War on the family: Mothers in prison and the families they leave behind

War on the Family: Mothers in Prison and the Families They Leave Behind

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-190

  Golden, Renny ^a  

^a NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84916990622     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203942833     Document Type: Book

References (209)

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38. Beth Richie, Compelled to Crime: The Gender Entrapment of Battered Black Women (New York: Routledge, 1996), 5.
39. Kathy Nolan, O.P., interview with the author, December 21, 2002.
40. Katherine Gabel and Denise Johnston, "Incarcerated Parents," in Children of Incarcerated Parents, eds. Katherine Gabel and Denise Johnston (New York: Lexington Books, 1995), 10.
41. Gabel and Johnston, "Incarcerated Parents," 10.
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46. Gabel and Johnston, "Incarcerated Parents," 16.
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48. Smith, "Practical Considerations," 188.
49. Genty, "Termination of Parental Rights," 168.
50. Gabel and Johnston, "Incarcerated Parents," 14.
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52. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Scribner, 2003), 64.
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54. Marc Mauer and Tracy Hulling, Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System; Five Years Later (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project), 20.
55. Institute of Medicine, "Preventing Low Birth Weight Summary (1985)," quoted in Barry Zuckerman, Drug Exposed Infants: Understanding the Medical Risk, Center for the Future of Children Report, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the Brookings Institute (spring 1991).
56. Nancy Campbell, Using Women: Gender, Drug Policy, and Social Justice (New York: Routledge, 2000), 6.
57. Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997), 159.
58. Amnesty International, "Rights for All: Violations of Women's Rights in Custody," AIUSA Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: Amnesty International Publications, 1998), 2.
59. Sarah Karp, "Crack Babies: Black Children Defy Stereotypes, Face Bias," Chicago Reporter, February 2001, 2.
60. Christopher Mumola, "Incacerated Parents and Their Children," U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 2000), 1.
61. Beth Richie, Compelled to Crime: The Gender Entrapment of Battered Black Women (New York: Routledge, 1996), 14.
62. The Sentencing Project, "Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable," The Sentencing Project Briefing Sheet (Washington, D.C.: Sentencing Project, 2001), 2.
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64. D. R. Neuspiel, "Racism and Pre-Natal Addiction," in Ethnicity and Disease 6 (1996): 47-55;
65. and Ira Chasnoff et al., "The Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use During Pregnancies and Discrepancies in Mandatory Reporting in Pinellas County Florida," New England Journal of Medicine, no. 322 (1990): 1202-6.
66. Florita Z. Louis de Malave, "Sterilization of Puerto Rican Women: A Selected Partially Annotated Bibliography," paper (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1999), p. 1.
67. American Civil Liberties Union, "Norplant: A New Contraceptive with the Potential for Abuse," ACLU Paper on Reproductive Freedom, January 31, 1994.
68. Children's Defense Fund, "Every Day in America," Children's Defense Fund Report (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 2002), 2-3.
69. Sunhwa Lee et al., "Disabilities among Children and Mothers in Low Income Families," Institute for Women's Policy Research Study (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women's Policy Research Publications, June 20, 2002), 5.
70. "Life Sentences: Denying Welfare Benefits to Women Convicted of Drug Offenses," The Sentencing Project Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 2002), 1.
71. Patricia Schlosser, O.S.F., interview with the author, December 17, 2001.
72. Noel Cazenave and Kenneth Neubeck, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card against America's Poor (New York: Routledge, 2001), 212, 221.
73. Valerie Polakow, "Savage Policies: Systemic Violence and the Lives of Children," in The Public Assault on Children: Poverty, Violence and the Juvenile Justice System, ed. Valerie Polakow (New York: Teacher's College, Columbia University, 2000), 1-15.
74. David Pfeiffer, "Eugenics and Disability Discrimination," Disability and Society 9, no. 4 (1994): 481-99.
75. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (New York: Verso, 1999), 169.
76. Theater of terror is a term coined by Mark Lewis Taylor in The Executed God: The Way of the Cross in Lockdown America (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001);
77. see also Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (New York: Verso, 1999).
