Graphene-based nanomaterial: The state-of-the-art material for cutting edge desalination technology

Desalination

Volumn 356, Issue , 2015, Pages 115-128

  Goh, P S ^a   Ismail, A F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Desalination; Graphene based nanomaterials

Indexed keywords

DESALINATION; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; WATER TREATMENT;

ADVANCED SCIENCE; CAPABILITY IMPROVEMENT; CARBON NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES; PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY; SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS; TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES; TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACT;

GRAPHENE;

DESALINATION; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 84916614044     PISSN: 00119164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Buonomenna M.G. Nano-enhanced reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination 2013, 314:73-88.
2. Kang G.-D., Cao Y.-M. Development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment: a review. Water Res. 2012, 46:584-600.
3. Lee K.P., Arnot T.C., Mattia D. A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination-development to date and future potential. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 370:1-22.
4. Lattemann S., Höpner T. Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination 2008, 220:1-15.
5. Anderson M.A., Cudero A.L., Palma J. Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: will it compete?. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55:3845-3856.
6. Oren Y. Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment - past, present and future (a review). Desalination 2008, 228:10-29.
7. Porada S., Zhao R., van der Wal A., Presser V., Biesheuvel P.M. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2013, 58:1388-1442.
8. Rodríguez-Calvo A., Silva-Castro G.A., Osorio F., González-López J., Calvo C. Novel membrane materials for reverse osmosis desalination. Hydrol. Curr. Res. 2014, 5:1000167.
9. Lv R., Cruz-Silva E., Terrones M. Building complex hybrid carbon architectures by covalent interconnections: graphene-nanotube hybrids and more. ACS Nano 2014, 8:4061-4069.
10. Geim A.K., Novoselov K.S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6:183-191.
11. Rao C.N.R., Sood A.K., Subrahmanyam K.S., Govindaraj A. Graphene: the new two-dimensional nanomaterial. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48:7752-7777.
12. Ahmed F., Rodrigues D.F. Investigation of acute effects of graphene oxide on wastewater microbial community: a case study. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 256:33-39.
13. Yang K., Li Y., Tan X. Behavior and toxicity of graphene and its functionalized derivatives in biological systems. Small 2012, 9:1492-1503.
14. Li N., Chen Z., Ren W., Li F., Cheng H.M. Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109:17360-17365.
15. Zhang L., Xia J., Zhao Q., Liu L., Zhang Z. Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs. Small 2010, 6:537-544.
16. Guo X., Mei N. Assessment of the toxic potential of graphene family nanomaterials. J. Food Drugs Anal. 2014, 22:105-115.
17. Sanchez V.C., Jachak A., Hurt R.H., Kane A.B. Biological interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: an interdisciplinary review. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2012, 25:15-34.
18. Schnorr J.M., Swager T.M. Emerging applications of carbon nanotubes. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23:646-657.
19. Sun P., Zhu M., Wang K., Zhong M., Wei J., Wu D., Xu Z., Zhu H. Selective ion penetration of graphene oxide membranes. ACS Nano 2013, 7:428-437.
20. Graphene membrane in desalination breakthrough. Filtr. Sep. 2013, 50(2):8.
21. Bhadra M., Mitra S. Chapter 7 - Advances in Nanostructured Membranes for Water Desalination. Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water 2014, 109-122. Second edition.
22. Batzill M. The surface science of graphene: metal interfaces, CVD synthesis, nanoribbons, chemical modifications, and defects. Surf. Sci. Rep. March 2012, 67(3-4):83-115.
23. Kuila T., Bose S., Mishra A.K., Khanra P., Kim N.H., Lee J.H. Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2012, 57:1061-1105.
24. Goenka S., Sant V., Sant S. Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Control. Release 2014, 173:75-88.
25. Wang S., Sun H., Ang H.M., Tadé M.O. Adsorptive remediation of environmental pollutants using novel graphene-based nanomaterials. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 226:336-347.
26. Savolainen K., Pylkkänen L., Norppa H., Falck G., Lindberg H., Tuomi T., Vippola M., Alenius H., Hämeri K., Koivisto J., Brouwer D., Mark D., Bard D., Berges M., Jankowska E., Posniak M., Farmer P., Singh R., Krombach F., Bihari P., Kasper G. Nanotechnologies, engineered nanomaterials and occupational health and safety - a review. Saf. Sci. 2010, 48:957-963.
27. Wang H., Yuan X., Wu Y., Huang H., Peng X., Zeng G., Zhong H., Liang J., Ren M. Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation. Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2013, 195-196:19-40.
