Between camps: Nations, cultures and the allure of race

Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-406

  Gilroy, Paul ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917090210     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203639580     Document Type: Book

References (517)

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114. Mahmood Mamdani, Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda (Heinemann, 1983), esp. Part 2.
115. Jean Amery, at the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities, trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld (Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 4.
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120. J.-J. Rousseau, “Considerations on the Government of Poland,” in Rousseau Political Writings, trans. and ed. Frederick Watkins (Nelson and Sons, 1953), pp. 163-164.
121. The Blackshirt (November 24-30, 1933), p. 5;
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124. African Rights, Rwanda Death, Despair and Defiance (London, 1994), pp. 347-354.
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126. Arthur Malu-Malu and Thierry Oberle, Sunday Times, August 30, 1998.
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139. President Mandela’s inaugural speech, The Independent, May 1995, p. 12.
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149. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel and Transculturation (Routledge, 1992).
150. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Harvard University Press, 1982).
151. Adam Potkay, “Introduction” to Adam Potkay and Sandra Burr, eds., Black Atlantic Writers of the Eighteenth Century (St. Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 9.
152. John C. Shield, ed., The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 23.
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154. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 2 vols. (Pall Mall, 1969), vol. 2., p. 195.
155. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1987);
156. Janice E. Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns (Princeton University Press, 1994);
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159. Edith R. Sanders, “The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective,” Journal of African History, X, 4 (1969), pp. 521-532.
160. Adam Potkay, “Introduction” to Black Atlantic Writers of the Eighteenth Century.
161. Elliott P. Skinner, “The Dialectic between Diasporas and Homelands,” in Joseph E. Harris, ed., Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora (Howard University Press, 1982).
162. Edward Wilmot Blyden, On the Jewish Question (Lionel Hart and Co., 1898), p. 23.
163. Stefan Helmreich, “Kinship, Nation, and Paul Gilroy’s Concept of Diaspora,” Diaspora 2, 2 (1993), pp. 243-249.
164. Londa Scheibinger, Nature’s Body (Beacon Press, 1993).
165. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, “Rhizome,” in A Thousand Plateaus (University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. 15.
166. Louis Farrakhan, “A Call to March,” Emerge, vol. 7, no. 1 (October 1995), p. 66.
167. Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, 1993).
168. Leroi Jones, Black Music (Quill, 1967), pp. 180-211.
169. Douglas A. Lorimer, Colour, Class and the Victorians: English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Leicester University Press, 1978), esp. chapters 7 and 9.
170. Leon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe, trans. Edmund Howard (Chatto and Windus, 1974);
171. Ivan Hanna-ford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Johns Hopkins, 1996);
172. Eric Voegelin, “The Growth of the Race Idea,” Review of Politics (July, 1940), pp. 283-317;
173. Peter Hulme, “The Hidden Hand of Nature,” in The Enlightenment and Its Shadows, ed. Hulme and L. Jordanova (Routledge, 1991).
174. George W. Stocking, Jr., ed., Volksgeist as Method and Ethic (Wisconsin University Press, 1996).
175. Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (University of Manchester Press, 1990);
176. K. Ballhatchet, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1980);
177. Fernando Henriques, Children of Caliban (Secker, 1974);
178. Ann Laura Stoler, “Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race and Morality in Colonial Asia,” in Micaela di Leonardo, ed., Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge (University of California Press, 1991);
179. Christopher Lane, The Ruling Passion (Duke University Press, 1995);
180. Anton Gill, Ruling Passions (BBC Books, 1995).
181. Annie Combes, The Reinvention of Africa (Yale University Press, 1994);
182. James R. Ryan, Picturing the Empire: Photography and the Visualization of the British Empire (Reaktion Books, 1997).
183. John M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire (University of Manchester Press, 1984);
184. J. W. M. Hichberger, Images of the Army: The Military in British Art, 1815-1914 (University of Manchester Press, 1988).
185. Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe, The True History of Chocolate (Thames and Hudson, 1996), p. 244.
186. Greta Jones, Social Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction between Biological and Social Theory (Harvester Press, 1980).
187. Rudyard Kipling, The Seven Seas (Methuen, 1897).
188. Gustav Frenssen, Peter Moors Fahrt nach Sudwest: Ein Feldugs-bericht (Thousand, Berlin, 1936 [1907]);
189. Hans Grimm, Sudafrikanische Novellen (Frankfurt/Main, 1913).
190. Hugh Ridley, Images of Imperial Rule (Croom Helm, 1983).
191. Max Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes against The Jewish People (Yiddish Scienti~c Institute, 1946).
