Law orientalism and postcolonialism: The jurisdiction of the lotus-eaters

Law Orientalism and Postcolonialism: The Jurisdiction of the Lotus-Eaters

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-184

  Haldar, Piyel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84917066657     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203937921     Document Type: Book

References (207)

1. Slavoj Zizek, The Metastases of Enjoyment (London: Verso, 1994) p 54.
2. See Russell Smandych, 'History, Theory and the Cultural Imperialism'of Law' Working Paper Series (Griffith University, Socio-legal Research Centre, 2000).
3. On the distortions of Western statecraft through colonial expansion see M.A. Mahmoud, The Manipulation of Statehood, the Highest Stage of Imperialism 157 (The Hague, 1969).
4. See also Ranajit Guha, Dominance Without Hegemony; History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard, 1997).
5. On the transfer of institutions across jurisdictions, see Alan Watson, Legal Transplants; an Approach to Comparative Law (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1974).
6. The literature on colonial discursive strategies and subjectivity is vast. For an excellent introduction see Robert J.C. Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).
7. See also Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
8. Edward Said, for example, admits that law was 'an occupation with symbolic significance for the history of Orientalism': Edward Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995) p 78.
9. On the effects of the English Education Act see Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Studies and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
10. Pierre Legendre, Jouir du Pouvoir: Traite de la Bureaucratie (Paris: Edition de Minuit, 1974).
11. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' in Carry Nelson and Larry Grossburg (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
12. Marcel Mauss, in M. Carruthers, S. Collins, S. Lukes (eds), The Category of the Person, Anthropology, Philosophy, History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
13. On the use of the ius gentium in this context see Richard Waswo 'The Formation of Natural Law to Justify Colonialism' New Literary History 24.4 (1996) 743-59.
14. On the heretical position of Christianity within modernity see Slavoj Zizek, The Puppet and the Dwarf (London: MIT Press, 2003).
15. Legal anthropologists, for example, have tended towards an analysis of legal pluralism as a form of governmentality. Sally Engle Merry, 'Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought: Colonialism, Postcolonialism and Legal Theory' in Political and Legal Anthropology Review, May 1994, Vol 17, No 1, pp 95-100.
16. Max Weber, in H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds and trans), From Max Weber; Essays in Sociology (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974) p 185.
17. Sigmund Freud, in James Strachey (ed) Civilization and its Discontents (London: Hogarth Press, 1973) at p 11.
18. Raymond Williams, 'Civilization' in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Fontana Press, 1976) pp 57-60.
19. Rudyard Kipling, 'The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin' in Plain Tales from the Hills (London: Penguin, 1990) at p 118.
20. Peter Fitzpatrick, The Mythology of Modern Law (London: Routledge, 1992) p 110.
21. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994) at p 319.
22. Ferdinand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Centuries: The Perspective of the World, vol 3 (London: Fontana Press, 1984) p 65.
23. Manners as a measure of civilization is a meaning acquired in the seventeenth century. See Jean Starobinski, La Remedie dans le Mal: Critique et Legitimation de l'Artifice a l'Age des Lumieres (Paris: Gallimard, 1989).
24. For commentary on this aspect of Roman Law see Richard Waswo, 'The Formation of Natural Law to Justify Colonialism, 1539-1689', New Literary History 27.4 (1996) 743-59.
25. Jacques Derrida, 'The Animal that therefore I am', Critical Inquiry 28 2002 at 374.
26. Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share, vols ii and iii (New York: Zone Books, 1991) at p 52.
27. Martha Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame and the Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
28. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion (London: Hogarth Press, 1970) at p 12.
29. The Englishman as one embodying the rule of law is a theme often treated by E.M. Forster. See 'Reflections in India' in The Prince's Tale and Other Collected Writings (London: Penguin, 1998) pp 242-51.
30. More literary representations are to be found in E.M. Forster, The Hill of Devi (London: Penguin, 1998)
31. E.M. Forster, A Passage to India (Penguin Books, 1981).
32. See also J.R. Ackerley, Hindoo Holiday (London: Penguin, 1983).
33. 'The law and repressed desire are one and the same thing'. Jacques Lacan, 'Kant with Sade' in 51 October, 1989, James Swenson (trans) pp 55-75 at 68.
