Protection of international watercourses

Serving the Rule of International Maritime Law: Essays in Honour of Professor David Joseph Attard

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 32-53

  Fitzmaurice, Malgosia ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84911184733     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203863220     Document Type: Chapter

References (19)

1. J.-D. Troyat, 'Pollution par hydrocarbures et transport maritime', AFCAN, 2006, p. 4. Available at: www.afcan.org; Troyat adds 'En fait, un pétrolier peut néanmoins être amené à utiliser de l'eau de mer pour laver ses citernes dans deux cas: en vue d'une réparation (soudure et meulage) dans celle-ci ou si une cargaison déterminée nécessite un tel lavage. L'eau de lavage est récupérée dans des citernes dédiées appelées "slops" où elle est décantée. Elle est ensuite rejetée à la merdans les conditions très strictes décrites plus "haut".' Slops are actually the 'monopoly' of tankers: they are the oil residues flowing from the cleaning of crude oil cargo tanks.
2. http://www.unep.ch/regionalseas/home/lbpol.htm.
3. UN Atlas of the Oceans, Oil Industry, 2000. Available on-line at: www.oceansatlas.org.
4. D. Cuisine and J. Grant, The Impact of Marine Pollution (London: Croom Helm Ltd, 1980), p. 42;
5. R. Skjong and E. Vanem, et al. Design, Operation and Regulation for Safety (Study for the EU Commission, Safedor, 21 October 2005), p. 47;
6. See also the very interesting aerial surveillance report from the Bonn Agreement: Bonn Agreement, Annual Report on Aerial Surveillance for 2007, 2007, p. 12.
7. A close look at the data reveals that international seaborne trade has been multiplied by 2.2 (3,700 million tons in 1975 and 8,200m. tons in 2005) while the oil ship-source pollution has been reduced by 4.6! UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2005, p. 5.
8. E. Mitropoulos, IMO Secretary General, IMO News, no. 3, 2005, p. 5;
9. see also J. Fawcett Elis, 'The political environment surrounding safe shipping', International Chemical & Oil Pollution Conference, Singapore, 28 September 2005;
10. F. Peermohamed, 'The criminalisation lottery - could you be next?', The 1st ICCM&S Conference, 17 February 2005, p. 13.
11. The 'louts of the sea' as expressed by President Chirac in January 2003: C. Buchet, Les Voyous de la mer (Ramsay: 2003), p. 46;
12. IMO Secretary-General E. Mitropoulos, Lloyd's List April 2004. See also the study issued by North of England Club: 'Fear of criminalisation contributing to more psychological breakdowns on ships', Trade Winds 22 August 2006.
13. The Spanish authorities demanded that the salvage master sign a letter to confirm that he would not bring the vessel within 120 miles of the Spanish coast. It has been suggested that had the Prestige been towed by salvors SMIT to a place of refuge on 14 November 2002, the pollution would have been restricted to no more than 2,000 tons. The efforts of the master, at the age of 67 with 42 years' experience on tankers, to stabilise successfully the vessel, save the crew and save the vessel during more than 48 hours in a row without sleeping are considered as heroic. On the evening of 15 November, the master was evacuated from the vessel, handcuffed and interviewed at length despite the lack of sleep, then imprisoned at the local police station. The Prestige sank a few days later on 19 November. The master was then transferred to a high-security prison; Ivor Goveas, 'The criminalization of seafarers - from master mariner to "master criminal"', Gard News 177, 2005, p. 2;
14. A 22-year-old 70,000t dwt tanker, single-hulled, fully laden with gas oil encountered violent storm force 11 and 9m seas off the coast of Ireland. Capt. K. O'Higgins, '"Masters" ' role: risk & responsibility', Irish Institute of Master Marines, the 1st ICCM&S conference, 17 February 2005, p. 1.
15. M. Jarraud, Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization, introductory speech at IMO MEPC 56, 2007.
16. S. Delautre, E. Eliopoulau and N. Mikelis, 'The influence of regulations on the safety record of the Aframax tankers', 2005, study carried out in the context of the Pollution Prevention & Control (POP&C) project, financially supported by the European Commission under the FP6 Sustainable Surface Transport Programme. There is no room in this study to analyse the motivations behind new legislation but before any new legislation a prior methodology is needed to evaluate and distinguish areas in need of improvement and those areas where improvement is marginal and therefore not justified.
17. See also Prof. H. E. Haralambides, Quality Shipping: Market Mechanisms for Safer Shipping and Cleaner Oceans (Erasmus University, 1998), p. 16.
18. T. Macalister, 'Has liner policy gone hysterical?', Trade Winds, 7 July 2006, p. 2.
19. J. Borg, EC Commissioner, 'A maritime policy: national and regional experiences, prospects and emerging practices', International Conference on Integrated Ocean Policy, Lisbon, 11 October 2005, p. 4.