192. Proctor’s extraordinary essay “From Anthropologie to Rassenkunde in the German Anthropological Tradition,” in George W. Stocking, ed., Bones, Bodies, Behaviour: Essays on Biological Anthropology (University of Wisconsin Press, 1988);
193. George W. Stocking, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Harvard University Press, 1988);
194. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge University Press, 1988);
195. Sheila Faith Weiss, “The Race-Hy- giene Movement in Germany,” Osiris (2nd series), 3 (1987), pp. 193-236.
196. Rosemarie K. Lester, “Blacks in Germany and German Blacks: A Little Known Aspect of Black History,” in Reinhold Grimm and Jost Hermand, eds., Blacks and German Culture (University of Wisconsin Press, 1986);
197. Reiner Pommerin, Sterilisierung der Rheinlande bastarde: Das Schiksal einerfarbigen deutschen Minderheit, 1918-1937 (Droste, 1979).
198. Benno Muller Hill, Murderous Science (Oxford University Press, 1988).
199. Daniel Pick, War Machine: The Rationalization of Slaughter in the Modern Age (Yale University Press, 1993);
200. Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich (Oxford University Press, 1992).
201. W. O. Henderson, The German Colonial Empire (Cass, 1993), pp. 74-114.
202. Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire (Oxford University Press, 1980);
203. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men (Cornell University Press, 1989).
204. Victor Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (Leicester University Press, 1982).
205. John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (Pimlico, 1993).
206. Umberto Eco, “Ur-Fascism,” New York Review of Books, June 22, 1995.
207. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism (Oxford University Press, 1994);
208. Edward J. Larson, Sex, Race and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
209. Marouf A. Hasian, Jr., The Rhetoric of Eugenics in Anglo-American Thought (University of Georgia Press, 1995), esp. chapter 3.
210. Michel Foucault, preface to Gilles Delueze and Felix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Viking, 1977), p. xiv.
211. Roger Grif~n, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, 1993).
212. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, trans. Stephen Conway, Erica Carter, and Chris Turner, 2 vols. (Polity Press, 1987 and 1989).
213. James Brown, “stylish in the face of true adversity” and placing him on the publication’s list of the “sharpest men of the 20th century.” Guardian, February 19, 1999.
214. In midsummer of 1920 the new flag came before the public for the ~rst time it had the effect of a burning torch and a symbol it really is! Not only the unique colors, which all of us so passionately love and which once won so much honor for the German people, attest our veneration for the past; they were also the best embodiment of our movement’s will. As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. in red we see the social idea of the movement, in white the nationalistic idea, in the swastika the mission and struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work, which as such always has been and always will be anti-Semitic.” Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p.497.
215. Daniel Guerin, The Brown Plague, trans. Robert Schwarzwald (Duke University Press), pp. 97-98.
216. Henri Beraud, Ce Que J’ai vu a Rome (Les Editions de France, 1929).
217. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle (University of California Press, 1997), p. 80.
218. Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, trans. Keith Botsford (Harvard University Press, 1996).
219. Eric Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife (Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 215.
220. Malcolm Quinn, The Swastika (Routledge, 1995).
221. Paul Rand, From Lascaux to Brooklyn (Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 83-91.
222. George Jackson, Blood in My Eye (Jonathan Cape, 1972).
223. Russell A. Berman, Modern Culture and Critical Theory: Art, Politics, and the Legacy of the Frankfurt School (Wisconsin University Press, 1989), p. 100.
224. Leni Riefenstahl, The Sieve of Time (Quartet Books, 1992), p. 165.
225. Rey Chow, “Fascist Longings in Our Midst,” Ariel, vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1995), p. 38.
226. Z. A. Zeman, Nazi Propaganda (Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 34.
227. Wolfgang Sachs, “Just a few months ago German industry, through the manufacture of a new people’s radio, succeeded in delivering to the market and selling an enormous number of receivers. I wish now to place before the German motor-vehicle industry the significant task of designing an auto-mobile that necessarily comes to attract buyers numbering in millions.” for the Love of the Automobile, trans. Don Reneau (University of California Press, 1992), p. 59.
228. Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz, Hitler’s Airwaves: The Inside Story of Nazi Radio Broadcasting and Propaganda Swing (Yale University Press, 1997).
229. David Welch, The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda (Routledge, 1993), p. 34.
230. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Routledge, 1984), pp. 57-58.
231. George Orwell, The Collected Essays, vol. 2, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (Penguin, 1968).
232. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 470.
233. Berman, Modern Cultural and Critical Theory, pp. 99-118.
234. Karl Lowith, “My Last Meeting with Heidegger in Rome 1936,” in R. Wolin, ed., The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader (MIT Press, 1993), pp. 140-144.
235. Pierre Bourdieu, The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger, trans. Peter Collier (Polity Press, 1991).
236. Martin Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics, trans. Ralph Manheim (Yale University Press, 1959), p. 202.
237. Lowith, “My Last Meeting with Heidegger in Rome 1936,” pp. 140-144.
238. Karl Lowith, Martin Heidegger and European Nihilism, ed. Richard Wolin, trans. Gary Steiner (Columbia University Press, 1995).
239. Scott Hughes Myerly, British Military Spectacle: From the Napoleonic Wars through the Crimea (Harvard University Press, 1996), chapter 1, “The Spectacular Image.”
240. George Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (Cornell University Press, 1975)
241. George Mosse, Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality (Wayne State University Press, 1987).
242. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 410.
243. Baden Powell, “Games to Develop Strength” in chapter 6 of Scouting for Boys (C. Arthur Pearson Ltd., 1941 [1908]).
244. Ulf Hedetoft, “War, Racism, Soccer,” in Flemming Rogilds, ed., Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining (Akademisc Forlag, 1986)
245. J. A. Mangan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1946 (University of Manchester, 1987).
246. Chris Mead, Joe Louis: A Biography (Scribners/Robson Books, 1986), p. 100.
247. Joe Louis, with Edna Rust and Art Rust, My Life (Ecco, 1997 [1978]), p. 137.
248. Joe Louis Barrow, Jr., and Barbara Munder, Joe Louis: The Brown Bomber (Weidenfeld Paperbacks, 1988);
249. Richard Bak, Joe Louis: The Great Black Hope (Taylor Publishing, 1996).
250. Joe Louis, My Life. Much of Mead’s material on Schmeling is taken from the ~ghter’s autobiography, Errinnerungen (Verslager Ullstein GMBH, 1977). As quoted by Mead, Joe Louis, p. 159.
251. Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics, p. 199.
252. Gunter Berghaus, ed., Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945 (Berghahn Books, 1996), p. 133.
253. Susan Sontag, “Fascinating Fascism,” in Under the Sign of Saturn (Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1984).
254. Ernst Hanfstangl, Hitler: The Missing Years (Eyre and Spottiswood, 1956).
255. Suzanne L. Marchand, Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970 (Princeton University Press, 1996).
256. Patricia Morrisroe, Mapplethorpe (Random House, 1995), states “He had recently begun sporting a swastika pin on his jacket . . . [and] Mapplethorpe toyed with the idea of creating a whole line of ‘Nazi jewelry,’ and the swastika became another amulet in his fetishistic necklaces” (p. 103).
257. Salkeld, A Portrait of Leni Riefenstahl.
258. Emmanuel Levinas, “Reflections on the Philosophy of Hitlerism,” trans. Sean Hand, Critical Inquiry, 17 (Autumn 1990), p. 69.
259. Tricia Rose, Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America (Wesleyan University Press, 1994);
260. Michael Eric Dyson, Reflecting Black: African American Cultural Criticism (University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
261. Paul D. Miller, “Booty Makes Bank,” The Source, 77 (February 1996).
262. Luther “Luke Skywalker” Campbell interview by Joseph Gallivan in The Independent, January 13, 1994, p. 26.
263. Rose, Black Noise, pp. 7 and 80-84 passim.
264. Michel Foucault, “Truth and Power,” in Power Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (Pantheon, 1980), p. 115.
265. Bell Hooks, “Reconstructing Black Masculinity,” in Black Looks: Race and Rep- resentation (South End Press, 1993), p. 113.
266. “I know this might sound funny coming out of my mouth but I do try to be different, I try to hit on a romantic sexual level, leaving just a touch to the imagination,” R. Kelly interviewed in Pride (May/June 1994), p. 35.
267. An insightful version of this is outlined by June Jordan in “Waiting for a Taxi,” in Technical Difficulties: African-American Notes on the State of the Union (Pantheon, 1992).
268. Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure (Viking, 1986), p. 5.
269. Michael Jordan, Rare Air: Michael on Michael, ed. Mark Vancil (Harper Collins, 1993).
270. George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), esp. chapter 3; Jordan, Rare Air.
271. Vibe, vol. 2, no. 4 (May 1994), p. 72.
272. John London, “Competing Together in Fascist Europe: Sport in Early Francoism,” in Gunter Berghaus, ed., Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945 (Berghahn Books, 1996).
273. Paul Gilroy, “It’s a Family Affair: Black Culture and the Trope of Kinship,” in Small Acts (Serpent’s Tail, 1994).
274. The Source’s “Annual Car Audio Spectaculars,” usually found in the June issue of the magazine.
275. Emmanuel Levinas, “The Transcendence of Words,” in The Levinas Reader, ed. Sean Hand (Blackwell, 1989), p. 147.
276. Eric Foner, Nothing But Freedom (Louisiana State University Press, 1983).
277. Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (Airmont Books, 1967), p. 27.
278. No sooner had emancipation been acknowledged than thousands of‘married’ couples, with the encouragement of black preachers and northern white missionaries, hastened to secure their marital vows, both legally and spiritually . . . The insistence of teachers, missionaries and Freedmen’s Bureau officers that blacks formalize their marriages stemmed from the notion that legal sanction was necessary for sexual and moral restraint and that ex-slaves had to be inculcated with ‘the obligations of the married state in civilized life.’” Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (Athlone Press, 1980), p. 240. See chapter 5, “How Free IS Free?
279. Daniel Miller, “Absolute Freedom in Trinidad,” Man, 26 (1991), pp. 323-341.
280. Mechal Sobel, Trabelin On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith (Princeton University Press, 1988).
281. Charles H. Long, Significations (Fortress Press, 1986).
282. Lawrence Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1977).
283. Dyson, Reflecting Black, p. 279.
284. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Harvard University Press, 1993), chapter 6.
285. Paul Connerton’s useful book How Societies Remember (Cambridge University Press, 1989), section 3, “Bodily Practices.”
286. Shahrazad Ali, Are You Still a Slave? (Civilized Publications, n.d.).
287. Shahrazad Ali, “Capital Punishment in America” and “Freedom Got an A. K.,” both from their album Guerillas in the Mist (Street Knowledge 7-92206-2).
288. Zygmunt Bauman, Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies (Polity, 1993), pp. 187-188.
289. Ernst Bloch and Theodor W. Adorno, “Something’s Missing,” in Ernst Bloch, The Utopian Function of Art and Literature (MIT Press, 1988), pp. 5-8.
290. Nas, “Life’s a Bitch,” from the CD Illmatic (Columbia, CK 57684, 1994).
291. Jean Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom (Stanford University Press, 1993).
292. S. W. V. It’s About Time (RCA 07863 66074-2, 1992).
293. S. W. V., The Remixes (RCA 07863-66401-2, 1994).
294. Cornel West, “Nihilism in Black America,” Race Matters (Beacon Press, 1993)
295. Ishmael Reed, “Airing Dirty Laundry,” in the book of the same name (Addison-Wesley, 1993).
296. Mr. T, An Autobiography by Mr. T (W. H. Allen, 1985), p. 4.
297. Dream Hampton, “G down,” The Source (September 1993), p. 68.
298. Murray Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (Cheshire Books, 1982), p. 272.
299. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage My Freedom (Miller, Orton and Mulligan, 1855), p. 50.
300. June Jordan, “Beyond Apocalypse Now,” in Civil Wars (Beacon Press, 1981), especially p. 171;
301. Robert C. Solomon, From Rationalism to Existentialism: The Existentialists and Their Nineteenth Century Backgrounds (Harvester, 1972), chapter 7.
302. Albert Camus, L’Etranger in Edward Said’s Culture and Imperialism (Chatto and Windus, 1993).
303. Walter F. Pitts, Jr., Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora (Oxford University Press, 1993).
304. Hip Hop Connection, 62 (April 1994), p. 31.
305. Edmund Leach, “Anthropological Aspects of Language: Animal Categories and Verbal Abuse,” in E. H. Lenneberg, ed., New Directions in the Study of Language (MIT Press, 1964), pp. 23-63.
306. Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Methuen, 1986).
307. Emmanuel Levinas, “The Name of a Dog, or Natural Rights,” in Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism (Athlone, 1990);
308. Yi Fu Tuan, Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets (Yale University Press, 1984);
309. Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics (Princeton University Press, 1986).
310. Hilda Kean, Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 (Reaktion Books, 1998).
311. “The Paradox of Morality: An Interview with Emmanuel Levinas,” chapter 11 in Robert Bernasconi and David Wood, The Provocation of Levinas (Routledge, 1988), p. 168.
312. Claudia Tate, Domestic Allegories of Political Desire (Oxford University Press, 1992), especially chapters 3 and 7.
313. Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics (Blackwell, 1993), pp. 92-98.
314. Ice Cube, interviewed by Ekow Eshun in The Face, no. 65 (February 1994), p. 91.
315. Edith Sanders, “The Hamitic Hypothesis: Its Origins and Functions in Time Perspective,” Journal of African History, 10 (1969), pp. 524-526.
316. “A Call to Arms, a Call to Sacrifice,” Nationalism Today (not dated).
317. Ross Slater, “Revealed: the B. N. P.’s Black Buddies,” New Nation, June 4, 1998.
318. The Guardian, September 11, 1996, p. 5.
319. Marian A. L. Miller, The Third World in Global Environmental Politics (Open University Press, 1995).
320. Kierna Mayo Dawsey, “Caught Up in the (Gangsta) Rapture: Dr. C. Delores Tucker’s Crusade Against ‘Gangsta Rap’” and “Reality Check,” both in The Source (June 1994).
321. Richard King, M. D., African Origin of Biological Psychiatry (U. B. and U. S. Communications Systems, 1990).
322. Douglass S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Harvard University Press, 1993).
323. New York Times Magazine, April 3, 1994, p. 45.
324. Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, trans. R. Rosenthal (Summit Books, 1988), p. 27.
325. Yehuda Bauer, Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945 (Yale University Press, 1994).
326. Wilson J. Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925 (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 197.
327. Frederick Douglass, “What Are the Coloured People Doing for Themselves?” in H. Brotz, ed., African-American Social and Political Thought (Transaction, 1992), pp. 204-205;
328. Martin Delany, The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men (Pittsburgh, 1853).
329. Donn A. Cass, Negro Freemasonry and Segregation (Ezra A. Cook Publications, 1957);
330. William A. Muraskin, Middle Class Blacks in a White Society: Prince Hall Freemasonry in America (University of California Press, 1975);
331. Harry E. Davis, A History of Freemasonry Among Negroes in America (United Supreme Council, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, 1946);
332. Loretta J. Williams, Black Freemasonry and Middle-Class Realities (University of Missouri Press, 1980).
333. Steven Howe, A frocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes (Verso, 1988), is a notable exception to this pattern; see chapter 6, “The Masonic Connection.”
334. Claude Andrew Clegg, An Original Man: The Life of Elijah Muhammad (St. Martin’s Press, 1997).
335. Mattias Gardell’s, Countdown to Armageddon: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam (Hurst and Co., 1996).
336. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology (I. B. Tauris, 1992);
337. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Hitler’s Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism (New York University Press, 1998);
338. Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (Free Press, 1997).
339. Georg Simmel, “The Secret and the Secret Society,” in The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. and trans. Kurt H. Wolff (Free Press, 1950), pp. 307-376.
340. Marita Golden, Saving Our Sons: Raising Black Children in a Turbulent World (Anchor, 1995);
341. Haki R. Madhubuti, Black Men: Obsolete, Single, Dangerous? The Afrikan American Family in Transition (Third World Press, 1990).
342. Roberto Vivarelli, “Interpretations of the Origins of Fascism,” Journal of Modern History, 63 (March 1991), pp. 29-43.
343. Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, 1993).
344. Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology (Princeton University Press, 1993).
345. Max Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People (Yiddish Scientific Institute, 1948);
346. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (University of North Carolina Press, 1995);
347. Hans Peter Bluel, Sex and Society in Nazi Germany (J. B. Lippincott Co., 1973);
348. Michael Stolleis, The Law under the Swastika: Studies on Legal History in Nazi Germany, trans. Thomas Dunlap (University of Chicago Press, 1998).
349. Alain Finkielkraut, Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and Crimes against Humanity (Columbia University Press, 1992).
350. Anna Bramwell, The Ecological Movement in the Twentieth Century: A History (Yale University Press, 1989);
351. Janet Biehl, “‘Ecology’ and the Modernization of Fascism in the German Ultra-Right,” Society and Nature, 5 (1994), pp. 130-170.
352. George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).
353. George Mosse, ed., Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural, and Social Life in the Third Reich (Schocken, 1966);
354. Alison Owings, Frauen: German Women Recall the Third Reich (Penguin, 1995);
355. Detlev Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life (Penguin Books, 1993);
356. Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Society (Croom Helm, 1975); Peter Adam, The Arts of the Third Reich (Thames and Hudson, 1992);
357. Michael Kater, Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, 1992).
358. Michael Kater, The Twisted Muse: Musicians and Their Music in the Third Reich (Oxford University Press, 1997);
359. Robert Wistrich, Weekend in Munich: Art, Propaganda, and Terror in the Third Reich (Pavilion Books, 1995).
360. Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (Oxford University Press, 1994);
361. Edward J. Larson, Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
362. C. L. R. James, A History of Negro Revolt (Fact Ltd., 1985 [1938]), p. 53.
363. J. A. Rogers, The World’s Great Men of Color (J. .A. Rogers, c.1947), p. 420;
364. Robert A. Hill, introduction to Robert A. Hill and Barbara Bair, eds., Marcus Garvey, Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers (University of California Press, 1987), p. lviii.
365. Robert A. Hill, “Making Noise: Marcus Garvey Dada, August 1922,” in Deborah Willis, ed., Picturing Us: African American Identity in Photography (The New Press, 1994).
366. Judith Stein, The World of Marcus Garvey (Louisiana State University Press, 1986), p. 154.
367. Marcus Garvey, “The Ideals of Two Races,” Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, vol. 2 (Frank Cass, 1967), p. 338.
368. Zora Neale Hurston, Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica (Harper, 1990), p. 89.
369. Malcolm X., The Last Speeches (Pathfinder Press, 1989), pp. 135-136.
370. Marcus Garvey, Jr., “Garveyism: Some Reflections on Its Significance for Today,” in John Henrik Clarke, ed., with the assistance of Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa (Vintage, 1974), p. 387.
371. Slavoj Zizek, “Multiculturalism-A New Racism?” New Left Review 225 (September-October, 1997).
372. Stuart Elliott, “Spike Lee Tries for Main Street,” International Herald Tribune, July 10, 1997.
373. James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Harvard University Press, 1997).
374. Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth (Beacon Press, 1989).
375. Annie E. Coombes, Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture, and Popular Imagination (Yale University Press, 1994).
376. Vron Ware, “Moments of Danger,” History and Theory 31 (1992), pp. 115-137.
377. Frantz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth (Grove Press, 1963), pp. 254-255.
378. Frantz Fanon, “Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (Hutchinson, 1987), chap. 4.
379. Roger Hewitt, “Us and Them in the Late Space Age,” Young, vol. 3, no. 2 (May 1995), pp. 23-34.
380. Richard Wright, “The American Problem-Its Negro Phase,” in D. Ray and R. M. Farnsworth, eds., Richard Wright: Impressions and Perspectives (Ann Arbor Paperbacks, 1971), p. 12.
381. Rosi Braidotti in “Sexual Difference as a Nomadic Political Project,” in her Nomadic Subjects (Columbia University Press, 1994).
382. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of The Earth, p. 40.
383. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam (Markman, Pluto Press, 1986 [1952]), p. 166.
384. John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
385. John Hoberman, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 33, no. 1 (March 1998).
386. Bernard R. Ortiz De Montellano, “Melanin, Afrocentricity, and Pseudoscience,” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36 (1993), pp. 33-58.
387. T. Owens Moore, The Science of Melanin: Dispelling the Myths (Beckham House Publishers, Inc., 1995).
388. Carol Barnes, Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness, vol. 1, Black Greatness Series (C. B. Publishers, 1988), p. 53.
389. G. Peart, “More Than the Colour of My Skin,” Science Focus, The Alarm, 9 (November 1994), p. 25.
390. Moore, The Science of Melanin, p. 124.
391. Image, vol. 1, no. 3 (January 1995).
392. Elizabeth Alexander, “‘Can You Be Black and Look at This?’: Reading the Rodney King Video,” in Black Male Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, ed. Thelma Golden (Whitney Museum, 1994). Also reprinted in Public Culture, vol. 7, no. 4 (1994).
393. Frank Williams, “Eazy E: The Life, the Legacy,” The Source (June 1995), p. 56.
394. Rodney King, Fuck Rodney King (Priority Records, 1992).
395. Eric Lott, “Cornel West in the Hour of Chaos in Race Matters,” Social Text, 40 (1994), pp. 39-50.
396. The Source, 69 (June 1995), p. 56.
397. “Gangsta Rap Summit: ‘Reality Check,’” The Source, 57 (June 1994), p. 72.
398. Rob Kenner, “Top Rankin’,” Vibe (October 1994), p. 76.
399. Scott Poulson-Bryant, “Karl Kani-Design of the Times,” Vibe (October 1994), pp. 59-63.
400. Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, eds., Debating Cultural Hybridity (Zed Books, 1997).
401. Medecins sans Frontieres, World in Crisis: The Politics of Survival at the End of the 20th Century (Routledge, 1997).
402. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (Dover Publications, 1956), p. 99.
403. Clifford, Routes.
404. Clifford Geertz, “The Uses of Diversity,” Michigan Quarterly Review (1986).
405. Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism and Truth (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
406. Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, 1993).
407. Saul Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933-39 (HarperCollins, 1997), p. 12.
408. Stephanie Barron et al., “Degenerate Art”: The Fate of the Avant Garde in Nazi Germany (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Abrams, 1991).
409. George L. Mosse, Nazi Culture: A Documentary History (Schocken Books, 1981).
410. Max Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People (Yiddish Scientific Institute, 1946), esp. chaps. 3-10.
411. George Stocking, ed., Volksgeist as Method and Ethic: Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition (University of Wisconsin, 1996).
412. Suzanne Marchand, Down From Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970 (Princeton University Press, 1996).
413. Frantz Fanon “Racism and Culture,” in Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays, trans. H. Chevalier (Monthly Review Press, 1967).
414. Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (Routledge, 1995) pp. 50-89.
415. Richard Wright, “The Psychological Reactions of Oppressed People,” in White Man Listen! (Anchor Doubleday, 1964), pp. 16-17.
416. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, “The Color of Reason: The Idea of ‘Race’ in Kant’s Anthropology,” in Anthropology and the German Enlightenment: Perspectives on Humanity, ed. Katherine Faull (Bucknell University Press and Associated University Press, 1994), pp. 200-241;
417. Berel Lang, “Genocide and Kant’s Enlightenment,” in Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide (University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp. 169-190.
418. Helmut Bley, South-West Africa under German Rule, 1894-1914, trans. Hugh Ridley (Northwestern University Press, 1971);
419. A. F. Calvert, South-west Africa: During the German Occupation, 1884-1914 (T. Werner Laurie, 1915).
420. A. F. Calvert, South West Africa during the German Occupation (T. Werner Laurie, 1915);
421. I. Goldblatt, History of South West Africa, from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (Juta and Co., 1971);
422. L. H. Gann and P. Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, 1887-1914 (Stanford University Press, 1977);
423. Jon Swan, “The Final Solution in South West Africa,” Quarterly Journal of Military History 3, 4, pp. 36-55;
424. Everlyn Nicodemus, “Carrying the Sun on Our Backs,” in M. Catherine de Zegher, Andrea Robbins, and Max Becher, eds. (The Kanaal Art Foundation, 1994).
425. S. M. Islam, The Ethics ofTravel: From Marco Polo to Kafka (Manchester University Press, 1996);
426. James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Harvard University Press, 1997).
427. L. S. Senghor, “Tyaroye,” “Hosties Noires,” in Poemes (Seuil, 1984);
428. Myron J. Echenberg, “Tragedy at Thiaroye: The Senegalese Soldiers’ Uprising of 1944,” in P. Gutkind et al., eds., African Labor History (Sage, 1978).
