Emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between attachment and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 172, Issue , 2015, Pages 428-444

  Malik, Sonia ^a   Wells, Adrian ^a,b   Wittkowski, Anja ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b GREATER MANCHESTER MENTAL HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attachment; Depression; Emotion regulation; Mediator

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; DEPRESSION; EMBASE; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EMOTIONALITY; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; HUMAN; INTERNAL VALIDITY; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; PSYCINFO; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; MALE; OBJECT RELATION; PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT;

EID: 84912528672     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.007     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. T.M. Achenbach Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile 1991 Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Burlington, VT
2. A. Aldao, S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and S. Schweizer Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30 2010 217 237
3. M.D.S. Ainsworth, M.C. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. Wall Patterns of Attachment: a Psychological Study of Strange Situation and at Home 1978 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. 1994 Author Washington DC
5. R.A. Baer, G.T. Smith, and K.B. Allen Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills Assessment 11 2004 191 206
6. J.A. Bargh, and L.E. Williams On the nonconscious of emotion regulation J.J. Gross, Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2007 Guilford Press NY 429 444
7. M.R. Baron, and D.A. Kenny The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 51 1986 1173 1182
8. K. Bartholomew, and L.M. Horowitz Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 61 1991 226 244
9. A.T. Beck Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders 1976 New York International Universities Press NY
10. A.T. Beck, A.J. Rush, B.F. Shaw, and G. Emery Cognitive Therapy of Depression 1979 Guilford NY
11. A.T. Beck, C.H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock, and J. Erbaugh An inventory measuring depression Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 4 1961 561 571
12. J. Belsky Developmental origins of attachment styles Attach. Hum. Dev. 4 2002 166 170
13. A. Besser, and B. Priel A multisource approach to self-critical vulnerability to depression: the moderating role of attachment J. Personal. 71 2003 515 555
14. A.G. Billings, and R.H. Moos The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events J. Behav. Med. 4 1981 139 157
15. J. Block Assimiliation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development Child Dev. 53 1982 281 295
16. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss Separation: Anxiety and Anger vol. 2 1973 Penguin Books London
17. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss Loss: Sadness and Depression vol. 3 1980 Basic Books NY
18. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss 2nd ed. Attachment vol. 1 1982 Basic Books NY
19. J. Bowlby A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory 1988 Routledge London
20. K.A. Brennan, C.L. Clark, and P.R. Shaver Self-report measurement of adult attachment: an integrative overview J.A. Simpson, W.S. Rholes, Attachment Theory and Close Relationships 1998 Guilford Press NY 46 76
21. K.M. Brenning, B. Soenens, C. Braet, and G. Bosmans Attachment and depressive symptoms in middle childhood and early adolescence: testing the validity of the emotion regulation model of attachment Personal. Relatsh. 19 2012 445 464
22. I. Bretherton, and K.A. Munholland Internal working models in attachment relationships: a construct revisited J. Cassidy, P.R. Shaver, Handbook of Attachment Theory, Research and Clinical Applications 1999 Guilford Press NY 89 114
23. J.L. Burnette, D.E. Davis, J.D. Green, E.L. Worthington Jr., and E. Bradfield Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: the mediating role of rumination, empathy and forgiveness Personal. Indiv. Differ. 46 2009 276 280
24. L. Campbell-Sills, and D.H. Barlow Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders J.J. Gross, Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2007 Guilford Press NY 542 559
25. K.B. Carnelley, P.R. Pietromonaco, and K. Jaffe Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 66 1994 127 140
26. J. Cassidy, and R. Kobak Avoidance and its relationship with other defensive processes J. Belsky, T. Nezworski, Clinical Implications of Attachment 1988 Hillsdale, Erlbaum NJ 300 323
27. J. Cassidy Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships Monogr. Soc. Res. Child 59 1994 228 249
28. J. Cassidy Adult romantic attachments: a developmental perspective on individual differences Rev. Gen. Psychol. 4 2000 111 131
29. S.J. Catanzaro, and J. Mearns Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: initial scale development and implications J. Personal. Assess. 54 1990 546 563
30. N.J. Cohen, E. Muir, M. Lojkasek, R. Muir, C.J. Parker, M. Barwick, and M. Brown Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother-infant psychotherapy Infant Ment. Health J. 20 1999 429 451
31. H. Cole-Detke, and R. Kobak Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64 1996 282 290
32. N.L. Collins, M.B. Ford, A.C. Guichard, and L.M. Allard Working models of attachment and attribution processes in intimate relationships Personal. Soc. Psychol. B 32 2006 201 219
33. M.L. Cooper, P.R. Shaver, and N.L. Collins Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74 1998 1380 1397
34. P.J. Davis Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 53 1987 585 593
35. L.R. Derogatis Symptom Checklist-90 Manual 1977 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD
36. L.R. Derogatis, and N. Melisaratos The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report Psychol. Med. 13 1983 595 605
37. L.M. Diamond, and L.G. Aspinwall Emotion regulation across the life span: an integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect, and dyadic processes Motiv. Emotion 27 2003 125 156
38. S.H. Downs, and N. Black The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomized and non-randomized studies of health care interventions J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 52 1998 377 384
39. B. Efron, and R. Tibshirani An Introduction to the Bootstrap 1993 Chapman & Hall/CRC NY
40. B.H. Esbjørn, P.K. Bender, M.L. Reinholdt-Dunne, L.A. Munck, and T.H. Ollendick The development of anxiety disorders: considering the contributions of attachment and emotion regulation Clin. Child Fam. Psych. 15 2012 129 143
41. J. Feeney, and P. Noller Adult Attachment 1996 Sage, CA Thousand Oaks
42. S. Folkman, and R.S. Lazarus Stress processes and depressive symptomatology J. Abnorm. Psychol. 95 1986 107 113
43. P. Fonagy, T. Leigh, M. Steele, H. Steele, R. Kennedy, G. Mattoon, M. Target, and A. Gerber The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classifications, and response to psychotherapy J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64 1996 23 31
44. R.C. Fraley, and N.G. Waller Adult attachment patterns: a test of the typological model J.A. Simpson, W.S. Rholes, Attachment Theory and Close Relationships 1998 Guilford Press NY 77 114
45. R.C. Fraley, and P.R. Shaver Adult romantic attachment: theoretical emerging controversies, and unanswered questions Rev. Gen. Psychol. 4 2 2000 132 154
46. R. Fraley, N. Waller, and K. Brennan An Item Response Theory Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78 2 2000 350 365
47. R.C. Fraley, and S.J. Spieker Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior Dev. Psychol. 39 3 2003 387 404
48. A.M. Garrison, J.H. Kahn, E.M. Sauer, and M.A. Florczak Disentangling the effects of depression symptoms and adult attachment on emotional disclosure J. Couns. Psychol. 59 2 2012 230 239
49. N. Garnefski, and V. Kraaij Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: a comparative study of five specific samples Personal. Indiv. Differ. 40 8 2006 1659 1669
50. N. Garnefski, V. Kraaij, and P.H. Spinhoven Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression Personal. Indiv. Differ. 30 2001 1311 1327
51. C. George, N. Kaplan, and M. Main Attachment interview for adults, Unpublished manuscript 1985 University of California Berkeley
52. C. Gerlsma, and F. Luteijn Attachment style in the context of clinical and health psychology: a proposal for the assessment of valence, incongruence, and accessibility of attachment representations in various working models Br. J. Med. Psychol. 73 2000 15 34
53. N.A. Gibbs Nonclinical populations in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review Clin. Psychol. Rev. 16 8 1996 729 773