34. Anton Schutz, 'Legal Critique: Elements for a Genealogy', Law and Critique 2005 16: 71-93 at 78.
35. Slavoj Zizek, The Metastases of Enjoyment (London: Verso, 1994) pp 54-55.
36. Slavoj Zizek, 'Against Human Rights', 2 New Left Review 34, 2005, p 123.
37. Nasser Hussein, The Jurisprudence of Emergency: Colonialism and the Rule of Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003).
38. Voltaire, 'Zadig' in Candide and Zadig (Konemann: Kolne, 1998) p 34.
39. 'The transgression does not deny the taboo but transcends it and completes it', George Bataille, Eroticism (London: Marion Boyars, 1987) p 63.
40. The principle of agathon as 'the good beyond essence' is discussed by Jean-Luc Nancy, 'Gift, Desire, Agathon' in J. Librett (trans), Sense of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988) p 50.
41. Michel Foucault, The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality, vol 2, Robert Hurly (trans) (London: Viking, 1985) p 70.
42. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) 2:672.
43. Euripides, The Bacchae (London: Penguin, 1986) 797-99.
44. Cicero, De Finibus (Harvard: Loeb, 1999) 5:23.
45. Stephen Orgel, The Illusion of Power: Political Theatre in the English Renaissance (Los Angeles: University of California, 1991).
46. There are of course a number of accounts. Among the more frequently referenced are Captain Thomas Williamson, Oriental Field Sports being a Complete, Detailed and Accurate description of Wild Sports of the East (London: W. Bulmer, 1805);
47. Charles Doyley, The European in India (London: J.F. Dove, 1813);
48. R.V. Vernede (ed), British Life in India (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1997).
49. Charles Allen, Plain Tales from the Raj (London: Futura 1975).
50. For more analytical accounts see, Denis Kincaid, British Social Life in India 1608-1937 (London: Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1973);
51. Dale Kennedy, The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
52. Mikael Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, Helene Iswolsky (trans) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
53. Stallybrass and White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Ithica: New York University Press, 1986) p 292.
54. Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
55. Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share, vol 2 (New York: Zone, 1991) p 90. Bataille argues that the festival is not 'a return by man to his vomit', p 91.
56. 'civilization arises in and as play': Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens (London: Paladin, 1970) p 198.
57. Slavoj Zizek, The Metastases of Enjoyment (London: Verso, 1994) p 55.
58. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) 2: 674.
59. Plato, The Republic (London: Penguin, 1987) at 9:8:7, paras 559 d-e.
60. Plato, The Republic (London: Penguin, 1987) at 9:8:9, para 571 c.
61. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (Harvard: Loeb, 1995) Bk V.
62. 'enjoyment as such emerges only in this surplus, because it is constitutively an excess. If we subtract surplus we lose enjoyment itself': Slavoj Zizek, Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989) p 52.
63. Sigmund Freud, 'Totem and Taboo' in The Origins of Religion (London: Penguin, 1990) p 203.
64. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) at 2: 573 d-e.
65. See for example, Waller R. Newell, Ruling Passions: The Erotics of Statecraft in Platonic Political Philosophy (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000).
66. Leo Strauss, On Tyranny (Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1968).
67. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) 2: 575 a.
68. Pierre Legendre in Peter Goodrich (ed), Law and the Unconscious: A Legendre Reader, P. Goodrich, A. Pottage, and A. Schutz (trans) (London: Macmillan, 1997) p 113.
69. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) 3:5.
70. Tertullian, Apologeticus de Spectaculis (Harvard: Loeb, 1984) 9:16.
71. See also Minucius Felix, Octavius (Harvard: Loeb, 1984) 31.3.
72. Plato, The Republic (London: Penguin, 1987) 9: 8: 561 c.
73. Homer, The Odyssey, T.E. Lawrence (trans) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) Bk 9.
74. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters (Oxford: Clarendon, 1947) pp 45-50.
75. Georges Didi-Huberman, 'The Molding Image: Genealogy and the Truth of resemblance' in Pliny's Natural History, Bk 35, 1-7.