429. Charles Lucas, The Empire at War (Oxford University Press, 1924).
430. Benjamin Brawley, Africa and the War (Duf~eld and Co., 1918), p. i.
431. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race (Henry Holt, 1993), p. 556.
432. The Crisis (July 1981).
433. Marcus Garvey, “Speech at the Royal Albert Hall June 6th 1928,” in Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa, ed. John Henrik Clarke (Vintage, 1974).
434. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (Vintage Books, 1969), p. 480.
435. Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, Unknown Soldiers: African-American Troops in World War I (Temple University Press, 1974), p. 121.
436. Reid Badger, A Life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe (Oxford University Press, 1997).
437. R. Kimball and W. Bolcom, Reminiscing with Sissle and Blake (Viking, 1972).
438. Peter Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret (Harvard University Press, 1993);
439. Michael Kater, Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 8.
440. Jurgen Wilhelm Heinrichs, “Blackness in Weimar”: 1920s German Art Practice and American Jazz and Dance” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, May 1998).
441. Nancy Nenno, “Femininity, the Primitive, and Modern Urban Space: Josephine Baker in Berlin,” in Katharina Von Ankum, ed., Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture (University of California Press, n. 1997).
442. “To the astonishment and distress of many white Americans, dark faces seemed to be everywhere in the summer of 1929-in the swimming pools of the Normandie and the staterooms of the Queen Mary.” David Levering Lewis, When Harlem Was in Vogue (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 255.
443. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Improvement Association Papers, vol. 7, November 1927-August 1940, ed. Robert A. Hill et al. (University of California Press, 1990), p. 212.
444. The Reaction of Negro Publications and Organizations to German Anti-Semitism, Howard University Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2 (Howard University, 1942).
445. Norfolk Journal and Guide, December 21, 1935, p. 9, col. 4.
446. Michael Kater, “Forbidden Fruit?” American Historical Review 94, 1 (1989), pp. 11-43.
447. Wendy Martin, “Remembering the Jungle: Josephine Baker and Modernist Parody,” in Prehistories of the Future: The Primitivist Project and the Culture of Modernism, ed. Elazar Barkan and Ronald Bush (Stanford University Press, 1995).
448. T. W. Adorno, “On Jazz,” trans. Jamie Owen Daniel, Discourse 12, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1989), p. 61.
449. T. W. Adorno, “Perennial Fashion-Jazz,” in Prisms, trans. Samuel Weber and Shierry Weber (Neville Spearman, 1967).
450. J. A. Rogers, “Jazz at Home,” New Negro, ed. A. Locke (Atheneum, 1968 [1925]), p. 223.
451. Alain Locke, The Negro and His Music, Bronze Booklet no. 2 (The Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1936), p. 72.
452. Michael Kater, Different Drummers: Jazz in the Life of Nazi Germany (Oxford University Press, 1994);
453. Eric Vogel, “Jazz in a Nazi Concentration Camp, pts. 1 and 2,” Downbeat (December 7, 1961), pp. 20-21, and (December 21, 1961), pp. 16-21;
454. Mike Zwerin, La Tristesse de Saint Louis: Swing under the Nazis (Quartet, 1985);
455. Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz, Hitler’s Airwaves: The Inside Story of Nazi Radio and Propaganda Swing (Yale University Press, 1997).
456. Detlev Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life, trans. Richard Deveson (Pelican Books, 1989).
457. Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes: Italian Advertising under Fascism (University of Minnesota Press, 1995);
458. Susan Sontag, “Fascinating Fascism,” in Under the Sign of Saturn (Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1984).
459. Linda Schulte-Sasse, Entertaining the Third Reich: Illusions of Wholeness in Nazi Cinema (Duke University Press, 1996), chap. 10.
460. David Stewart Hull, Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933-1945 (University of California Press, 1969), p. 182.
461. Ralf Georg Reuth, Goebbels, trans. Krishna Winston (Harcourt Brace, 1993), p. 194.
462. George Stocking, Victorian Anthropology (Free Press, 1987), p. 106.
463. Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (University of Chicago Press, 1995).
464. Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Little, Brown, 1996), pp. 161-162;
465. Ben Shalit, The Psychology of Conflict and Combat (Praeger, 1988).
466. Herbert Kelman, “Violence without Moral Restraint,” Journal of Social Issues, 4 (1973), pp. 25-61;
467. Henri Zukier, “The Twisted Road to Genocide: On the Psychological Development of Evil During the Holocaust,” Social Research, 61 (1994), pp. 423-455.
468. Daniel Chirot, Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age (Princeton University Press, 1994).
469. Robert W. Kesting, “Forgotten Victims: Blacks in the Holocaust,” Journal of Negro History, 78, 1 (1992), pp. 30-36.
470. Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain (Harper Collins, 1998), pp. 31-32.
