Mechanisms underlying chronic whiplash: Contributions from an incomplete spinal cord injury?

Pain Medicine (United States)

Volumn 15, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 1938-1944

  Elliott, James M ^a   Dewald, Julius P A ^a,b   Hornby, T George ^a,c   Walton, David M ^d   Parrish, Todd B ^a,b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Northwestern University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

MRI; Neck (Pain); Neurology; Spinal Cord; Whiplash

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; DIAZEPAM; HYDROCODONE; IBUPROFEN; METAXALONE; PREGABALIN; TIZANIDINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BABINSKI REFLEX; CASE REPORT; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FLEXOR MUSCLE; HUMAN; LEG MUSCLE; LOW BACK PAIN; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; WHIPLASH INJURY; CERVICAL SPINE; CHRONIC DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; WHIPLASH INJURIES;

EID: 84911986115     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pme.12518     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Naumann RB, Dellinger AM, Zaloshnja E, Lawrence B, Miller TR. Incidence and total lifetime costs of motor vehicle-related fatal and nonfatal injury by road user type, United States. Traffic Inj Prev 2010;11:353-360.
2. Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S, etal. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:S83-92.
3. Dufton JA, Bruni SG, Kopec JA, Cassidy JD, Quon J. Delayed recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Injury 2012;43:1141-1147.
4. Jull G, Kenardy J, Hendrikz J, Cohen M, Sterling M. Management of acute whiplash: A randomized controlled trial of multidisciplinary stratified treatments. Pain 2013;154:1798-1806.
5. Lamb SE, Gates S, Williams MA, etal. Emergency department treatments and physiotherapy for acute whiplash: A pragmatic, two-step, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:546-556.
6. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: A study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:409-415.
7. Elliott JM, Walton DM, Rademaker A, Parrish TB. Quantification of cervical spine muscle fat: A comparison between T1-weighted and multi-echo gradient echo imaging using a variable projection algorithm (VARPRO). BMC Med Imaging 2013;13:30. doi: 10.1186/1471-2342-13-30.
8. Smith AC, Parrish TB, Abbott R, etal. Muscle-fat magnetic resonance imaging: 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla vs histology. Muscle Nerve 2014;50:170-176. doi: 10.1002/mus.24255.
9. Cohen-Adad J, El Mendili MM, Lehericy S, etal. Demyelination and degeneration in the injured human spinal cord detected with diffusion and magnetization transfer MRI. Neuroimage 2011;55:1024-1033.
10. Elliott J, Pedler A, Kenardy J, etal. The temporal development of fatty infiltrates in the neck muscles following whiplash injury: An association with pain and posttraumatic stress. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e21194.
11. Smith SA, Pekar JJ, van Zijl PC. Advanced MRI strategies for assessing spinal cord injury. Handb Clin Neurol 2012;109:85-101.
12. Eckert T, Sailer M, Kaufmann J, etal. Differentiation of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and healthy controls using magnetization transfer imaging. Neuroimage 2004;21:229-235.
13. Tambasco N, Pelliccioli GP, Chiarini P, etal. Magnetization transfer changes of grey and white matter in Parkinson's disease. Neuroradiology 2003;45:224-230.
14. Dehmeshki J, Chard DT, Leary SM, etal. The normal appearing grey matter in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A magnetisation transfer imaging study. J Neurol 2003;250:67-74.
15. Homayoon N, Ropele S, Hofer E, etal. Microstructural tissue damage in normal appearing brain tissue accumulates with Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score: Magnetization transfer imaging results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115:1317-1321.
16. Hanyu H, Shimizu S, Tanaka Y, etal. Differences in magnetization transfer ratios of the hippocampus between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2005;380:166-169.
17. Sterling M, McLean SA, Sullivan MJ, etal. Potential processes involved in the initiation and maintenance of whiplash-associated disorders: Discussion paper 3. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:S322-329.
18. McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I. The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: Integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med 2005;67:783-790.
19. Borchgrevink GE, Kaasa A, McDonagh D, etal. Acute treatment of whiplash neck sprain injuries. A randomized trial of treatment during the first 14 days after a car accident. Spine 1998;23:25-31.
20. Manini TM, Clark BC, Nalls MA, etal. Reduced physical activity increases intermuscular adipose tissue in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:377-384.
21. Yoshida Y, Marcus RL, Lastayo PC. Intramuscular adipose tissue and central activation in older adults. Muscle Nerve 2012;46:813-816.
22. Milligan ED, Watkins LR. Pathological and protective roles of glia in chronic pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:23-36.
23. Stuve O, Zettl U. Neuroinflammation of the central and peripheral nervous system: An update. Clin Exp Immunol 2014;175:333-335.
24. Sterling M, Elliott JM, Cabot PJ. The course of serum inflammatory biomarkers following whiplash injury and their relationship to sensory and muscle measures: A longitudinal cohort study. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e77903.
25. Bulow PM, Norregaard J, Mehlsen J, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. The twitch interpolation technique for study of fatigue of human quadriceps muscle. J Neurosci Methods 1995;62:103-109.
26. Lin KH, Chen YC, Luh JJ, Wang CH, Chang YJ. H-reflex, muscle voluntary activation level, and fatigue index of flexor carpi radialis in individuals with incomplete cervical cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012;26:68-75.
27. Hornby TG, Lewek MD, Thompson CK, Heitz R. Repeated maximal volitional effort contractions in human spinal cord injury: Initial torque increases and reduced fatigue. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009;23:928-938.
28. Courtney CA, Lewek MD, Witte PO, Chmell SJ, Hornby TG. Heightened flexor withdrawal responses in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. J Pain 2009;10:1242-1249.