54. J.R. Gould, N.M. Prentice, and R.C. Ainslie The splitting index: construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting J. Person. Assess. 66 1996 414 430
55. T. Grapentine Path analysis vs. structural equation modelling Mark. Res. 12 3 2000 12 20
56. J.J. Gross The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2 1998 271 299
57. J.J. Gross, and O.P. John Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships and well-being J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 85 2 2003 348 362
58. J.J. Gross, and R.F. Munoz Emotion regulation and mental health Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 2 1995 151 164
59. J.J. Gross, and R.A. Thompson Emotion regulation: conceptual foundations J.J. Gross, Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2007 Guilford Press NY 3 24
60. J.F. Hair, W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.E. Anderson, and R.L. Tatham Multivariate Data Analysis 6th Ed. 2006 Prentice Hall, NJ Upper Saddle River
61. C.L. Hammen, D. Burge, S.E. Daley, J. Davila, B. Paley, and K.D. Rudolph Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 1995 436 443
62. S. Harter, P. Marold, and M. Nowakowski Manual for the Dimensions of Depression Profile for Children and Adolescents 1987 University of Delfiver, Department of Psychology
63. S.C. Hayes, K.D. Strosahl, K.G. Wilson, R.T. Bissett, J. Pistorello, D. Toarmino, M.A. Polusny, T.A. Dykstra, S.V. Batten, J. Bergan, S.H. Stewart, M.J. Zvolensky, G.H. Eifert, F.W. Bond, J.P. Forsyth, M. Karekla, and S.M. McCurry Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model Psychol. Rec. 54 2004 553 578
64. C. Hazan, and P.R. Shaver Romantic love conceptualised as an attachment process J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 52 1987 511 524
65. C. Hazan, and P.R. Shaver Love and Work: An Attachment-Theoretical Perspective J Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59 2 1990 270 280
66. P.P. Heppner, S.W. Cook, D.M. Wright, and W.C. Johnson Jr. Progress in resolving problems: a problem-focused style of coping J. Couns. Psychol. 42 1995 279 293
67. M. Hautzinger, M. Bailer, D. Hofmeister, and F. Keller ADS - Allgemeine Depressionsskala - Testhandbuch 2011 Beltz; Göttingen
68. J.H. Kahn, and R.M. Hessling Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 20 2001 41 65
69. S.L. Kidwell, M.E. Young, L.D. Hinkle, A.D. Ratliff, M.E. Marcum, and C.N. Martin Emotional competence and behavior problems: differences across preschool assessment of attachment classifications Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 15 2010 391 406
70. R. Kobak, and A. Sceery Attachment in late adolescence: working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others Child Dev. 59 1988 135 146
71. R. Kobak, H. Cole, R. Ferenz-Gillies, W. Fleming, and W. Gamble Attachment and Emotion Regulation during Mother-Teen Problem Solving: A Control Theory Analysis Child Dev. 64 1 1993 231 245
72. R. Kobak, and R. Ferenz-Gillies Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms during adolescence: a functionalist perspective Dev. Psychopathol. 7 1995 183 192
73. F.J. Kohout, L.F. Berkman, D.A. Evans, and J. Cornoni-Huntley Two shorter forms of the ces-d depression symptoms index J. Aging Health 5 2 1993 179 193
74. A. Kullik, and F. Petermann Attachment to parents and peers as a risk factor for adolescent depressive disorders: the mediating role of emotion regulation Child Psychiat. Hum. D 44 2013 537 548
75. L.A. Kurdek On being insecure about the assessment of attachment styles J. Soc. Person. Relat. 19 6 2002 811 834
76. F.G. Lopez, A.M. Mauricio, B. Gormley, T. Simko, and E. Berger Adult attachment orientations and college student distress: the mediating role of problem coping styles J. Couns. Dev. 79 2001 459 464
77. F.G. Lopez, P. Mitchell, and B. Gormley Adult attachment and college student distress: test of a mediational model J. Couns. Psychol. 49 2002 460 467
78. S.H. Lovibond, and P.F. Lovibond Manual for the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales 1995 Psychological Foundation of Australia Sydney
79. B. Lubin Adjective checklists for measurement of depression Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 12 1965 57 62
80. D.P. MacKinnon, A.J. Fairchild, and M.S. Fritz Mediation analysis Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58 2007 593 614
81. D.P. MacKinnon, C.M. Lockwood, J.M. Hoffman, S.G. West, and V. Sheets A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects Psychol. Methods 7 2002 83 104