471. Weekly Journal, May 4, 1995, p. 5.
472. West Africa, vol. 22, May 8, 1995, p. 778.
473. Lou Potter with William Miles and Nina Rosenblum, Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992);
474. Brenda L. Moore, To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African-American WACs Stationed Overseas during World War II (New York University Press, 1996).
475. Benjamin Bender, Glimpses through Holocaust and Liberation (North Atlantic Books, 1995), pp. 161-162.
476. “Escape from Dachau: My Own, Private V-E Day,” Washington Post, Sunday, May 7, 1995.
477. Graham Smith, When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War II (I. B. Tauris, 1987).
478. William Gardner Smith, The Last of the Conquerors (Farrar, Strauss and Co., 1948), p. 105.
479. Leon C. Standifer, Binding Up the Wounds: An American Soldier in Occupied Germany, 1945-1946 (Louisiana State University Press, 1997), esp. pp. 150-173.
480. U. S. News and World Report, May 6, 1996.
481. Smith, The Last of the Conquerors, p. 35.
482. Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (Stein and Day, 1979).
483. Arnold Krammer, Hermann Jung, Die Deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in amerikanischer Hand USA (Verlag Ernst und Werner Gieseling, 1972).
484. Smith, The Last of the Conquerors, p. 165.
485. William Gardner Smith, The Stone Face (Farrar, Strauss and Co., 1963), p. 115.
486. Le Monde, October 17, 1997, especially “La responsabilite du prefet de police est directe, personelle, ecrasante,” by Jean-Luc Einaudi.
487. Smith, The Stone Face, p. 175.
488. “In Retrospect: W. Rudolph Dunbar, Pioneering Orchestra Conductor,” The Black Perspective in Music, vol. 9, no. 2 (Fall 1981), pp. 193-225.
489. I. Kant, “On the Different Races of Man,” in This is Race: An Anthology, selected, edited, and with an introduction by Earl W. Count Hanery Schuman (New York, 1950), p. 22.
490. I. Kant, “Physiche Geography,” appended to J. A. May, “Kant’s Concept of Geography and Its Relation to Recent Geographical Thought,” translated by the author (University of Toronto Press, Geography Department Research Publications, 1970), p. 262.
491. Bernard McGrane, Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other (Columbia University Press, 1989), p. 94.
492. Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (Columbia University Press, 1983).
493. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Allen and Unwin, 1967), p. 171.
494. Susan Gilman, “Pauline Hopkins and the Occult: African American Revisions of Nineteenth-Century Sciences,” American Literary History, vol. 13, no. 4 (1992), pp. 57-82.
495. Martha F. Lee, The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement (Syracuse University Press, 1996).
496. Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Blackman in America (United Brothers Communications Systems, Newport News, Virginia, 1992), p. 291.
497. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and the Influence on Nazi Ideology (I. B. Tauris, 1992);
498. Sylvia Cranston, H. P. B.: The Extraordinary Life and Influence of Helena Blavatsky, Founder of the Modern Theosophical Movement (Tarcher Putnam, 1993), esp. chap. 7;
499. Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (Random House, 1997).
500. John F. Szwed, Space is the Place: The Lives and Times of Sun Ra (Pantheon, 1997).
501. Mattias Gardell, Countdown to Armageddon: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam (Hurst and Co., 1996).
502. Roger Grif~n, The Nature of Fascism (Routledge, 1993), p. 33.
503. Neil Gregor, Daimler-Benz in the Third Reich (Yale University Press, 1998).
504. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam (Markman, Pluto Press, 1986 [1952]), pp. 230-231 passim.
505. Martin Delany, The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States Politically Considered (George Charles, 1852), p. 213.
506. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (Dover Editions, 1956), p. 86.
507. Kenneth R. Manning, Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just (Oxford University Press, 1983).
508. Richard Wright, White Man Listen! (Anchor, 1964), p. 53.
509. “I went out and got some books by this German chick Leni Riefenstahl, Last of the Nuba and People of Kay [sic]. There’s one motherfucker in one picture looks just like me.” Greg Tate, Flyboy in the Butter Milk (Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 34.
510. Graham Taylor, “Blutopia: Visions of the Future and Revisions of the Past in the Work of Sun Ra, Duke Ellington and Anthony Braxton” (Dept. of American and Canadian Studies, University of Nottingham, 1997).
511. Duke Ellington, “The Race for Space,” in The Duke Ellington Reader, ed. Mark Tucker (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 293-296.
512. Nichelle Nichols, Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories (Boxtree Books, 1996), p. 196.
513. Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Harper and Row, 1967), p. 86.
514. Nichols, Beyond Uhura, p. 164.
515. Richard King, M.D., African Origin of Biological Psychiatry (U.B. and U.S. Communications Systems, 1994), pp. 13-14.
516. Milton William Cooper, Behold a Pale Horse (Light Technology Publishing, 1991).
517. Ed Vulliamy, “Face-off in Jasper,” Guardian Weekend, July 11, 1998, p. 14.