Physiologic Mechanisms of Normal and Altered Lung Growth

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology: Third Edition

Volumn 1-2, Issue , 2003, Pages 802-811

  Harding, Richard ^a   Hooper, Stuart B ^b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911166428     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-9654-6.50081-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Strang LB Fetal lung liquid: secretion and reabsorption. Physiol Rev 1991, 71:991.
2. Harding R, Hooper SB Regulation of lung expansion and lung growth before birth. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81:209.
3. Alcorn D, et al. Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat 1977, 123:649.
4. Hooper SB, Harding R Fetal lung liquid: a major determinant of the growth and functional development of the fetal lung. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995, 22:235.
5. Olver RE, Strang LB Ion fluxes across the pulmonary epithelium and the secretion of lung liquid in the foetal lamb. J Physiol (Lond) 1974, 241:327.
6. Harding R, et al. The regulation of flow of pulmonary fluid in fetal sheep. Respir Physiol 1984, 57:47.
7. Wickham PJD, Harding R Flowmeter for slow-flowing physiological liquids. Med Biol Eng Comput 1984, 22:406.
8. Lines A, et al. Lung liquid production rates and volumes do not decrease before labor in healthy fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 1997, 82:927.
9. Cassin S, Perks AM Estimation of lung liquid production in fetal sheep with blue dye dextran and radioiodinated serum albumin. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:1531.
10. Pfister RE, et al. Volume and secretion rate of lung liquid in the final days of gestation and labour in the fetal sheep. J Physiol (Lond) 2001, 535:889.
11. Davey MG, et al. Postnatal development of respiratory function in lambs studied serially between birth and 8 weeks. Respir Physiol 1998, 113:83.
12. Miller AA, et al. Role of fetal breathing movements in control of fetal lung distension. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:2711.
13. Harding R, et al. Abolition of fetal breathing movements by spinal cord transection leads to reductions in fetal lung liquid volume, lung growth and IGF-II gene expression. Pediatr Res 1993, 34:148.
14. Harding R, et al. A mechanism leading to reduced lung expansion and lung hypoplasia in fetal sheep during oligohydramnios. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990, 163:1904.
15. Dickson KA, Harding R Decline in lung liquid volume and secretion rate during oligohydramnios in fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 1989, 67:2401.
16. Hooper SB, et al. Lung liquid secretion, flow and volume in response to moderate asphyxia in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 1988, 10:473.
17. Dickson KA, Harding R Restoration of lung liquid volume following its acute alteration in fetal sheep. J Physiol (Lond) 1987, 385:531.
18. Harding R, et al. Influence of upper respiratory tract on liquid flow to and from fetal lungs. J Appl Physiol 1986, 61:68.
19. Harding R, et al. Upper airway resistances in fetal sheep: the influence of breathing activity. J Appl Physiol 1986, 60:160.
20. Vilos GA, Liggins GC Intrathoracic pressures in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 1982, 4:247.
21. Dickson KA, et al. State-related changes in lung liquid secretion and tracheal flow rate in fetal lambs. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62:34.
22. Adamson TM, et al. Composition of alveolar liquid in the foetal lamb. J Physiol (Lond) 1969, 204:159.
23. Harding R, Albuquerque CA Pulmonary hypoplasia: role of mechanical factors in prenatal lung growth. Lung Development 1999, 364. Oxford University Press, Oxford. C. Gaultier (Ed.).
24. Moessinger AC, et al. Role of lung fluid volume in growth and maturation of the fetal sheep lung. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1270.
25. Nardo L, et al. Lung hypoplasia can be reversed by short-term obstruction of the trachea in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 1995, 38:690.
26. Hooper SB, et al. Changes in lung expansion alter pulmonary DNA synthesis and IGF-II gene expression in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:L403.
27. Davey MG, et al. Stimulation of lung growth in fetuses with lung hypoplasia leads to altered postnatal lung structure in sheep. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001, 32:267.
28. Joyce BJ, et al. Sustained changes in lung expansion alter tropoelastin mRNA levels and elastin content in fetal sheep lungs. Am J Physiol 2003, 284:L643.
29. DiFiore JW, et al. Experimental fetal tracheal ligation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pulmonary vascular morphometric analysis. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:917.
30. Flecknoe SJ, et al. Determination of alveolar epithelial cell phenotypes in fetal sheep: evidence for the involvement of basal lung expansion. J Physiol (Lond) 2002, 542:245.
31. Danto SI, et al. Reversible transdifferentiation of alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995, 12:497.
32. Shannon JM, et al. Modulation of alveolar type II cell differentiated function in vitro. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:L427.
33. Nardo L, et al. Changes in lung structure and cellular division induced by tracheal obstruction in fetal sheep. Exp Lung Res 2000, 26:105.
34. Nardo L, et al. Stimulation of lung growth by tracheal obstruction in fetal sheep: relation to luminal pressure and lung liquid volume. Pediatr Res 1998, 43:184.
35. Keramidaris E, et al. Effect of gestational age on the increase in fetal lung growth following tracheal obstruction. Exp Lung Res 1996, 22:283.