28. Scida K., Stege P.W., Haby G., Messina G.A., García C.D. Recent applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in analytical chemistry: critical review. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2011, 691:6-17.
29. Novoselov K.S., Geim A.K., Morozov S.V., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Dubonos S.V., Grigorieva I.V., Firsov A.A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306:666-669.
30. Bai J., Huang Y. Fabrication and electrical properties of graphene nanoribbons. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2010, 70:341-353.
31. Kim W.S., Moon S.Y., Bang S.Y., Choi B.G., Ham H., Sekino T., Shim K.B. Fabrication of graphene layers from multiwalled carbon nanotubes using high dc pulse. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95:83103-183103.
32. He Q., Sudibya H.G., Yin Z., Wu S., Li H., Boey F., Huang W., Chen P., Zhang H. Centimeter-long and large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: fabrication and sensing applications. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3201-3208.
33. Chowdhury S., Balasubramanian R. Recent advances in the use of graphene-family nanoadsorbents for removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater. Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2014, 204:35-56.
34. Zhu Y., Murali S., Cai W., Li X., Suk J.W., Potts J.R., Ruoff R.S. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22:3906-3924.
35. Singh V., Joung D., Zhai L., Das S., Khondaker S.I., Seal S. Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2011, 56:1178-1271.
36. 2 films for the photocathodic protection of 304 stainless steel. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 283:498-504.
37. Dong X., Long Q., Wang J., Chan-Park M.B., Huang Y., Huang W., Chen P. A graphene nanoribbon network and its biosensing application. Nanoscale 2011, 3:5156-5160.
38. Yang X., Cheng C., Wang Y., Qiu L., Li D. Liquid-mediated dense integration of graphene materials for compact capacitive energy storage. Science 2013, 341:534-537.
39. Sreeprasad T.S., Maliyekkal Shihabudheen M., Lisha K.P., Pradeep T. Reduced graphene oxide-metal/metal oxide composites: facile synthesis and application in water purification. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186:921-931.
40. Cohen-Tanugi D., Grossman J.C. Water desalination across nanoporous graphene. Nano Lett. 2012, 12:3602-3608.
41. Josh R.K., Carbone P., Wang F.C., Kravets V.G., Su Y., Grigorieva I.V., Wu H.A., Geim A.K., Nair R.R. Precise and Ultrafast Molecular Sieving Through Graphene Oxide Membranes. Science 2014, 343:752-754.
42. Ansari S., Giannelis E.P. Functionalized graphene sheet-poly(vinylidene fluoride) conductive nanocomposites. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 2009, 47:888-897.
43. Fan H., Wang L., Zhao K., Li N., Shi Z., Ge Z. Fabrication, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11:2345-2351.
44. Zhang K., Zhang L.L., Zhao X.S., Wu J. Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22:1392-1401.
45. Kuila T., Bose S., Hong C.E., Uddin M.E., Khanra P., Kim N.H. Preparation of functionalized graphene/linear low density polyethylene composites by a solution mixing method. Carbon 2011, 49:33-37.
46. Li H., Pan L., Lu T., Zhan Y., Nie C., Sun Z. A comparative study on electrosorptive behavior of carbon nanotubes and graphene for capacitive deionization. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011, 653:40-44.
47. Wang X.Q., Lee J.S., Tsouris C., Depaoli D.W., Da S. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20:4602-4608.
48. Jung H.H., Hwang S.W., Hyun S.H., Lee K.H., Kim G.T. Capacitive deionization characteristics of nanostructured carbon aerogel electrodes synthesized via ambient drying. Desalination 2007, 216:377-385.
49. Zou L., Morris G., Qi D. Using activated carbon electrode in electrosorptive deionisation of brackish water. Desalination 2008, 225:329-340.
50. Bae S., Kim H., Lee Y., Xu X., Park J., Zheng Y., Balakrishnan J., Lei T., Kim H.R., Song Y.I., Kim Y., Kim K.S., Özyilmaz B., Ahn J.-H., Hong B.H., Iijima S. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 574-578.
51. Suk M.E., Aluru N.R. Water transport through ultrathin graphene. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1:1590-1594.
52. Kannam S.K., Todd B.D., Hansen J.S., Daivis P.J. Slip length of water on graphene: limitations of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 136:024705.
53. Xiong W., Liu J.Z., Ma M., Xu Z.P., Sheridan J., Zheng Q.S. Strain engineering water transport in graphene nanochannels. Phys. Rev. E. 2011, 84:056329.
54. Dhiman P., Yavari F., Mi X., Gullapalli H., Shi Y.F., Ajayan P.M., Koratkar N. Harvesting energy from water flow over graphene. Nano Lett. 2011, 11:3123-3127.
55. Gordillo M.C., Marti J. Water on graphene surfaces. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2010, 22:284111.
56. Hu M., Mi B. Enabling graphene oxide nanosheets as water separation membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:3715-3723.
57. Duke M. Chapter 11. Conclusions: some potential future nanotechnologies for water treatment. Functional Nanostructured Materials and Membranes for Water Treatment 2013, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. First edition. M. Duke, D. Zhao, R. Semiat (Eds.).
58. Li H., Zou L., Pan L., Sun Z. Novel graphene-like electrodes for capacitive deionization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:8692-8697.
59. Liu S., Zeng T.H., Hofmann M., Burcombe E., Wei J., Jiang R., Kong J., Chen Y. Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: membrane and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 2011, 5:6971-6980.
60. Tu Y., Lv M., Xiu P., Huynh T., Zhang M., Castelli M., Liu Z., Huang Q., Fan S., Fang H., Zhou R. Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nano-sheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8:594-601.
61. Akhavan O., Ghaderi E. Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 2010, 4:5731-5736.
62. Perreault F., Tousley M.E., Elimelech M. Thin-film composite polyamide membranes functionalized with biocidal graphene oxide nanosheets. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2014, 1:71-76.
63. Ariffin S.N., Lim H.N., Jumeri F.A., Zobir M., Abdulla A.H., Ahmad M., Ibrahim N.A., Huang N., Teo P.S., Muthoosamy K., Harrison I. Modification of polypropylene filter with metal oxide and reduced graphene oxide for water treatment. Ceram. Int. 2014, 40:6927-6936.
64. Yoo E., Okata T., Akita T., Kohyama M., Nakamura J., Honma I. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pt subnanoclusters on graphene nanosheet surface. Nano Lett. 2009, 9:2255-2259.
65. Zhao J., Pei S., Ren W., Gao L., Cheng H.M. Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films. ACS Nano 2010, 4:5245-5252.
66. 4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19:2710-2714.
67. Scheuermann G.M., Rumi L., Steurer P., Bannwarth W., Mülhaupt R. Palladium nanoparticles on graphite oxide and its functionalized graphene derivatives as highly active catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(23):8262-8827.
68. Konatham D., Yu J., Ho T.A., Striolo A. Simulation insights for graphene-based water desalination membranes. Langmuir 2013, 29:11884-11897.
69. Konkena B., Vasudevan S. Understanding aqueous dispersibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide through pKa measurements. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3:867-872.
70. Choi E.-Y., Han T.H., Hong J., Kim J.E., Lee S.H., Kim H.W., Kim S.O. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with end-functional polymers. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20:1907-1912.
71. Sint K., Wang B. Selective ion passage through functionalized graphene nanopores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130:16448-16449.
72. Blake P., Brimicombe P.D., Nair R.R., Booth T.J., Jiang D., Schedin F. Graphene-based liquid crystal device. Nano Lett. 2008, 8:1704.
73. Hernandez Y., Nicolosi V., Lotya M., Blighe F.M., Sun Z., De S. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3:563-568.
74. Bunch J.S., Verbridge S.S., Alden J.S., van der Zande A.M., Parpia J.M., Craighead H.G., McEuen P.L. Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett. 2008, 8:2458-2462.
75. Sun C., Boutilier M.S.H., Au H., Poesio P., Bai B., Karnik R., Hadjiconstantinou N.G. Mechanisms of molecular permeation through nanoporous graphene membranes. Langmuir 2014, 30:675-682.
76. Du H., Li J., Zhang J., Su G., Li X., Zhao Y. Separation of hydrogen and nitrogen gases with porous graphene membrane. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:23261-23266.
77. Koenig S.P., Wang L., Pellegrino J., Bunch J.S. Selective molecular sieving through porous graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7:728-732.
78. Park S.J., Ruoff R.S. Chemical methods for the production of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4:217-224.
79. Corry B. Designing carbon nanotube membranes for efficient water desalination. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112:1427-1434.
80. Wang E.N., Karnik R. Graphene cleans up water. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7:552-554.
81. Cohen-Tanugi D., Dave S.H., McGovern R.K., Lienhard J.H., Jeffrey V., Grossman C. Novel nanomaterials for water desalination technology. 2013 1st IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech) 2013, IEEE, (978-1-4673-4630-6/13/$31.00 ©2013).
82. Nicolai A., Sumpter B.G., Meunier V. Tunable water desalination across graphene oxide framework membranes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16:8646-8654.