78. Mary Koss et al., No Safe Haven: Male Violence against Women at Work, and in the Community (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1994), 44.
79. Callie Marie Rennison, "Rape and Sexual Assault: Reports to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000," U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000), 1.
80. Human Rights Watch, All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in United States Prisons (Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch Publications, 1996), Summary, 1.
81. Human Rights Watch, Nowhere to Hide: Retaliation against Women in Michigan State Prisons (Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Publications, 1999), Summary, 4.
82. Human Rights Watch, Nowhere to Hide, Summary, 4.
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84. Human Rights Watch, Nowhere to Hide, Summary, 2.
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86. Human Rights Watch, All Too Familiar, Summary, 2.
87. Human Rights Watch, All Too Familiar, Summary, 2.
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89. Human Rights Watch, Nowhere to Hide, Summary, 5.
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91. Human Rights Watch, All Too Familiar, Summary, 5, 6.
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96. Luana Ross, Inventing the Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), 194.
97. "Death behind Bars," San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 5, 1997, 1.
98. "Death behind Bars," San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 5, 1997, 1.
99. Amnesty International, Medical Neglect of Women in U.S. Prisons, in "Rights for All," 1.
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101. Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1970), 63.
102. Kathy Nolan, interview with the author, December 21, 2002.
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108. Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power (Berkeley: University of California, 2003), 144.
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114. Children's Defense Fund, Basic Facts on Poverty, Frequently Asked Questions (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 2001), 1.
115. Beth Richie, Compelled to Crime: The Gender Entrapment of Battered Black Women (New York: Routledge, 1996).
116. Laurence Greenfield and Tracy Snell, "Women Offenders," U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999), 1.
117. Too Much: A Quarterly Commentary on Capping Excessive Wealth, spring 1995, 8.
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120. Children's Defense Fund, "Where America Stands," in The State of America's Children Yearbook 2001, xi-xxvi.
121. Children's Defense Fund, The State of Children in America's Union: A 2002 Action Guide to Leave No Child Behind (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 2002), v.
122. Marian Wright Edelman, "Number of Poor Children in America Rises for the First Time in Eight Years," Children's Defense Fund Press Release (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, February 24, 2002).
123. Children's Defense Fund, "Where America Stands," xxi-xxvi.
124. Children's Defense Fund, Basic Facts on Poverty, 2.
125. Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997), 179, 185.
126. Sue Brooks, "Poverty and Environmentally Induced Damage to Children," in The Public Assault on America's Children: Poverty, Violence and Juvenile Injustice, ed. Valerie Polakow (New York: Teacher's College Press, 2000), 45.
127. Children's Defense Fund, The State of Children in America's Union, iv.
128. Children's Defense Fund, The State of Children in America's Union, iv.
129. Deanna Lyter et al., "Children in Single Parent Families Living in Poverty Have Fewer Supports after Welfare," Institute for Women's Policy Research (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women's Policy Research Publications, 2002), 4, 5.
130. Children's Defense Fund, "Child Care Basics," Children's Defense Fund Report (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 2001), 1.
131. Children's Defense Fund, "Children's Defense Fund Report Finds the High Cost of Child Care Puts Quality Care Out of Reach for Many Families," Children's Defense Fund Report (Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 2002), 1.
132. Children's Defense Fund, "Children's Defense Fund Report Finds," 1.
133. Children's Defense Fund, "New Report on Hardships Faced by Low Income Working Families Who Have Left Welfare Since 1996," Children's Defense Fund Press Release Archive, December 14, 2000, 1.
134. Helene Slessarev, The Betrayal of the Urban Poor (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1997), 6.
135. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 2000).
136. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate (New York: The New Press, 1999), 11.
137. Amnesty International USA, United States of America Rights for All (New York: Amnesty International Publications, 1998), 85, 90.
138. Roberts, Killing the Black Body.
139. Marc Mauer, "The Racial Dynamics of Imprisonment," in Building Violence, ed. John May (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000), 47.
140. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
141. Noel Cazenave and Kenneth Neubeck, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card against America's Poor (New York: Routledge), 148.
