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Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 153-169

Traders, taxpayers, citizens: The lower middle classes from Liberalism to Fascism

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EID: 84917000677     PISSN: 13532944     EISSN: 14699877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1353294022000012952     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (2)

References (39)
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    • (his article I use lower middle classes to denote both (he Old or independent lower middle classes or petite bourgeoisie, and (he new lower middle classes of while-collar private and public employees who did not perform manual labour, but lacked professional qualifications. As with most historians, 1 take the petite bourgeoisie to be that group of society which works its own capital, i.e. supplies the principal labour component within its own enterprise, using other labour as an extension, rather than a substitute for its own, following the definition first proposed by, and
    • Bechhoffer, Frank, and Elliot, Brian. 1976. 'Persistence and Change: The Petite Bourgeoisie in Industrial Society'. Archives européennes de sociologie, 17 (1): 76–79. In (his article I use lower middle classes to denote both (he Old' or 'independent' lower middle classes or petite bourgeoisie, and (he 'new' lower middle classes of while-collar private and public employees who did not perform manual labour, but lacked professional qualifications. As with most historians, 1 take the petite bourgeoisie to be that group of society which works its own capital, i.e. supplies the principal labour component within its own enterprise, using other labour as an extension, rather than a substitute for its own, following the definition first proposed by
    • (1976) Archives européennes de sociologie , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-79
    • Bechhoffer, F.1    Elliot, B.2
  • 2
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, The Milanese case is covered extensively in
    • Morris, Jonathan. 1993. The Political Economy of Shopkeeing in Milan 1886-1922, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The Milanese case is covered extensively in
    • (1993) The Political Economy of Shopkeeing in Milan 1886-1922
    • Morris, J.1
  • 3
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    • Rome: Lorganizzazione connerciale romana nazionale, This institutional history is the main source of information available on the Società Generale, along with frequent references to its activities retailer journals and contemporary conference publications
    • 1933. Società Generale Ira Negozianti e Industrial! di Roma, 20Rome: L'organizzazione connerciale romana nazionale. This institutional history is the main source of information available on the Società Generale, along with frequent references to its activities in retailer journals and contemporary conference publications
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    • Rome: The stores subsequent history can be traced via entries the annual commercial guide to Rome, Guida Monaci, Guida Commerciale di Roma e Lazio, Monaci, Rome, various years
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    • (1900) Il primo decennio di vita della Unione Militare 1890-1900
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    • Morris, Jonathan. 1997. 'Les Associations de détaillants en Italie à la fin du XlX siècle'. Histoire, Economie et Société, 16 (2): 237–257. For more on the national campaign against co-operatives and the growth of city traders' associations in Italy
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    • Lnteressi degli esercenti
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    • Caroleo, Anna. 1986. “ 'L'Unione Cooperativa di Luigi Buffoli' ”. In Cooperative in Lombardia dal 1886. Unicopli Edited by: Sapelli, Giulio, and Degl'lnnocenti, Maurizio. 199–215. Renate (Milan)
    • (1986) Cooperative in Lombardia dal 1886. Unicopli , pp. 199-215
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    • Elezioni amministrative a Varese alla One dell'Ottocento
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    • Spinelli, Giovanni. 1987. Treni e potere politico in periferia: progressisti, nioderati e cattolici bresciani di fronte alla questione ferroviaria'. Stolid in Lombardia, VI (I): 28
    • (1987) Stolid in Lombardia , vol.6 , Issue.I , pp. 28
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    • For an account of this administration and its impact on shopkeeper politics the city see
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    • Morris1
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    • Retailers, Fascism and the Origins of the Social Protection of Shopkeepers in Italy
    • For an attempt to do this see
    • Morris, Jonathan. 1996. 'Retailers, Fascism and the Origins of the Social Protection of Shopkeepers in Italy'. Contemporary European History, 5 (3): 285–318. For an attempt to do this see
    • (1996) Contemporary European History , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-318
    • Morris, J.1
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    • Eliminated as a Class? Milanese Socialism, Consumers, and Shopkeepers during the Period of the Cost-of-Living Riots, June-July 1919
    • Foot, John. 1998. 'Eliminated as a Class? Milanese Socialism, Consumers, and Shopkeepers during the Period of the Cost-of-Living Riots, June-July 1919'. The Italianist, 18: 245–271.
    • (1998) The Italianist , vol.18 , pp. 245-271
    • Foot, J.1
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    • On retailer associationism this period see
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    • Retailers, Fascism , pp. 297-301
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  • 34
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    • Primo Congresso Nazionale
    • 12 October, (copies Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence
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    • The paragraphs this article are based on an analysis of the journals LExercente, LExercente Lombardo, Il Cominercio Zootecnico and La Panificazione, all published Milan and available the Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense
    • Morris. The Political Economy 272–284. The paragraphs in this article are based on an analysis of the journals L'Exercente, L'Exercente Lombardo, Il Cominercio Zootecnico and La Panificazione, all published in Milan and available in the Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense
    • The Political Economy , pp. 272-284
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    • Ciò ehe si è fatto e ciò ehe si può fare
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    • April, (emphasis the original
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    • Archivio Centrale dello Stato (Rome), Pubblica Sicurezza 1922, b. 61, Bergamo
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