82. M. Main, N. Kaplan, and J. Cassidy Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: a move to the level of representations Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 50 1985 1 2
83. M. Main Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies Hum. Dev. 33 1990 48 61
84. B. Mallinckrodt The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: evidence and implications J. Person. Soc. Relat. 27 2010 262 270
85. A. Marganska, M. Gallagher, and R. Miranda Adult attachment, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 1 2013 131 141
86. C.J. McCarthy, R.G. Lambert, and N.P. Moller Preventive resources and emotion regulation expectancies as mediators between attachment and college students stress outcomes Int. J. Stress Manag. 13 1 2006 1 22
87. D.S. Mennin, R.M. Holoway, D.M. Fresco, M.T. Moore, and R.G. Heimberg Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology Behav. Ther. 38 2007 284 302
88. K.D. Mickelson, R.C. Kessler, and P.R. Shaver Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 73 1997 1092 1106
89. M. Mikulincer, and I. Orbach Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: the accessibility and architecture of affective memories J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 68 5 1995 917 925
90. M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver, and D. Pereg Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies Motiv. Emotion 27 2 2003 77 102
91. M. Mikulincer, and P.R. Shaver Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change 2007 The Guilford Press NY
92. E. Moss, K. Dubois-Comtois, C. Cyr, G.M. Tarabulsy, D. St-Laurent, and A. Bernier Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment and behavioural outcomes for maltreated children: a randomized control trial Dev. Psychopathol. 23 2011 195 210
93. S. Nolen-Hoeksema The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109 2000 504 511
94. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and J. Morrow A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Pers. Soc. Psychol 61 1 1991 115 121
95. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, B.E. Wisco, and S. Lyubomirsky Rethinking rumination Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3 2008 400 424
96. K. Pascuzzo, C. Cyr, and E. Moss Longitudinal association between adolescent attachment, adult romantic attachment, and emotion regulation strategies Attach. Hum. Dev. 15 1 2013 83 103
97. M. Patrick, R.P. Hobson, D. Castle, R. Howard, and B. Maughan Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience Dev. Psychopathol. 6 1994 375 388
98. S.B. Perlman, and K.A. Pelphrey Regulatory brain development: balancing emotion and cognition Soc. Neurosci. 5 5-6 2010 533 542
99. L.A. Pervin Epilogue: Consistency and change in personality theory and research L.A. Pervin, O.P. John, Handbook of Personality 2nd Ed. 1999 Guilford Press NY 689 704
100. K.J. Preacher, and A.F. Hayes SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models Behav. Res. Method. Instrum. C 36 2004 717 731
101. K.J. Preacher, and A.F. Hayes Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models Behav. Res. Methods 40 2008 879 891
102. L.S. Radloff The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1 3 1977 385 401
103. F. Raes, D. Hermans, and P. Eelen Kort instrumenteel De Nederlandstalige versie van de Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) en de Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS-NL) [The Dutch version of the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) and the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS-NL)] Gedragstherapie 36 2 2003 97 104
104. J.E. Roberts, I.H. Gotlib, and J.D. Kassel Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: the mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 70 1996 310 320
105. J.E. Roberts, E. Gilboa, and I.H. Gotlib Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: gender, neuroticism, and episode duration Cognit. Ther. Res. 22 1998 401 423
106. G.I. Roisman, A. Holland, K. Fortuna, R.C. Fraley, E. Clausell, and A. Clarke The adult attachment interview and self-reports of attachment style: an empirical rapprochement J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 92 4 2007 678
107. D.S. Rosenstein, and H.A. Horowitz Adolescent attachment and psychopathology J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64 1996 244 253
108. G. Roth, A. Assor, C.P. Niemiec, R.M. Ryan, and E.L. Deci The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices Dev. Psychol. 45 2009 1119 1142
109. J. Rottenberg, and J.J. Gross When emotion goes wrong: realizing the promise of affective science Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10 2003 227 232
110. J. Rottenberg, J.J. Gross, and I.H. Gotlib Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114 2005 627 639
111. T. Ruijten, J. Roelofs, and L. Rood The mediating role of rumination in the relation between quality of attachment relations and depressive symptoms in non-clinical adolescents J. Child Fam. Stud. 20 2011 452 459
112. D.W. Russel UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure J Pers. Assess. 66 1 1996 20 40
113. P.R. Shaver, and M. Mikulincer Attachment-related psychodynamics Attach. Hum. Dev. 4 2002 133 161
114. J.S. Silk, L. Steinberg, and A.S. Morris Adolescents emotion regulation in daily life: links for depressive symptoms and problem behaviour Child Dev. 74 6 2003 1869 1880
115. J.A. Simpson, W.S. Rholes, and J.S. Nelligan Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: the role of attachment styles J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 62 3 1992 434
116. A. Shields, and D. Cicchetti Emotion regulation among school-age children: the development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale Dev. Psychol. 33 6 1997 906 916
117. P.E. Shrout, and N. Bolger Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: new procedures and recommendations Psychol. Methods 7 2002 422 445
118. E.A. Skowron, and M.L. Friedlander The differentiation of self-inventory: development and initial validation J. Couns. Psychol. 45 1998 235 246
119. J.C. Torquati, and A.T. Vazsonyi Attachment as an organizational construct for affect, appraisals, and coping of late adolescent females J. Youth Adolesc. 28 5 1999 545 562
120. P.D. Trapnell, and J.D. Campbell Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection J Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76 2 1999 284 304
121. A.J.W. Van der Does BDI-II-NL. Handleiding. De Nederlandse versie van de Beck depression inventory [The Dutch version of the Beck Depression Inventory] 2002 Swets and Zeitlinger b.v Lisse
122. D. Watson, L.A. Clark, and A. Tellegen Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 54 6 1988 1063 1070
123. D. Watson, M.W. OHara, L.J. Simms, R. Kotov, M. Chmielewski, E.A. McDade-Montez, W. Gamez, and S. Stuart Development and validation of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS) Psychol. Assess. 19 2007 253 268
124. M. Wei, P.P. Heppner, and B. Mallinckrodt Perceived coping as a mediator between attachment and psychological distress: a structural equation modelling approach J. Couns. Psychol. 50 2003 438 447
125. M. Wei, B. Mallinckrodt, D.W. Russell, and T.W. Abraham Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between attachment and negative mood J. Couns. Psychol. 51 2004 201 212
126. M. Wei, D.L. Vogel, T.-Y. Ku, and R.A. Zakalik Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: the mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cut-off J. Couns. Psychol. 52 1 2005 14 24
127. M. Wei, D.W. Russell, and R.A. Zakalik Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: a longitudinal study J. Couns. Psychol. 52 4 2005 602 614
128. M. Wei, P.P. Heppner, D.W. Russell, and S.K. Young Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and subsequent depression: a prospective analyses J. Couns. Psychol. 53 2006 67 79
129. D.A. Weinberger, G.E. Schwartz, and R.J. Davidson Low anxious, high anxious, and repressive coping styles: psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress J. Abnorm. Psychol. 88 1979 369 380
130. A. Wells Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression 2009 Guilford Press NY
131. A. Wells, and G. Matthews Attention and Emotion: A Clinical Perspective 1994 Erlbaum UK
132. A. Wells, and G. Matthews Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model Behav. Res. Ther. 34 1996 881 888
133. R.M. Wenzlaff, and D.M. Wegner Thought suppression Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51 2000 59 91
134. L.A. Zaremba, and M.K. Keiley The mediational effect of affect regulation on the relationship between attachment and internalising/externalising behaviours in adolescent males who have sexually offended Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 33 2011 1599 1607
135. D.C. Zuroff, and D.K. Fitzpatrick Depressive personality styles: implications for adult attachment Person. Indiv. Differ. 18 1995 253 365