76. Costas Douzinas and Lynda Nead (eds), Law and the image: The authority of Art and the Aesthetics of Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999) pp 71-88.
77. Aristotle, Politics, George Barker (trans) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 1:3.
78. Slavoj Zizek, On Belief (London: Routledge, 2001).
79. Jean-Luc Nancy, 'Human Excess' in Being Singular Plural (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000) p 180.
80. On the theory of misrecognition see Jacques Lacan, 'What is a picture' in The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (London: Hogarth Press, 1977).
81. Alain Grosrichard, The Sultan's Court, European Fantasies of the East, Liz Heron (trans) (London: Verso, 1998) p x.
82. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Persian Letters (Indiana: Hackett, 1999), Letter 103.
83. Louis Marin, Portrait of the King, Martha Houle (trans) (London: Macmillan, 1988) pp 215-16.
84. See Nasser Hussein, The Jurisprudence of Emergency: Colonialism and the Rule of Law (Ann Arbor: Michigan, 2003).
85. Edward Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995) p 78.
86. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, A.V. Miller (trans) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) para 195.
87. Anton Shutz, 'Desiring Society: Autopoesis Beyond the Paradigm of Mastership' in (1994) Law and Critique vol V No 2 at 149-64.
88. Thomas Babington, Lord Macauley, 'Minute on Indian Education' (February 2, 1835) in Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter (eds), Imperialism and Orientalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999) pp 56-62.
89. Charles Trevelyan, On the Education of the People of India (London: Orient Longman, 1838).
90. Karl Marx, 'The Future Results of the British Rule in India' in Marx and Engels, On Colonialism (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976) pp 81-87 at 82.
91. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Time and Timing: Law and History' in Chronotypes; the Construction of Time (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).
92. Georges Vigarello, 'The Upward Training of the Body from the Age of Chivalry to Courtly Civility' Ughetta Lubin (trans) in Michael Feher, Ramona Nadaff, and Nadia Tazi (eds), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, Part 2 (New York: Zone, 1989).
93. Anonymous, 'Vasco da Gama' in Samuel Purchas (ed), Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrims Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Land Travells by Englishmen and others, 20 vols (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1905-1907) at 2:1: 70-71.
94. One of the most extraordinary representations of the East as a dream world is Robert Irwin, Arabian Nightmare (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988).
95. Stephen Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions: the Wonder of the New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991) p 20.
96. Alain Grosrichard, The Sultan's Court: European Fantasies of the East, Liz Heron (trans) (London: Verso, 1998).
97. 'The apology for crime only pushes him to the indirect avowal of law', Jacques Lacan, 'Kant with Sade', 51 October 1989, at p 74.
98. I am borrowing the metaphor of the frock coat from Georges Bataille's rumination on formlessness in Georges Bataille, Allan Stoekl (ed and trans), Visions of Excess: Selected Writings 1927-1939 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985) at p 31.
99. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, in A.M. Cohler, H. Stone and B. Miller (eds), The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) at 3:8.
100. Nicolo di Conti, R. Major (ed), The Travels of Nicolo Conti in India in the 15th century being a collection of narratives of voyages to India (London: Haklyut Society, 1858) p 42.
101. See also, Kate Teltscher's discussion of the reverend Edward Terry, in Kate Teltscher India Inscribed, pp 18-20.
102. Megasthenes in John Watson McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ktesias the Knidian, Megasthenes and Arrian (London: Trubner & Co, 1877) p 70.
103. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Selected from a Series of Familiar Letters Written During Seventeen Years Residence in India, 2 Vols (New Dehli: Gian Publishing House, 1988) at 2:285.
104. See Gerard Pommier, 'From the Gods to Monotheism, from Demons to the Devil; An Examination of Biblical Texts Concerning the Singularization of the Devil, in the Light of Freudian Metapsychology', in Jouvert (http://social.chass. ncsu.edu/jouvert/v3i12/pommie.htm) pp 1-19.
105. On death and excess, see George Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected Writings 1927-1939 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985).
106. Reverend Edward Terry, in William Foster(ed), Early Travels in India 1583-1619 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921) at pp 316-17.
107. Niccolao Manucci, Memoirs of the Mogul Court (pub. 1708), Michael Edwards (ed) (London: Folio Society, 1958) at p 178.
108. Francois Bernier, 'History of the States of the Great Moghul' in Travels in the Moghul Empire 1656-1668 (London: Archibold Constable, 1891) 1-115 at p 88.
109. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 (London: Penguin, 1968) pp 97-107.
110. E.F. Oaten, European Travellers in India (London: Kegan Paul, 1902) at p 41.
111. Plato, The Laws (London: Penguin, 1986) 3:4:145.
112. K.S. Lal, The Mughal Harem (New Dehli: Aditya Prakashan, 1988) at p 58.
113. Alexander Dow, The History of Hindustan (London: Nourse, 1772) p vii.
114. Athanasius Nikiten, 'Travels of Athanasius Nikiten of Twer', Count Wielhorsky (trans) in R. Major (ed), India in the Fifteenth Century being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India (London: Haklyut Society, 1857) at pp 14-15.
115. 'Animals in general, mankind in particular' is how one eighteenth century East India Company administrator and orientalist would define the 'Gentoos', or Hindus. See Nathaniel Halhed, A code of Gentoo, or the Ordinations of the Pundits (London: Nourse, 1776) p xiv.
116. Jean-Baptiste, Baron Tavernier, Travels in India, 1676, William Crook (ed) (New Dehli: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995) at 1:125-6.
117. Bernier, Travels in the Moghul Empire, op. cit., n30 at pp235-36.
118. H. Verlest, A View of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the English in Bengal (London: Nourse, 1772) at p45.
119. Ted Hughes 'Strong Feelings' in Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose, William Scammell (ed) (London: Faber and Faber, 1994) p33.
120. Peter Ackroyd, Albion:the Origins of the English Imagination (New York: Doubleday, 2002) p281.
121. Charles de Secondat and Baron de Montesquieu, Persian Letters (Indiana:Hackett, 1999).
122. Melanie Klein, Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1963 (London; Vintage, 1998).
123. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971) at s25.
124. Aristotle, J.H. Freese (ed and trans), The Art of Rhetoric (Harvard: Loeb, 1926) 2:10.
125. Louis Marin, 'The Pleasures of Narration' in Catherine Porter (trans), On Representation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) p157.
126. Thomas Roe, 'Observations collected out of the Journal of Sir Thomas Roe, Knight, Lord Ambassador from His Majestie of Great Britain, to the Great Mogul' in Samuel Purchas (ed), Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas, His Pilgrims Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Land Travells by Englishmen and others, 20 vols (Glasgow: MacLehose 1905-1907) at 4:16:384.
127. Reverend Terry, 'A Relatione of a Voyage to the Easterne India' in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, op. cit., n8 at 6:9:24.
128. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Selected from a Series of Familiar Letters Written During Seventeen Years Residence in India, 2 Vols (New Delhi: Gian Publishing House, 1988), vol I, p254.
129. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005) at p388.
130. Captain William Hawkins, 'His Relations' in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, op. cit., n8 at 3:4:14.
131. E.F. Oaten, European Travellers in India (London: Kegan Paul, 1902) p142.
132. Thomas Roe, in Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, op. cit., n8 at 4:16:384.
133. Thomas Coryate, 'Certaine Observations' in Hakluytus Posthumus, op. cit., n8 at 4:17:478.
134. Ralph Fitch, cited in R. Masani, Britain in India: An Account of British Rule in the Indian Subcontinent (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965) p5.
135. Dennis Kincaid, British Social Life in India: 1608-1937 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973) p41.
136. Leslie P. Pierce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) p3.
137. Robert Orme, Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, the Morattoes and English concerns in Indostan from 1659 (London: Nourse, 1787) p436.
138. Bernier, Travels in the Moghul Empire, 1656-1668 (London: Archibold Constable, 1891) at pp267-68.
139. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Selected from a Series of Familiar Letters Written During Seventeen Years Residence in India (New Delhi: Gian Publishing House, 1988) at 2:258.
140. Slavoj Zizek, The Metastases of Enjoyment (London: Verso, 1994) p94.
141. Jacques Lacan, 'The Function of the Beautiful' in The Ethics of Psychoanalysis:The Seminar of Jacques Lacan 1959-1960, Book VII, Dennis Porter (trans) (London: Routledge, 1992) pp231-42 at p237.
142. Jacques Lacan, 'What is a Picture?' in Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis, Alan Sheridan (trans) (London: Hogarth Press, 1977) pp105-22 at p116.
143. Jacques Lacan, 'The Other and Psychosis' in The Psychosis: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book III 1955-1956, Russell Grigg (trans) (London: Routledge, 1993) pp29-43 at p39.
144. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977) at p21.
145. Marin, 'The Pleasures of Narration' in On Representation, op. cit., n6 at p157.
146. Sir William Jones in Garland Cannon (ed), The Letters of William Jones, 2 vols (Oxford: OUP, 1970), letter l. 477 to John Shore, 2:785.
147. Michel Deguy, 'The Discourse of Exaltation' in Librett (ed), Of the Sublime:Presence in Question (New York: SUNY Press, 1993) p6.
148. Thomas Williamson, The East India Vade Mecum, 2 vols (London: J. Edwards, 1810)
149. Phil Robinson, In My Indian Garden 1888 (Glasgow: MacLehose Press, 1888).
150. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Selected from a Series of Familiar Letters Written During Seventeen Years Residence in India (New Dehli: Gian Publishing House, 1988) 1: 254.
151. William Wordsworth, The Prelude, Bk VII, discussed in Saree Makdisi, Romantic Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
152. Slavoj Zizek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989) p202.
153. Edmund Burke, 'A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful' in The Portable Burke (London: Penguin, 1999) p68.
154. Jacques Lacan, 'Drives and Lures' in The Ethics of Psychoanalysis: the Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII (London: Routledge, 1992) pp87-100 at p99.
155. Jones, 2 Asiatic Researches (1792) at p20.
156. John Drew, India and the Romantic Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) p 197.
157. Sue Chaplin, 'How the Sublime comes to Matter; An Irigarayan Critique of Hobbes, Locke and Burke' in 2 Feminist Legal Studies (2000) 119-20 at 119.
158. Edward Said, Orientalism: Western Concepts of the Orient (London: Penguin, 1995).
159. Nathaniel Halhed, 'Preface' in A Code of Gentoo Laws, or the Ordinations of the Pundits (London: Nourse, 1776).
160. John Drew, India and the Romantic Imagination (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998) p199.
161. Jones, 'On the Divine Inspiration of the Jewish Scriptures' in John Shore (Lord Teighnmouth) Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence of Sir William Jones (London: Hatchard, 1804) pp280-81.
162. Michael J. Franklin, Sir William Jones (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1995). Franklin does suggest, however, that William Jones may have also initiated the society of the 'Druids of Cardigan'.
163. Jones, 'Second Anniversary Discourse' in 1 Asiatic Researches (1784) at p22.
164. Jones, 'Presidential Address' in 1 Asiatic Researches (1784) at p221.
165. Anthony Pagden, Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c.1500-c.1800 (London: Yale University Press, 1998) p19.
166. Jones, 'A Discourse on the Institution of a Society, for Inquiring into the History, Civil and Natural, the Antiquities, Arts, Sciences, Literature of Asia, by the President, 1784' in Works, op. cit., n19 at 3:2.
167. Jones, 'Third Anniversary Discourse' in 1 Asiatic Researches (1784) at p41.
168. Hodges, Travels in India During the Years 1780, 1781, 1782 and 1783 (London:J. Edwards, 1794).
169. Jones, 'Hymn to Ganges' in Works, op. cit., n19 at 6: 383.
170. Tejaswini Niranjana, Siting Translation:History, Poststructuralism, and the Colonial Context (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992) p19.
171. Peter Goodrich, Reading the Law. A Critical Introduction to Legal Method and Legal Technique (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986).
172. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Translator's Preface' in Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, Gayatri Chakrovarty Spivak (trans) (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).
173. John Strawson, 'Islamic Law and English Texts' in 6 Law and Critique 1 (1995) pp21-38 at p33.
174. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Mysterious Science of the Law: An Essay on Blackstone's Commentaries (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996) at p45.
175. Jones, An Essay on the Law of Bailments, 1790 (Buffalo: William S. Hein, 1998 edn) at p173.
176. Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, op. cit., n66 at s.56.
177. Wendy Doniger, 'Introduction' in The Laws of Manu (London: Penguin 1991) at pxv.
178. Grosrichard, The Sultan's Court, European Fantasies of the East, Liz Heron (trans) (London: Verso, 1998) pp92-93.
179. Pierre Legendre, in Peter Goodrich (ed), Law and the Unconscious: A Legendre reader, Peter Goodrich, Alain Pottage and Anton Schutz (trans) (London:Macmillan, 1997) p262.
180. James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, Selected from a Series of Familiar Letters Written During Seventeen Years Residence in India (New Delhi:Gian Publishing House, 1988), 4:71.
181. Jacques Alain Miller, 'Jeremy Bentham's Panoptic Device,' 41 October (1997) at p6.
182. Slavoj Zizek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989) pp186-87.
183. John Stuart Mill, 'Letter to E. Lytton Bulwer, 1836,' cited in Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) at p241.
184. John Stuart Mill, 'Utilitarianism' in H.B. Acton (ed), Utilitarianism, On Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government (London: Dent, 1984) at p6.
185. Thomas Babington, Lord Macauley, 'Minute of 2 February 1835' in Prose and Poetry, op. cit., n16 at 724.
186. Mill, 'Memorandum of the Improvements in the Administration of India during the past thirty years' cited in Stokes, English Utilitarians, op. cit., n5 at p259.
187. James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity (London: Hatchard, 1872) at pp98-99.
188. James Mill, The History of British India, 6 vols (London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joss, 1826) 5:513.
189. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: a Study in Nineteenth Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago: University Chicago Press, 1999) at p92.
190. Daniel Bivona, British Imperial Literature 1870-1940: Writing and the Administration of Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
191. Rudyard Kipling, 'The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin' in Plain Tales from the Hills (London: Penguin 1990).
192. Adam Smith, 'The Wealth of Nations', 7:3 in P. Tuck (ed), East India Company 1600-1858 (London: Routledge, 1998) document 23.
193. Anonymous, 'A Few Remarks on Certain Draft Acts, Commonly called Black Acts' Calcutta Review 1846.
194. Bernard Cohn, 'Representing Authority in Colonial India' in Eric Hobsbawm and Terrence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) pp165-209.
195. James Fitzjames Stephen, History of Criminal Laws of England, 3 vols (London:Macmillan & Co, 1883) 3:345.
196. James Talboy Wheeler, History of the Imperial Assemblage at Dehli held on 1st January 1877 to celebrate the assumption of the title of Empress of India by her Majesty the Queen including Historical Sketches of India and her Princes Past and Present (London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer) at p22.
197. Elizabeth Collingham, Imperial Bodies: The Physical Experience of the Raj, c.1800-1947 (Cambridge: Polity, 2001) at pp133-34.
198. Viceroy Lytton, 'Speech on Proclamation Day, 1st January 1872' cited in Wheeler, History of the Imperial Assemblage, op. cit., n 52 at p84.
199. Thomas Metcalfe, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) at p77.
200. Lady Elizabeth Balfour, The History of Lord Lytton's Indian Administration 1876-1880 (London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1899) at p128.
201. John Cotton, quoted in Charles Allen and Sharada Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes (London: Arrow Books, 1986) at p153.
202. Marquis Curzon, 'Justification of the Delhi Durbar' in H. Cladwell Lipsett, Lord Curzon in India 1898-1903 (London: Everett & Co., 1903).
203. Thomas Metcalfe, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) at p75.
204. George Bataille, 'Dust' in Isabelle Waldeberg (ed), Encyclopaedia Acephalica; Comprising the Critical Dictionary (London: Atlas Press, 1996).
205. Peter Ackroyd, 'A Note on English Melancholy' in Albion: the Origins of the English Imagination (London: Doubleday, 2003) at p59.
206. Salman Rushdie, 'Outside the Whale', in Anne Greet, Syd Harrex and Susan Hoskin (eds), Raj Nostalgia: Some Literary and Critical Implications (Adelaide: CRNLE, 1992) pp111-12.
207. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Hysteria: the Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities, P. Marret (trans) (London: Harvill Press, 1960).