83. Ho T.A., Striolo A. Polarizability effects in molecular dynamics simulations of the graphene-water interface. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138:054117.
84. +. ACS Nano 2013, 7:10148-10157.
85. MacKinnon R. Potassium channels and the atomic basis of selective ion conduction (Nobel Lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43:4265-4277.
86. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes 2001, Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA. 3rd ed.
87. Ostrowski J.H.J., Eaves J.D. The tunable hydrophobic effect on electrically doped graphene. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118:530-536.
88. Merchant C.A., Healy K., Wanunu M., Ray V., Peterman N., Bartel J., Fischbein M.D., Venta K., Luo Z., Johnson A.T.C., Drndic M. DNA translocation through graphene nanopores. Nano Lett. 2010, 20:2915-2921.
89. O'Hern S.C., Boutilier M.S.H., Idrobo J., Song Y., Kong J., Laoui T., Atieh M., Karnik R. Selective ionic transport through tunable subnanometer pores in single-layer graphene membranes. Nano Lett. 2014, 14:1234-1241.
90. Paul D.R. Creating new types of carbon-based membranes. Science 2012, 413:335.
91. Lou Y., Liu G., Liu S., Shen J., Jin W. A facile way to prepare ceramic-supported graphene oxide composite membrane via silane-graft modification. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 307:631-637.
92. Akin I., Zor E., Bingol H., Ersoz M. Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite and its application for salt rejection by polysulfone-based composite membranes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118:5707-5716.
93. Dreyer D.R., Park S., Bielawski C.W., Ruoff R.S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39:228-240.
94. Choi W., Choi J., Bang J., Lee J. Layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets on polyamide membranes for durable reverse-osmosis applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5:12510-12519.
95. Dikin D.A., Stankovich S., Zimney E.J., Piner R.D., Dommett G.H.B., Evmenenko G., Nguyen S.T., Ruoff R.S. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 2007, 448:457-460.
96. Mezher T., Fath H., Abbas Z., Khaled A. Techno-economic assessment and environmental impacts of desalination technologies. Desalination 2011, 266:263-273.
97. Wimalasiri Y., Zou L. Carbon nanotube/graphene composite for enhanced capacitive deionization performance. Carbon 2013, 59:464-471.
98. Nie C., Pan L., Li H., Chen T., Lu T., Sun Z. Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes film electrodes for capacitive deionization. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2012, 666:85-88.
99. Biesheuvel P.M., Porada S., Presser V. Comment on "Carbon nanotube/graphene composite for enhanced capacitive deionization performance" by Y. Wimalasiri and L. Zou. Carbon 2013, 63:562-592.
100. Jia B., Zou L. Wettability and its influence on graphene nanosheets as electrode material for capacitive deionization. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2012, 548:23-28.
101. Hou C.H., Liang C., Yiacoumi S., Dai S., Tsouris C. Electrosorption capacitance of nanostructured carbon-based materials. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 302:54-61.
102. Lee J.-H., Bae W.-S., Choi J.-H. Electrode reactions and adsorption/desorption performance related to the applied potential in a capacitive deionization process. Desalination 2010, 258:159-163.
103. Gao Y., Pan L., Li H., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Chen Y. Electrosorption behavior of cations with carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres composite film electrodes. Thin Solid Films 2009, 517:1616-1619.
104. Zou L., Li L.X., Song H.H., Morris G. Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination. Water Res. 2008, 42:2340-2348.
105. Yang Z.-Y., Jin L.-J., Lu G.-Q., Xiao Q.-Q., Zhang Y.-X., Jing L., Zhan X.-X., Yan Y.-M., Sun K.-N. Sponge-templated preparation of high surface area graphene with ultrahigh capacitive deionization performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 10.1002/adfm.201304091.
106. Wen X., Zhang D., Yan T., Zhang J., Shi L. Three-dimensional graphene-based hierarchically porous carbon composites prepared by a dual-template strategy for capacitive deionization. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1:12334-12344.
107. Nie C., Pan L., Liu Y., Li H., Chen T., Lu T., Sun Z. Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes-polyacrylic acid composite film electrode for capacitive deionization. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 66:106-109.
108. Stoller M.D., Park S.J., Zhu Y.W., An J.B., Ruoff R.S. Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett. 2008, 8:3498-3502.
109. Li X.L., Wang X.R., Zhang L., Lee S.W., Dai H.J. Chemically derived ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 2008, 319:1229-1232.