36. Probyn ME, et al. Effect of increased lung expansion on lung growth and development near midgestation in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 2000, 47:806.
37. De Paepe ME, et al. Temporal pattern of accelerated lung growth after tracheal occlusion in the fetal rabbit. Am J Pathol 1998, 152:179.
38. De Paepe ME, et al. Lung growth response after tracheal occlusion in fetal rabbits is gestational age-dependent. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999, 21:65.
39. Kitano Y, et al. Tracheal occlusion in the fetal rat: a new experimental model for the study of accelerated lung growth. J Pediatr Surg 1998, 33:1741.
40. Flecknoe S, et al. Increased lung expansion alters the proportions of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 2000, 278:L1180.
41. Dawes GS, et al. Breathing in fetal lambs: the effect of brain stem section. J Physiol (Lond) 1983, 335:535.
42. Dawes GS Fetal breathing movements and sleep in sheep. Ann Rech Vet 1977, 8:413.
43. Harding R Fetal breathing movements. The Lung: Scientific Foundations 1997, 1655. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 2nd ed. R.G. Crystal (Ed.).
44. Dawes GS, et al. Respiratory movements and rapid eye movement sleep in the foetal lamb. J Physiol (Lond) 1972, 220:119.
45. Maloney JE, et al. Diaphragmatic activity and lung liquid flow in the unanesthetized fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 1975, 39:423.
46. Badalian SS, et al. Fetal breathing-related nasal fluid flow velocity in uncomplicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169:563.
47. Kalache KD, et al. Differentiation between human fetal breathing patterns by investigation of breathing-related tracheal fluid flow velocity using Doppler sonography. Prenat Diagn 2000, 20:45.
48. Moessinger AC Fetal akinesia deformation sequence: an animal model. Pediatrics 1983, 7:857.
49. Fewell JE, et al. Effects of phrenic nerve section on the respiratory system of fetal lambs. J Appl Physiol 1981, 51:293.
50. Alcorn D, et al. Morphological effects of chronic bilateral phrenectomy or vagotomy in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat 1980, 130:683.
51. Liggins GC, et al. The effect of spinal cord transection on lung development in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 1981, 3:267.
52. Wigglesworth JS, Desai R Effects on lung growth of cervical cord section in the rabbit fetus. Early Hum Dev 1979, 3:51.
53. Liggins GC, et al. The effect of bilateral thoracoplasty on lung development in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 1981, 3:275.
54. Liu M, et al. Mechanical strain-enhanced fetal lung cell proliferation is mediated by phospholipase C and D and protein kinase C. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:L729.
55. Harding R, Liggins GC Changes in thoracic dimensions induced by breathing movements in fetal sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996, 8:117.
56. Chicurel ME, et al. Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998, 10:232.
57. Ingber D, et al. Mechanochemical transduction across extracellular matrix and through the cytoskeleton. Physical Forces and the Mammalian Cell 1993, 61. Academic Press, San Diego. J.A. Fransas (Ed.).
58. Wirtz HR, Dobbs LG The effects of mechanical forces on lung functions. Respir Physiol 2000, 119:1.
59. Sims JR, et al. Altering the cellular mechanical force balance results in integrated changes in cell, cytoskeletal and nuclear shape. J Cell Sci 1992, 103:1215.
60. Rubin K, et al. Molecular recognition of the extracellular matrix by cell surface receptors. Extracellular Matrix 1997, 262. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. W.D. Comper (Ed.).
61. Ingber DE The riddle of morphogenesis: a question of solution chemistry or molecular cell engineering. Cell 1993, 75:1249.
62. Papadakis K, et al. Fetal lung growth after tracheal ligation is not solely a pressure phenomenon. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:347.
63. Moessinger AC, et al. Oligohydramnios-induced lung hypoplasia: the influence of timing and duration in gestation. Pediatr Res 1986, 20:951.
64. Thomas IT, Smith DW Oligohydramnios, cause of the nonrenal features of Potter's syndrome, including pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr 1974, 84:811.
65. Adzick NS, et al. Diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus: prenatal diagnosis and outcome in 94 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1985, 20:357.
66. Adzick NS, et al. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:654.
67. Harrison MR, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. V. Initial clinical experience. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:47.
68. French NP, et al. Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 180:114.
69. Ikegami M, et al. Repetitive prenatal glucocorticoids improve lung function and decrease growth in preterm lambs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156:178.
70. Schellenberg J-C, et al. Growth, elastin concentration, and collagen concentration of perinatal rat lung: effects of dexamethasone. Pediatr Res 1987, 21:603.
71. Adamson IY, King GM Postnatal development of rat lung following retarded fetal lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1988, 4:230.
72. Jobe AH, et al. Fetal versus maternal and gestational age effects of repetitive antenatal glucocorticoids. Pediatrics 1998, 102:1116.
73. Wallace MJ, et al. Effects of elevated fetal cortisol concentrations on the volume, secretion and reabsorption of lung liquid. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:R881.
74. