governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
192. G. Stoker (2010) ‘The rise of political disenchantment’, in C. Hay (ed) New directions in political science: Responding to the challenges of an interdependent world, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 47-50.
193. G. Stoker (2006) Why politics matters: Making democracy work, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
194. I. Crewe and K. Thomson (1999) ‘Party loyalties: Dealignment or realignment?’, in G. Evans and P. Norris (eds) Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective, London: Sage, p. 70.
195. J. Rydgren (2006) From tax populism to ethnic nationalism: Radical right- wing populism in Scandinavia, New York: Berghahn, p. 19
196. H. Kitschelt (in collaboration with A. McGann) (1995) The radical right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
197. A. Heath and B. Taylor (1999) ‘New sources of abstention?’ in G. Evans and P. Norris (eds) Critical Elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective, Sage
198. J. Curtice (2005) ‘Turnout: Electors stay home - again’, Parliamentary Affairs 58(4): 776-785.
199. Clarke et al. (2004) Political Choice in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 123-125.
200. M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘In search of the winning formula: Nick Griffin and the “modernization” of the British National Party’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in 21st century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 191-210
201. M.J. Goodwin (2007) ‘The extreme right in Britain: Still an “ugly duckling” but for how long?’, Political Quarterly, 78(2), pp. 241-250.
202. N. Griffin (1996) ‘The unholy alliance’, Spearhead, Nov., pp. 12-13
203. N. Griffin (1996) ‘Still ‘no electoral road’?’, Spearhead, Dec., p. 13
204. N. Griffin (1997) ‘Time to go to the ball’, Spearhead, Jan.
205. N. Griffin (2002) ‘Editorial: what we have to learn from France’, Identity, 22 (July).
206. J. Marcus (1995) The National Front and French politics: The resistible rise of Jean Marie Le Pen, Houndmills: Macmillan.
207. M. Wieviorka (1998) Le racisme, une introduction, Paris: La Découverte.
208. N. Griffin (2005) ‘Manifesto launch-just the beginning’, Spearhead, 55 (June), p. 6.
209. BNP (2005) Rebuilding British Democracy: British National Party General Election Manifesto 2005, Powys: British National Party, pp. 17-20.
210. BNP (2001) ‘Time to declare: where we stand!’ Identity, 9: 6-7 (May).
211. P. Golding (2001) ‘British: through and through!’ Identity, 8: 3.
212. BNP (1989) ‘Moslems try to lay down the law’, British Nationalist, Feb., p. 3
213. BNP (2001) ‘BNP launches campaign against Islam!’, Identity, 14 (Oct.).
214. BNP (2010) Democracy, freedom, culture and identity: British National Party general election manifesto, Welshpool: British National Party, p. 5.
215. N. Griffin (2003) ‘At the crossroads’, Identity, 34: 4-7 (July)
216. D. Hamilton (2005) ‘In defence of the British tradition’ Identity, 51: 16-18 (Jan.).
217. N. Griffin (2002) ‘Grasping the future today’, Identity, 25: 4-5 (Oct.).
218. BNP (2009) British National Party: 2009 County council elections manifesto, London: British National Party.
219. N. Griffin (2001) ‘The British National Party (BNP) and the National Front (NF)’, Identity, 12: 11
220. N. Griffin (2000) ‘The way ahead’, Identity, 1 (Jan./Feb.)
221. N. Griffin (2000) ‘Wagons roll!’ Identity, 2: 4.
222. J. Russell (2002) ‘The road to victory in Blackburn’, Identity, 27: 14-15.
223. N. Griffin (2002) ‘How democracy triumphed in Halifax’, dentity 29: 4-5.
224. D. Butler (2006) ‘We are the management’, Identity, 68: 10.
225. N. Griffin (2004) ‘Chairman’s article’, Identity 48: 4
226. N. Griffin (2005) ‘New target that’s going to make it special’, Identity 52: 4
227. A. Lecomber (2004) ‘Mapping out a winning strategy’, Mentity 48
228. BNP (2005) ‘General election 2005: the final review’, Identity 56: 24-25
229. E. Butler (2005) ‘The 100 seat campaign’, Identity, 53: 16-17
230. A. Lecomber (2005) ‘General election 2005’, Identity, 55: 8.
231. A. Lecomber (2005) ‘General election 2005’, Identity, 55: 9.
232. N. Griffin (2006) ‘Keeping the ball rolling: Target 100’, Identity, 67: 6.
233. G. Borisyuk, C. Rallings and M. Thrasher (2007) ‘Voter support for minor parties: Assessing the social and political context of voting at the 2004 European elections in Greater London’, Party Politics, 13(6): 670
234. Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust (2004) 539 voters’ views: A voting behaviour study in three northern towns, York: JRCT.
235. J. Rydgren (2005) ‘Is extreme right-wing populism contagious?’ European Journal of Political Research, 44(3): p. 416.
236. A. Abedi and T.C. Lundberg (2009) ‘Doomed to failure? UKIP and the organisational challenges facing right-wing populist antipolitical establishment parties’, Parliamentary Affairs 62(1): 72-87
237. R. Harmel and K. Janda (1994) ‘An integrated theory of party goals and party change’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6(3): 259-287.
238. E.L. Carter (2005) The extreme right in Western Europe: Success or failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 202.
239. C. Mudde (2007) Populist radical right parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 267.
240. M. Duverger (1964) Politicalparties: Their organization and activity in the modern state, London: Methuen.
241. S. Taylor (1982) The National Front in English Politics, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 82-96.
242. R. Heinisch (2003) ‘Success in opposition - failure in government: Explaining the performance of right-wing populist parties in public office’, West European Politics, 26(3): 91-130.
243. J. Tyndall (1998) The eleventh hour, Welling: Albion, p. 203
244. N. Copsey (1996) ‘Contemporary British fascism in the local arena: The BNP and “rights for whites”’, in M. Cronin (ed) The failure of British fascism: The far right and the fight for political recognition, Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 124.
245. BNP (2009) Constitution of the British National Party, 11th edn, Welshpool: British Heritage/BNP.
246. BNP (2001) British National Party constitution, Powys: British National Party, pp. 4-5
247. C. Mudde (2007) Populist radical right parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 269.
248. S. Wilks-Heeg (2009) ‘The canary in a coalmine? Explaining the emergence of the British National Party in English local politics’, Parliamentary Affairs, 62(3): 390
249. M.J. Goodwin (2008) ‘Backlash in the ‘hood: Determinants of support for the British National Party at the local level’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 16(3): 349-363.
250. N. Griffin (2006) ‘British nationalism: Political party or broad-based popular movement?’, Identity, 71, Oct., pp. 4-5
251. L. Barnes (2006) ‘A Europe of folk nations’, Identity, 69: 10-11, Aug.
252. C. Moreton, ‘Richard Barnbrook: The art-school liberal who now won’t allow blacks into his party’, the Independent, 1 June 2008.
253. ‘BNP secures two European seats’, BBC Online News, 9 June 2009. Available online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8088381.stm (accessed 10 August 2009).
254. H.G. Betz (1994) Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. London: MacMillan
255. J.G. Anderson and T. Bjerklund (1990) ‘Structural changes and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway’, Acta Sociologica, 33(3): 195-217.
256. C. Mudde (2007) Populist radical right parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202-205.
257. A. Heath, R. Jowell and J. Curtice (2001) The Rise of New Labour: Party policies and voter choices, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 123.
258. P. Norris (2005) Radical right: Voters and parties in the electoral market, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
259. H. Coffe, B. Heyndels and J. Vermeir (2007) ‘Fertile grounds for extreme right-wing parties: Explaining the Vlaams Blok’s electoral success’, Electoral Studies, 26, pp. 142-155.
260. S. Saggar (2009) Pariah politics: Understanding Western radical Islamism and what should be done, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 39-48.
261. R. Eatwell (2003) ‘Ten theories of the extreme right’, in P. H. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds) Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century. London: Frank Cass, pp. 47-73.
262. D. Sanders, M.C. Steward and P.F. Whiteley (2009) Performance politics and the British voter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
263. G. Borisyuk, C. Rallings and M. Thrasher (2007) ‘Voter support for minor parties: Assessing the social and political context of voting at the 2004 European elections in Greater London’, Party Politics 13(6): 670
264. P. John, H. Margetts, D. Rowland and S. Weir (2006) The BNP: The roots of its appeal, University of Essex: Democratic Audit.
265. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge)
266. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 1-25
267. D. Cutts, R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) ‘Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European elections’, European Journal of Political Research (in print).
268. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge)
269. G. Borisyuk, C. Rallings, M. Thrasher and H. van der Kolk (2007) ‘Voter support for minor parties - Assessing the social and political context of voting at the 2004 European Elections in Greater London’, Party Politics, 13: 669-693
270. B. Bowyer (2008) ‘Local context and extreme right support in England: The British National Party in the 2002 and 2003 local elections’, Electoral Studies, 27: 611-620
271. M.J. Goodwin, R. Ford, B. Duffy and R. Rea (2010) ‘Who votes extreme right in twenty-first century Britain? The social bases of support for the National Front and British National Party’, in R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) The new extremism in 21st Century Britain, New York and Abingdon: Routledge
272. P. John and H. Margetts (2009) ‘The latent support for the extreme right in British politics’, West European Politics, 32(3): 496-513
273. J. Rhodes (2006) ‘Far right breakthrough: The support for the BNP in Burnley’, PhD Diss. Manchester: University of Manchester Press
274. S. Wilks-Heeg (2009) ‘The canary in the coalmine: Explaining the emergence of the British National Party in English local elections’, Parliamentary Affairs 62(2): 377-398.
275. P. Norris (1999) ‘Gender: a gender-generation gap?’, in G. Evans and P Norris (eds) Critical Elections:British parties and voters in long-term perspective, London: Sage.
276. R. Ford (2008) ‘Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?’, British Journal of Sociology, pp. 609-636.
277. D. Denver (2007) Elections and Voters in Britain, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 54
278. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 9-10.
279. B. Klandermans and N. Mayer (eds) (2005) Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the magnifying glass, London and New York: Routledge.
280. M.J. Goodwin (2009) ‘Can we promote cohesion through contact? Intergroup contact and the development of “cohesive” local communities’, in C. Durose, S. Greasley and L. Richardson (eds) Local Governance, Changing Citizens? Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 91-110.
281. P.M. Sniderman, P. Peri, R.J.P. Fiueiredo and T. Piazza (2000) The Outsider: Prejudice and politics in Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
282. D.L. Weakliem (2002) ‘The effects of education on political opinions: An international study’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14: 141-157.
283. J.R. Tilley (2005) ‘Research Note: Libertarian-authoritarian value change in Britain, 1974-2001’, Political Studies 53: 442-453.
284. J. Curtice, S. Fisher and M. Steed (2005) ‘An appendix: An analysis of the results’, in D. Butler and M. Westlake, British Politics And European Elections 2004 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
285. J. Rhodes (2006) ‘Far right breakthrough: The support for the BNP in Burnley’, PhD Diss. Manchester: University of Manchester, p. 136.
286. K. Arzheimer (2009) ‘Contextual factors and the extreme right vote in Western Europe 1980-2002’, American Journal of Political Science, 53(2): 259-275
287. E. Ivarsflaten (2005) ‘Threatened by diversity: Why restrictive immigration and asylum policies appeal to Western Europeans’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15(1): 21-45.
288. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge).
289. D. Cutts, R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) ‘Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European elections’, European Journal of Political Research (in print).
290. J. Curtice, S. Fisher and R. Ford (2010) ‘Appendix 2: An Analysis of the Results’, in D. Kavanagh and P. Cowley, The British General Election of 2010, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 385-426
291. D. Denver (2010) ‘The results: How Britain voted’, Parliamentary Affairs, 63(4): 588-607.
292. P. Norris (2005) RadicalRight: Voters and parties in the electoral market, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 256
293. A. Russell and E. Fieldhouse (2005) Neither Left nor Right? The Liberal Democrats and the electorate Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, p. 141
294. M. Duverger (1954) Political Parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state, New York: Wiley.
295. M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘In search of the winning formula: Nick Griffin and the “Modernization” of the British National Party’, in R. Eatwell and M. Goodwin (eds) The New Extremism in Twenty-First Century Britain, London: Routledge, pp. 169-190.
296. M. Harrop, J. England and C.T. Husbands (1980) ‘The bases of National Front support’, Political Studies, 28(2): 2719.
297. BNP (2010) Activists’and Organisers’Handbook, Powys: British National Party.
298. P. Whiteley (2009) ‘Where have all the members gone? The dynamics of party membership in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs 62(2): 242-257
299. P. Whiteley and P. Seyd (1994) ‘Local party campaigning and voting behaviour in Britain’, Journal of Politics, 56: 242-251
300. S. Scarrow (1996) Parties and their Members: Organizing for victory in Britain and Germany, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 27-51.
301. J. Marshall (2009) Membership of UK Political Parties, House of Commons Library Standard, Note SN/SG/5125
302. Power Inquiry (2006) The Report of Power: an Independent inquiry into Britain’s democracy. London: The Power Inquiry
303. P. Seyd and P. Whiteley (1992) Labour’s Grassroots, London: Clarendon Press
304. P. Seyd and P. Whiteley (2002) New Labour’s Grassroots, London: Palgrave-Macmillan
305. P. Whiteley, P. Seyd and J. Richardson (1994) True Blues: The politics of Conservative Party membership, Oxford: Oxford University Press
306. P. Whiteley and P. Seyd (2002) High Intensity Participation: The dynamics of party activism in Britain, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
307. P. Whiteley, P. Seyd and A. Billinghurst (2006) Third Force Politics: Liberal Democrats at the grassroots, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
308. P. Mair and I. van Biezen (2001) ‘Party membership in twenty European democracies, 1980-2000’, Party Politics 7(1): 5-21
309. S. Scarrow and B. Gezgor (2010) ‘Declining memberships, changing members? European political party members in a new era’, Party Politics (forthcoming in print).
310. BNP (2009) BNP Constitution 11th Edition, Welshpool: British National Party. Available online: http://bnp.org.uk/resources/constitution-1th-edition (accessed 8 October 2009).
311. L. Billordo (2003) ‘Party membership in France: Measures and data-collection’, French Politics, 1: 137-151
312. B. Klandermans and N. Mayer (eds) (2006) Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the magnifying glass, London and New York: Routledge.
313. M. Walker (1977) The National Front, Glasgow: William Collins, p. 9.
314. J. Wood (1982) ‘The British National party: A step towards unity’, Spearhead, 167: 17 (Sep.).
315. ‘London rally a triumph’, Spearhead, 169: 19 (Nov. 1982).
316. BNP (1992) ‘BNP recruitment now breaking records’, British Nationalist, p. 7
317. J. Tyndall (1998) ‘Give us the ammunition and we’ll do the job!’, Spearhead, p. 6 (Jan.).
318. I. Cobain, E. Addley and H. Siddique, ‘BNP membership list posted online by former “hardliner”’, the Guardian, 19 November 2008.
319. S. Scarrow and B. Gezgor (2010) ‘Declining memberships, changing members? European political party members in a new era’, Party Politics (forthcoming in print).
320. R. Booth, S. Rogers and P. Lewis, ‘Analysis of a party - what the BNP list says about its members’, the Guardian 20 October 2009
321. M.J. Goodwin, D. Cutts and R. Ford, ‘Neighbourhood deprivation, political legacies and extreme right party membership’, paper presented at the 60th Political Studies Association (PSA) Annual Conference, Edinburgh, 29 March-1 April 2010.
322. A. Linden and B. Klandermans (2007) ‘Revolutionaries, wanderers, converts and compliants’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36(2): 184-201
323. J. Bean (1999) Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain’s far right, London: New Millennium, p. 57.
324. A. Lecomber (2003) ‘20O2 - best year for British nationalism’, Identity, 28: 20-21 (Jan.).
325. N. Teske (1997) Political Activists in America: the identity construction model of political participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 55.
326. J. Tyndall (1995) ‘Doing the enemy’s work’, Spearhead, p. 8.
327. J. van Spanje and W. van der Brug (2007) ‘The party as pariah: The exclusion of anti-immigration parties and its effect on their ideological positions’, West European Politics, 30(5): 1022-1040.
328. W. Brustein (1996) TheLogic of Evil: The social origins of the NaziParty, 1925-1933, Yale: Yale University Press, CT, pp. 27-28.
329. A. Klandermans and N. Mayer (eds) (2006) Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the magnifying glass, Abingdon and New York: Routledge
330. B. Klandermans and A. Linden (2007) ‘Stigmatisation and repression of extreme right activism in the Netherlands’, Mobilization, 11(2): 213-228.
331. D. McAdam (1982) Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, pp. 5-19.
332. R. Hofstadter (1963) ‘Pseudo-Conservatism revisited: A postscript’, in D. Bell (ed) The Radical Right, New York: Doubleday, p. 100.
333. S. Rohter (1969) ‘Social and psychological determinants of radical rightism’, in R.A. Schoenberger (ed) The American Right Wing: Readings in political behavior, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 198.
334. H. Toch (1965) The Social Psychology of Social Movements, Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, p. 57.
335. T.W. Adorno, E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D.J. Levinson and R.N. Sanford (1950) The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper and Row, p. 239.
336. R.A. Altemeyer (1981) Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
337. R.D. Putnam (2000) Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 289
338. E.S. Wellhofer (2003) ‘Democracy and fascism: Class, civil society and rational choice in Italy’, American Political Science Review 97(1): 91-106.
339. R. Eatwell (2003) ‘Ten theories of the extreme right’, in P.H. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds) Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 47-73.
340. W. Kornhauser (1959) The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, p. 32.
341. H. Arendt (1951) The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. 323-324.
342. P. Selznick (1970) ‘Institutional vulnerability in mass society’, in J.R. Gusfield (ed) Protest, Reform and Revolt, New York: John Wiley, p. 264.
343. N. Teske (1997) Political Activists in America: The identity construction model of political participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 10
344. A.C. Elms (1969) ‘Psychological factors in right-wing extremism’, in R.A. Schoenberger (ed), The American Right Wing, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 144.
345. H.K. Anheier (2003) ‘Movement development and organizational networks: The role of “single members” in the German Nazi Party, 1925-30’, in M. Diani and D. McAdam (eds) Social Movements and Networks: Relational approaches to collective action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 49-76
346. S. Berman (1997) ‘Civil society and the collapse of the Weimar Republic’, World Politics, 49(3): 401-429
347. K. Blee (1991) Women of the Klan: Racism and gender in the 1920s, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, p. 3.
348. J. Tolsma, M. Lubbers and M. Coenders (2008) ‘Ethnic competition and opposition to ethnic intermarriage in the Netherlands: A multi-level approach’, European Sociological Review, 24(2): 215-230
349. M. Semyonov, R. Raijman and A. Gorodzeisky (2006) ‘The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1988-2000’, American Sociological Review, 71(3): 426-449.
350. K. Arzheimer (2009) ‘Contextual factors and the extreme right vote in Western Europe, 1980-2002’, American Journal of Political Science 53(2): 259-275
351. V.M. Esses, L.M. Jackson and T.L. Armstrong (1998) ‘Intergroup competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: An instrumental model of group conflict’, Journal of Social Issues, 54: 699-724.
352. L. McLaren and M. Johnson (2007) ‘Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigration hostility in Britain’, Political Studies, 55: 714.
353. J. Rhodes (2006) ‘Far right breakthrough: The support for the BNP in Burnley’, PhD Diss., Manchester: University of Manchester
354. H.M. Blalock (1967) Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations, New York: Wiley.
355. P.M. Snidermans, L. Hagendoorn and M. Prior (2004) ‘Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities’, American Political Science Review, 98(1): 35-49.
356. L. Bennie (2004) Understanding Political Participation: Green Party membership in Scotland, Aldershot: Ashgate, p. 117.
357. R. Hart (2008) ‘Practicing Birchism: The assumption and limits of idiocultural coherence in framing theory’, Social Movement Studies, 7(2): 121-147.
358. D. P. Green, D.Z. Strolovitch and J.S. Wong (1998) ‘Defended neighbourhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime’, American Journal of Sociology, 104(2)
359. J. Rieder (1985) Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
360. G.D. Suttles (1972) The Social Construction of Communities, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
361. C. Husbands (1983) Racial Exclusionism and the City: The urban support of the National Front, London: Taylor and Francis.
362. D. Ivarsflaten (2005) ‘Threatened by diversity: Why restrictive asylum and immigration policies appeal to Western Europeans’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15(1): 21-45.
363. G. Lavav (2004) Immigration and Politics in the New Europe: Reinventing borders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
364. S.L. Schneider (2008) ‘Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat’, European Sociological Review, 24(1): 53-67.
365. L. Nunn (2002) ‘Selling the BNP’, Identity, 22: 12-13 (July).
366. P. Whiteley (2009) ‘Where have all the members gone? The dynamics of party membership in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs, 62(2): 242-257
367. P.B. Clarke and J.Q. Wilson (1961) ‘Incentive systems: A theory of organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 6: 134-137.
368. M. Olson (1965) The Logic of Collective Action, New York: Schocken.
369. P. Seyd and P. Whiteley (1992) Labour’s Grass Roots: The politics of party membership, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 56-59.
370. Bennie, Understanding Political Participation: Green Party membership in Scotland, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, p. 55.
371. E. Goffman (1974) Frame Analysis: An essay on the organization of the experience, New York: Harper Colophon, p. 21.
372. R.D. Benford and D.A. Snow (2000) ‘Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26: p. 614.
373. D.A. Snow, E.B. Rochford, S.K. Worden and R.D. Benford (1986) ‘Frame alignment processes, micromobilization and movement participation’, American Sociological Review, 51(4): 464-481
374. R.D. Benford and D.A. Snow (2000) ‘Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 611-39
375. W.A. Gamson (1988) ‘Political discourse and collective action’, in B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds) From Structure to Action: Comparing social movement research across cultures, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 219-44.
376. R.D. Benford and D.A. Snow (2000) ‘Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26: p. 614
377. R.D. Benford (1993) ‘“You could be the hundredth monkey”: Collective action frames and vocabularies of motive within the nuclear disarmament movement’, Sociological Quarterly, 34(2): p. 199
378. D.A. Snow and R.D. Benford (1988) ‘Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization’, International Social Movement Research, 1: 197-217.
379. C. Wright Mills (1940) ‘Situated actions and vocabularies of motive’, American Sociological Review 5(6): 904-913
380. M.B. Scott and S. Lyman (1968) ‘Accounts’, American Sociological Review, 33: 1268-1275.
381. J. Tyndall (1998) The Eleventh Hour, Aberdeen: Albion Press, p. 485.
382. N. Griffin (1996) ‘Apocalypse soon?’ Spearhead (Mar.), p. 17.
383. N. Griffin (2005) ‘On “nationalist” unity’, Identity, 55: 6.
384. N. Griffin (2004) ‘Closing a dangerous gap’, Identity, 50: 4-7.
385. BNP (2010) Democracy, Freedom, Culture and Identity: British National Party general election manifesto 2010, Welshpool: British National Party, p. 4.
386. BNP (2005) RebuildingBritish Democracy, Powys: British National Party, p. 13.
387. N. Griffin (2005) ‘The death of multi-cultural fantasy’, Identity, 58: 6 (Sep.)
388. J. Bean (2003) ‘Census - who are the missing millions?’, Identity 31: 3 (Apr.)
389. Paul Golding (2001) ‘British: through and through!’, Identity, 8: 3
390. P. Golding (2001) ‘Freedom, security, identity and democracy!’, Identity, 7: 3
391. N. Griffin (2001) ‘A long hot summer!’, Identity 11: 4-5
392. S. Johnson (2003) ‘Implications of racial differences’, Identity, 33: 11
393. C. Liddel (2006) ‘Multiculturalism: The engine of genocide’, Identity, 68: 14
394. J. Maddox (2003) ‘The left sees sense on migration’, Identity, 33: 14
395. L. Barnes (2006) ‘A Europe of folk nations’, Identity, 69: 10.
396. N. Griffin (2010) ‘Deadline 2014: The convergence of catastrophes and what the BNP needs to do’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk (accessed 7 July 2010), p. 4;
397. D. Hamilton (2005) ‘Making the wasteland bloom again’, Identity, 56: 12.
398. N. Griffin (2005) ‘All is changed, utterly changed’, Identity, 57: 4.
399. C. Liddel (2006) ‘Multiculturalism: The engine of genocide’, Identity, 68: 12
400. L. Watts (2006) ‘Wake up and smell the cocoa’, Identity 72
401. D. Baxter (2006) ‘Marxist left and global capitalist right push integration’, Identity, 63: 24.
402. D. Hamilton (2006) ‘Asylum invaders and the anti-British fifth column’, Identity, 67: 12.
403. J. Bean (2006) ‘John Bean’s nationalist notebook’, Identity, 70: 20-21.
404. N. Griffin (2006) ‘The white dragon: The flag of England’, Identity, 68: 27
405. J. Maddox (2006) ‘Christianity in Britain: Self-harm or suicide? Part 4’, Identity, 69: 27
406. N. Griffin (2005) ‘New target that’s going to make it special’, Identity, 52: 5
407. BNP (2005) ‘Just the Beginning’, Identity 55: 6
408. P. Golding (2001) ‘March of the Titans: A history of the white race reviewed by Paul Golding’, Identity, 13: 15
409. BNP (2006) ‘History speaks: March of the Titans reviewed’, Identity, 71: 10-12.
410. S. Taylor (1982) The National Front in English Politics, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, p. 104.
411. N. Griffin (1996) ‘The spectre of communal violence’, Spearhead (June), p. 4
412. N. Griffin (1996) ‘Provocations and diversions’, Spearhead (Sep.), p. 14
413. N. Griffin (1996) ‘The unholy alliance’, Spearhead (Nov.), pp. 12-13.
414. J. Tyndall (1995) ‘This “extremist’ thing”, Spearhead (Apr.), p. 6-8
415. J. Tyndall (1995) ‘Truths and myths about British decline’, Spearhead 316: 9
416. J. Tyndall (1996) ‘The anatomy of moderation’, Spearhead (Apr.), p. 8.
417. BNP (2010) Democracy, Freedom, Culture and Identity: British National Party general election manifesto 2010, Welshpool: British National Party, pp. 16-19.
418. C. Berlet (2004) ‘Hate, oppression, repression and the apocalyptic style: Facing complex questions and challenges’, Journal of Hate Studies, 3(1): 145-166.
419. J. Rydgren (2004) The Populist Challenge: Political protest and ethno-nationalist mobilization in France New York and Oxford: Berghahn, p. 177
420. P. Ignazi and C. Ysmal (1992) ‘New and old extreme right parties: The French Front National and the Italian Movimento Sociale’, European Journal of Political Research, 22: 101-121.
421. BNP (2005) Rebuilding British Democracy: British National Party General Election Manifesto 2005, Powys: British National Party.
422. J. Maddox (2003) ‘A suicidal death wish’, Identity, 28: 3.
423. D. Harstein (2005) ‘Whites must breed or face extinction’, Identity, 58: 11 (Sep.).
424. W.A. Gamson (1992) Talking Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
425. B. Klandermans (1984) ‘Mobilization and participation: Social- psychological expansions of resource mobilization theory’, American Sociological Review, 49(5): 583-600.
426. BNP (2002) ‘Projecting the party forward’, Identity, 24: 3 (Sep.).
427. N. Griffin (2004) ‘Attacks on the BNP’, Identity, 46: 8-10 (Aug.).
428. R.G. Mitchell (2002) Dancing at Armageddon: Survivalism and chaos in modern times, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 10.
429. N. Griffin (2002) ‘Grasping the future today’, Identity, 25: 4-5.
430. J. Bean (2006) ‘Muslim impudence’, Identity, 70: 3 (Sep.)
431. J. Maddox (2006) ‘Christianity in Britain: Self-harm or suicide? Part 4’, Identity, 69: 26
432. P. Golding (2001) ‘British: through and through!’, Identity 8: 3 (Apr.)
433. R. Flacks (1988) Marking History: The American left and the American mind, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 73.
434. D. Baxter (2006) ‘Marxist left and global capitalist right push integration’, Identity, 63: 26.
435. L. Nunn (2002) ‘Selling the BNP’, Identity 22: 12-13 (July)
436. N. Griffin (2002) ‘Canyouaffordtowaitany longer?’, Identity, 22: 4-5 (July).
437. H. Tajfel and J.C. Turner (1985) ‘The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour’, in S. Worchel and W.G. Austin (eds) Psychology of Intergroup Relations‘2nd edn, Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, pp. 7-24.
438. N. Teske (1997) Political Activists in America: The identity construction model of political participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127-130.
439. J.M. Jasper (1998) ‘The emotions of protest: Affective and reactive emotions in and around social movements’, Sociological Forum, 13(3): 414.
440. N. Griffin (2005) ‘The death of the multi-cultural fantasy’, Identity, 58: 7 (Sep.).
441. BNP (2005) ‘They’re trying to close you down’, Identity, 51: 9 (Jan.).
442. J. Bean (2005) ‘John Bean’s Nationalist notebook’, Identity, 58 (Sep.), p. 22
443. F. Bowley (2006) ‘For their future I can make a difference’, Identity 63 (Feb.), p. 10
444. J. Bean (2006) ‘John Bean’s nationalist notebook’, Identity 70: 20-21 (Sep.)
445. BNP (2005) ‘Speakers corner: A dangerous addiction’, Identity, 53: 23 (Mar.)
446. L. Barnes (2006) ‘A Europe of folk nations’, Identity, 69: 10-11 (Aug.)
447. J. Tyndall (1992) ‘Outlook favourable!’, Spearhead (Oct.), p. 4.
448. T. Bjorgo (2009) ‘Processes of disengagement from violent groups of the extreme right’, in T. Bjorgo and J. Horgan (eds) (2009) Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and collective disengagement, Abingdon and New York: Routledge, pp. 30-48.
449. C.T. Husbands (1983) Racial Exclusionism and the City, London: George Allen & Unwin, p. 147.
450. H.D. Clarke, D. Sanders, M.C. Stewart and P.F. Whiteley (2009) Performance Politics and the British Voter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
451. K. Arzheimer and E.L. Carter (2006) ‘Political opportunity structures and right-wing extremist party success’, European Journal of Political Research, 45(3): 419-443
452. W. van der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie (2005) ‘Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed: A two-step model of aggregate electoral support’, Comparative Political Studies, 38(5): 537-573
453. E.L. Carter, The Extreme Right in Western Europe
454. C. Mudde (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 234
455. E.L. Carter (2004) ‘Does PR promote political extremism? Evidence from the West European parties of the extreme right’, Representation, 40(2): 82-100
456. P. Norris (2005) Radical Right: Voters and parties in the electoral market, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 4.
457. E.L. Carter (2005) The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 51-52.
458. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge)
459. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 1-25.
460. W. van der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie (2000) ‘Anti-immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?’, European Journal of Political Research, 37: 77-102
461. J. Rydgren (2008) ‘Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries’, European Journal of Political Research, 47(6): 737-765.
462. C. Mudde (1999) ‘The single-issue thesis: Extreme right parties and the immigration issue’, West European Politics, 22(3): 192-197.
463. D. Cutts, R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) ‘Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European Elections’, European Journal of Political Research (in press/ forthcoming).
464. R. Ford (2008) ‘Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?’, British Journal of Sociology, 59(4): 609-636.
465. B. Bowyer (2008) ‘Local context and extreme right support in England: The British National Party in the 2002 and 2003 local elections’, Electoral Studies, 27: 611-620
466. H. Coffé, B. Heyndels and J. Vermeir (2007) ‘Fertile grounds for extreme right-wing parties: Explaining the Vlaams Blok’s electoral success’, Electoral Studies, 26: 142-155
467. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 1-25.
468. S. Saggar (2009) Pariahpolitics: Understanding Western radical Islamism and what should be done, Oxford: Oxford University Press
469. R. Eatwell and M.J. Goodwin (eds) (2010) The New Extremism in Twenty-First Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge.
470. L. McLaren and M. Johnson (2007) ‘Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigration hostility in Britain’, Political Studies 55(4): 709-732.
471. BNP ‘Media admits that Nick Griffin has been right all along over Muslim paedophile gangs’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk/news/media-admits-nick-griffin-has-been-right-all-along-over-muslim-paedophile-gangs (accessed 6 January 2011).
472. UKIP (2010) UKIP Manifesto: Empowering the People, Devon: UK Independence Party.
473. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge)
474. R. Ford, D.C. Cutts and M.J. Goodwin (2011) ‘Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: Support for the UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament Elections’, European Journal of Political Research (forthcoming).
475. A.M. Messina (2007) The Logics and Politics of Post-WWII Migration to Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-75.
476. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2010) ‘Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party’, Political Studies, 58(1): 1-25
477. R. Ford and M.J. Goodwin (2011) Voting for Extremists (forthcoming with Routledge).
478. CLG (2010) Local Government Contribution to Efficiencies in 2010-11, London: Communities and Local Government.
479. J. Curtice, S. Fisher and R. Ford (2010) ‘An analysis of the results’, in D. Kavanagh and P. Cowley, The British General Election of 2010 Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 385-426.
480. Tim Finch and David Goodhart (2010) ‘Introduction’, in T. Finch and D. Goodhart (eds) Immigration Under Labour, London: Institute for Public Policy Research, p. 9.
481. A.J. McGann and H. Kitschelt (2005) ‘The radical right in the Alps: Evolution of support for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPO’, Party Politics, 11(2): 147-171.
482. J.R. Tilley (2005) Research, note: Libertarian-authoritarian value change in Britain, 1974-2001’, Political Studies, 53(2): 442-453.
483. R. Ford (2008) ‘Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?’ British Journal of Sociology, 59(4): 620.
484. T. Pettigrew and R. Meertens (1995) ‘Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe’, European Journal of Social Psychology, 25: 57-75
485. M. Gijsberts, L. Hagendoorn and P. Scheepers (2004) Nationalism and the Exclusion of Migrants: Cross-national comparisons, Aldershot: Ashgate.
486. S. Vertovec (2007) ‘Super diversity and its implications’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6): 1024-1054.
487. L. Simpson (2007) ‘Ghettos of the mind: The empirical behaviour of Indices of Segregation and Diversity’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society series A, 170(2): 405-424
488. N. Finney and L. Simpson (2009) Sleepwalking to Segregation? Challenging myths about raceand migration, Bristol: Policy Press
489. A Simon (2010) ‘Do ethnic groups migrate toward areas of high concentration of their own group within England and Wales?’ in J. Stillwell and M. van Ham (eds) Ethnicity and Integration: Understanding population trends and processes, Vol. 3, Dordercht: Springer.
490. T.F. Pettigrew and L.R. Tropp (2006) ‘A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5): 751-783
491. M.J. Goodwin (2009) ‘Can we promote cohesion through contact? Intergroup contact and the development of “cohesive” local communities’, in C. Durose, S. Greasley and L. Richardson (eds) Local Governance, Changing Citizens? Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 91-110.
492. N. Griffin (2010) ‘Deadline 2014: The convergence of catastrophes and what the BNP needs to do’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk (accessed 7 July 2010).
493. N. Griffin (2010) ‘General election 2010 analysis by BNP leader Nick Griffin’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk (accessed 20 September 2010).
494. N. Griffin (2010) ‘What is going to be done’. Available online: www.bnp.org.uk/news/what-going-be-done (accessed 20 September 2010).
495. N. Griffin (2003) ‘Knowing who we are and where we have to go’, Identity, 30: 4-7 (Mar.).
496. E.L. Carter (2005) Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe: Success or failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 65-66.
497. P. Ignazi and C. Ysmal (1992) ‘New and old extreme right parties: The French Front National and the Italian Movimento Sociale’, European Journal of Political Research, 22(1): 101-121
498. G. Ivaldi (1996) ‘Conservation, revolution and protest: A case study in the political cultures of the French National Front’s members and sympathizers’, Electoral Studies, 15(3): 339-362.
499. J.A. Aho (1990) The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism, Washington: University of Washington Press
500. T. Bjergo (1993) Racist Violence in Europe, New York: St Martin’s Press
501. K. Blee (1996) ‘Becoming a racist: Women in contemporary Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi groups’, Gender and Society, 10(6): 680-702
502. E. DeClair (1999) Politics on the Fringe: The people, policies and organization of the French National Front, Durham: Duke University Press
503. B. Klandermans and N. Mayer (eds) Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the magnifying glass, London and New York: Routledge
504. N. Fielding (1981) The National Front, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
505. F. Devine (1995) ‘Qualitative methods’, in D. Marsh and G. Stoker (eds) (2002) Theory and Methods in Social Science, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
506. N. Teske (1997) Political Activists in America: The identity construction model of political participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
507. R. Futrell and P. Simi (2004) ‘Free spaces, collective identity and the persistence of U.S. white power activism’, Social Problems, 51(1): 16-42.
508. M.J. Salganik and D. D. Heckathorn (2004) ‘Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling’, Sociology Methodology, 34(1): 193-240
509. J.S. Coleman (1958) ‘Relational analysis: The study of social organization with survey methods’, Human Organization, 17: 28-36.
510. D. G. Mishler (1986) Research Interviewing: Contextand narrative, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 24
511. R.M. Lee (1993) Doing Research on Sensitive Topics, London: Sage.
512. S. Berg (1988) ‘Snowball sampling’, in S. Kotz and N.L. Johnson (eds) Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, vol. 8, New York: Wiley, pp. 528-532.
513. K. Fangen (1999) ‘On the margins of life: Life stories of radical nationalists’, Acta Sociologica, 42(4): 357-374.
514. K. Blee and V. Taylor (2002) ‘Semi-structured interviewing in social movement research’ in B. Klandermans and S. Staggenborg (eds) Social Movement Research, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, p. 104.
515. B.F. Crabtree and W.L. Miller (1992) ‘A template approach to text analysis: Developing and using codebooks’, in Crabtree and Miller (eds) Doing Qualitative Research, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 93-109.
516. M.B. Miles and A.M. Huberman (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
517. N. King (1994) ‘The qualitative research interview’, in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds) Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research, London, California and New Delhi: Sage, pp. 14-36.
518. C. Mudde (2000) The Ideology of the Extreme Right, Manchester: University of Manchester Press, p. 21.
519. A. Coffey and P. Atkinson (1996) Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, p. 32.
520. J. Seidel and U. Kelle (1995) ‘Different functions of coding in the analysis of textual data’, in U. Kelle (ed) Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, methods and practice, London: Sage.
521. C. Mudde (1996) ‘The war of words: Defining the extreme right party family’, West European Politics, 19(2): 225-248.
522. J. Kaplan and L. Weinberg (1998) The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, p. 2.
523. K.M. Blee (1993) ‘Evidence, empathy, and ethics: Lessons from oral histories of the Klan’, The Journal of American History, 80(2): 604-605.