110. Wang Z., Dou B., Zheng L., Zhang G., Liu Z., Hao Z. Effective desalination by capacitive deionization with functional graphene nanocomposite as novel electrode material. Desalination 2012, 299:96-102.
111. Fan Z.-J., Yan J., Wei T., Ning G.-Q., Zhi L.-J., Liu J.-C. Nanographene-constructed carbon nanofibers grown on graphene sheets by chemical vapor deposition: high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 2011, 5. (2787-94.1).
112. Jia B., Zou L. Graphene nanosheets reduced by a multi-step process as high-performance electrode material for capacitive deionisation. Carbon 2012, 50:2315-2321.
113. Myint M.T.Z., Dutta J. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanorods modified activated carbon cloth electrode for desalination of brackish water using capacitive deionization approach. Desalination 2012, 305:24-30.
114. Wang H., Zhang D., Yan T., Wen X., Zhang J., Shi L., Zhong Q. Three-dimensional macroporous graphene architectures as high performance electrodes for capacitive deionization. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1:11778-11789.
115. 2-nanostructures as effective and stable electrode materials for capacitive deionization desalination technology. Desalination 2014, 344:289-298.
116. Yin H., Zhao S., Wan J., Tang H., Chang L., He L., Zhao H., Gao Y., Tang Z. Three-dimensional graphene/metal oxide nanoparticle hybrids for high-performance capacitive deionization of saline water. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25:6270-6276.
117. Yin H., Tang H., Wang D., Gao Y., Tang Z. Facile synthesis of surfactant-free Au cluster/graphene hybrids for high-performance oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Nano 2012, 25:8288-8297.
118. Guo P., Song H., Chen X. Electrochemical performance of graphene nanosheets as anode material in lithium-ion battery. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11:1320-1324.
119. Li D., Muller M.B., Gilje S., Kaner R.B., Wallace G.G. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3:101-105.
120. Bai Y., Huang Z.-H., Yu X.-L., Kang F. Graphene oxide-embedded porous carbon nanofiber webs by electrospinning for capacitive deionization. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2014, 444:153-158.
121. Huang H.D., Ren P.G., Chen J., Zhang W.Q., Ji X., Li Z.M. High barrier graphene oxide nanosheet/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 409:156-163.
122. Yang X.M., Tu Y.F., Li L.A., Shang S.M., Tao X.M. Well-dispersed chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2:1707-1713.
123. Zhang D., Wen X., Shi L., Yan T., Zhang J. Enhanced capacitive deionization of graphene/mesoporous carbon composites. Nanoscale 2012, 4:5440-5446.
124. Kim C., Ngoc B.T.N., Yang K.S., Kojima M., Kim Y.A., Kim Y.J., Endo M., Yang S.C. Self-sustained thin webs consisting of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors via the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile solutions containing zinc chloride. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19:2341-2346.
125. Li H., Liang S., Li J., He L. The capacitive deionization behaviour of a carbon nanotube and reduced graphene oxide composite. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1:6335-6341.
126. Wang X.Z., Li M.G., Chen Y.W., Cheng R.M., Huang S.M., Pan L.K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89:053127.
127. Lee J.-H., Choi J.-H. The production of ultrapure water by membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) technology. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 409-410:251-256.
128. Yan C., Kanaththage Y., Short R., Gibson C.T., Zhou L. Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite as electrode material for membrane capacitive deionization. Desalination 2014, 344:274-279.
129. Russo C.J., Golovchenko J.A. Atom-by-atom nucleation and growth of graphene nanopores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109:5953-5957.
130. He L., Guo S., Lei J., Sha Z., Liu Z. The effect of Stone-Thrower-Wales defects on mechanical properties of graphene sheets - a molecular dynamics study. Carbon 2014, 75:124-132.
131. Rasool H.I., Ophus C., Klug W.S., Zettl A., Gimzewski J.K. Measurement of the intrinsic strength of crystalline and polycrystalline graphene. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:2881.
132. Wu J., Wei Y. Grain misorientation and grain-boundary rotation dependent mechanical properties in polycrystalline graphene. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2013, 61:1421-1432.
133. Robertson A.W., Allen C.S., Wu Y.A., He K., Olivier J., Neethling J., Kirkland A.I., Warner J.H. Spatial control of defect creation in graphene at the nanoscale. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3:1144.
134. Lavik E., von Recum H. The role of nanomaterials in translational medicine. ACS Nano 2011, 5:3419-3424.
135. Gajewicz A., Rasulev B., Dinadayalane T.C., Urbaszek P., Puzyn T., Leszczynska D., Leszczynski J. Advancing risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials: application of computational approaches. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64:1663-1693.