142. Mark Lewis Taylor, The Executed God: The Way of the Cross in Lockdown America (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001), 41-42.
143. Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (New York: Harper-Perennial, 1992).
144. Pamela Thomas, "Inside the Storm," in Find Her, Feel Her, Free Her Workbook: A Self-Help Guide for the Woman in You (Chicago, IL: Training Manual for Female Ex-Offenders, 2002), 34.
145. Steven Spritzer, "Toward a Marxist Theory of Deviance," Social Problems 22 (1975): 638-51.
146. Thomas, "If I Had Known," 99.
147. Thomas, "If I Had Known," 99.
148. Mark Lewis Taylor, The Executed God: The Way of the Cross in Lockdown America (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001).
149. Thomas, "If I Had Known," 99.
150. Thomas, "If I Had Known," 98.
151. Pamela Thomas, Only Women Bleed, a theater piece, fall 2002.
152. Mariln Frye, "Oppression," in Feminist Frontiers, ed. Laurel Richardson et al. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), 7.
153. Bell Hooks, "Selling Hot Pussy: Representations of Black Female Sexuality in the Cultural Marketplace," in Feminist Frontiers, ed. Laurel Richardson et al., 136.
154. Augusto Boal, Theater of the Oppressed (New York: Routledge, 1982).
155. Kum Kum Bhavani and Angela Davis, "Women in Prison: Researching Race in Three National Contexts," in The Criminal Justice System and Women, eds. Barbara R. Price and Natalie Sokoloff (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 210.
156. Howard Zinn, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2002), x.
157. Joy James, Resisting State Violence: Radicalism, Gender and Race in U.S. Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 3.
158. Patricia Hill Collins, Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 248.
159. Laureen Snider, "Feminism, Punishment and the Potential of Empowerment," in Criminology at the Crossroads: Feminist Readings in Crime and Justice, eds. Kathleen Daly and Lisa Maher (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 247.
160. Nina Siegal, "Stopping Abuse in Prison," in Criminal Justice System and Women, eds. Price and Sokoloff, 276-77.
161. Karlene Faith, "Progressive Rhetoric, Regressive Policies: Canadian Prisons for Women," in Criminal Justice System and Women, eds. Price and Sokoloff, 282-86.
162. Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1990).
163. Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice (Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2002).
164. M. Umbriet, R. Coates, and B. Voss, "The Impact of Restorative Justice Conferencing: A Review of 63 Empirical Studies in 5 Countries," (paper) (Minneapolis, MN: Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, 2002), 22.
165. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, "The Balanced and Restorative Justice Project," U.S. Department of Justice (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 97.
166. Bruce Arrigo, Dragan Milovanovic, and Robert Schehr, The French Connection in Criminology: Rediscovering Crime, Law and Social Change (New York: State University of New York Press), 2005, 101-102.
167. Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, 14.
168. Karlene Faith, "Seeking Transformative Justice for Women: Views from Canada," Journal of International Women's Studies, Vol. 2, no. 1, November 2000.
169. Zehr, The Little Book of Transformative Justice, 30.
170. Zehr, The Little Book of Transformative Justice, 13.
171. Richard Parker, "From Conquistador to Corporations," Sojourner (May-June 2002), 24.
172. Julie Sudbury, "Women of Color, Globalization, and the Politics of Incarceration," in The Criminal Justice System and Women, eds. Price and Sokoloff, 230.
173. Neil Websdale and Meda Chesney-Lind, "Doing Violence to Women: Research Synthesis on the Victimization of Women," in The Criminal Justice System and Women, eds. Price and Sokoloff, 305.
174. Robert Drinan, "Winning a Magna Carta for Children," National Catholic Reporter, September 26, 2003.
175. Joanne Archibald, "Governor Ryan Signs Pilot Program for Mothers into Law," CLAIM Newsletter, fall 2002, 2.
176. JusticeWorks Community, "Women of Substance: A Drug Abuse Education Project," paper (New York: JusticeWorks Community, 2002), 2-3.
177. Diana Delgado, interview with author, March 2004.
178. Diana Delgado, "Diana Survives, Strives and Testifies," CLAIM Newsletter, fall 2002, 2.
179. J. D. Wooldredge and K. Masters, "Confronting Problems Faced by Pregnant Inmates in State Prisons," Crime and Delinquency, no. 39 (1993): 195-203.
180. "The Children's Center Programs," paper (New York: Bedford Hills Women's Prison, 2004), 1-20.
181. Diane Daane, "Pregnant Prisoners: Health, Security and Special Needs Issues," in The Incarcerated Woman: Rehabilitative Programming in Women's Prisons, eds. Susan Sharp and Roslyn Muraskin (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003), 70.
182. Merry Morash and Pamela Schram, The Prison Experience: Special Issues of Women in Prison (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2002), 98.
183. Samir Goswami and Anice Schervish, "Unlocking Options for Women: A Survey of Women in Cook County Jail," The Facts Behind the Faces, Chicago Coalition for the Homeless Policy Paper, spring 2002, 1.
184. Kathy Nolan, O.P., Beyond Media Women in Prison Panel, Chicago, March 25, 2004.
185. "Barriers to Re-entry," WPA (Women's Prison Association) Focus on Women and Justice Newsletter, October 2003.
186. Barbara Ehrenreich and Frances Fox Piven, "Without a Safety Net," Mother Jones, May, June 2002, 36.
187. Mark Greenberg, "TANF and Criminal Convictions," paper presented at the National Legal Aid and Defender's Association Substantive Law Conference 1999, quoted in WPA Focus on Women and Justice Newsletter, October 2003, 2.
188. "Barriers to Re-entry," WPA Focus on Women and Justice Newsletter, October 2003, 3.
189. Patricia O'Brien, Beyond Media Women in Prison Panel, Chicago, March 25, 2004.
190. "Barriers to Re-entry," WPA Focus on Women and Justice Newsletter, October 2003, 1-3.
191. Marion Wright Edelman, The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours (New York: HarperPerennial, 1993), 92.
192. "Barriers to Re-entry," WPA Focus on Women and Justice Newsletter, October 2003, 1-3, 26;
193. Correctional Association of New York, "The Effects of Imprisonment on Families," Women in Prison Project Fact Sheet (New York: Correctional Association of New York, 2002), 2.
194. Correctional Association of New York, "Women Prisoners and Substance Abuse Fact Sheet," Women in Prison Project Fact Sheet (New York: Correctional Association of New York, March 2002), 1.
195. Amnesty International, "Rights for All: Violations of Human Rights for Women," AIUSA Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: Amnesty International Publications, 1998), 2.
196. Susan George and Robert LaLonde, "Incarcerated Mothers: The Chicago Project on Female Prisoners and Their Children," University of Chicago Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Report to Congressional Black Caucasus, September 14, 2002, 3-5.
197. Wenona Thompson, "I Hate Not Having Control," unpublished poem.
198. Wenona Thompson, interview with the author, June 2004.
199. Wenona Thompson, "The Day My Mother Was Sent Away," unpublished poem.
200. Joy James, Resisting State Violence: Radicalism, Gender and Race in U.S. Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 151.
201. Wenona Thompson, panelist at Beyond Media's Women in Prison Panel, March 25, 2004.
202. Nancy Campbell, Using Women: Gender, Drug Policy, and Social Justice (New York: Routledge, 2000), 222.
203. Meghan Scahill, "Female Delinquency Cases 1997," Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000), 1.
204. Leslie Acoca, "Investing in Girls: A 21st Century Strategy," Journal of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, VI, no. 1 (1999): 6.
205. Elizabeth Cauffman and Shirley Feldman, "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Female Juvenile Offenders," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, no. 37 (1998): 1209-16.
206. Nora Acosta, interview with the author, Las Lunas, New Mexico, March 2002.
207. Angie Vachio, interview with the author, March 2002.
208. Katherine Gabel and Denise Johnston, Children of Incarcerated Parents (New York: Lexington Books, 1995), 199-232.
209. Martha Aragon, interview with the author, New Mexico, March 2002.