Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression

International Journal of Stress Management

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 307-324

  Bianchi, Renzo ^a   Schonfeld, Irvin Sam ^b   Laurent, Eric ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

^b CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Atypical depression; Burnout; Depression; Depressive disorder spectrum; Occupational stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84916937377     PISSN: 10725245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037906     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Isometsä, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2005). The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders-Results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 55-62. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.004
2. Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., Isometsä, E., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2007). Interventions in relation to occupational burnout: The population-based health 2000 study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49, 943-952. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31813736e3
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Andrews, G., Brugha, T., Thase, M. E., Duffy, F. F., Rucci, P., & Slade, T. (2007). Dimensionality and the category of major depressive episode. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16(Suppl. 1), S41-S51. doi:10.1002/mpr.216
5. Bahlmann, J., Angermeyer, M. C., & Schomerus, G. (2013). "Burnout" statt "Depression"-eine Strategie zur Vermeidung von Stigma? [Calling it "burnout" instead of "depression"-a strategy to avoid stigma?]. Psychiatrische Praxis, 40, 78-82. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1332891
6. Bianchi, R., Boffy, C., Hingray, C., Truchot, D., & Laurent, E. (2013). Comparative symptomatology of burnout and depression. Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 782-787. doi:10.1177/1359105313481079
7. Brenninkmeijer, V., & van Yperen, N. W. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout:Advantages and disadvantages of a unidimensional approach in burnout research. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(Suppl. 1), i16-i20. doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i16
8. Brenninkmeyer, V., van Yperen, N. W., & Buunk, B. P. (2001). Burnout and depression are not identical twins: Is decline of superiority a distinguishing feature? Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 873-880. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00079-9
9. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003
10. Cox, T., Tisserand, M., & Taris, T. (2005). Editorial: The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Questions and directions. Work & Stress, 19, 187-191. doi:10.1080/02678370500387109
11. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
12. Gilbert, P. (2006). Evolution and depression: Issues and implications. Psychological Medicine, 36, 287-297. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006112
13. Gold, P. W., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002). Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: High vs low CRH/NE states. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 254-275. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001032
14. Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59, 93-104. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93
15. Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2009). Handbook of depression (2nd ed.). New York, NY:Guilford Press.
16. Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 415-424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043
17. Hallsten, L. (1993). Burning out: A framework. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 95-113). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
18. Hätinen, M., Kinnunen, U., Pekkonen, M., & Kalimo, R. (2007). Comparing two burnout interventions: Perceived job control mediates decreases in burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 227-248. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.3.227
19. Iacovides, A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Kaprinis, S., & Kaprinis, G. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75, 209-221. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00101-5
20. Ingram, R. E., & Siegle, G. J. (2009). Methodological issues in the study of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed., pp. 69-92). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Jones, S. R., Fernyhough, C., de-Wit, L., & Meins, E. (2008). A message in the medium? Assessing the reliability of psychopathology e-questionnaires. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 349-359. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.014
22. Kahn, J. P. (2008). Diagnosis and referral of workplace depression. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50, 396-400. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31816c0043
23. Kristensen, T. S. (1995). The demand-control-support model: Methodological challenges for future research. Stress Medicine, 11, 17-26. doi:10.1002/smi.2460110104
24. Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19, 192-207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
25. Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32, 509-515. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06
26. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
27. Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2005). Banishing burnout: Six strategies for improving your relationship with work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
28. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
29. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
30. McEwen, B. S. (2004). Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 1-7. doi:10.1196/annals.1314.001
31. Nierenberg, A. A., Alpert, J. E., Pava, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., & Fava, M. (1998). Course and treatment of atypical depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 18), 5-9.
32. Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
33. Peterson, U., Demerouti, E., Bergström, G., Samuelsson, M., Åsberg, M., & Nygren, Å. (2008). Burnout and physical and mental health among Swedish healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 84-95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04580.x
34. Quitkin, F. M. (2002). Depression with atypical features: Diagnostic validity, prevalence, and treatment. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 4, 94-99. doi:10.4088/PCC.v04n0302
35. Ritter, P., Lorig, K., Laurent, D., & Matthews, K. (2004). Internet versus mailed questionnaires:A randomized comparison. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6, e29. doi:10.2196/jmir.6.3.e29
36. Rössler, W., Hengartner, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Angst, J. (in press). Predictors of burnout:Results from a prospective community study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. Advance online publication.
37. Rydmark, I., Wahlberg, K., Ghatan, P. H., Modell, S., Nygren, Å., Ingvar, M., Heilig, M. (2006). Neuroendocrine, cognitive and structural imaging characteristics of women on longterm sickleave with job stress-induced depression. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 867-873. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.029
38. Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). Why zebras don't get ulcers (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Holt Paperbacks.
39. Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Past performance and future perspectives of burnout research. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29, 1-15.
40. Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2004). Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The handbook of work and health psychology (2nd ed.; pp. 383-425). Chichester, UK: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470013400.ch19
41. Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
42. Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2005). The conceptualization and measurement of burnout:Common ground and worlds apart. Work & Stress, 19, 256-262. doi:10.1080/02678370500385913
43. Shirom, A. (2005). Reflections on the study of burnout. Work & Stress, 19, 263-270. doi:10.1080/02678370500376649
44. Shirom, A., & Melamed, S. (2006). A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 176-200. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.2.176
45. Sokero, T. P., Melartin, T. K., Rytsälä, H. J., Leskelä, U. S., Lestelä-Mielonen, P. S., & Isometsä, E. T. (2003). Suicidal ideation and attempts among psychiatric patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 1094-1100. doi:10.4088/JCP.v64n0916
46. Taris, T. W. (2006). Bricks without clay: On urban myths in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 20, 99-104. doi:10.1080/02678370600893410
47. Tennant, C. (2001). Work-related stress and depressive disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 697-704. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00255-0
48. Tops, M., Boksem, M. A. S., Wijers, A. A., van Duinen, H., Den Boer, J. A., Meijman, T. F., & Korf, J. (2007). The psychobiology of burnout: Are there two different syndromes? Neuropsychobiology, 55, 143-150. doi:10.1159/000106056
49. Tops, M., Riese, H., Oldehinkel, A. J., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Ormel, J. (2008). Rejection sensitivity relates to hypocortisolism and depressed mood state in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 551-559. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.011
50. Winwood, P. C., & Winefield, A. H. (2004). Comparing two measures of burnout among dentists in Australia. International Journal of Stress Management, 11, 282-289. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.282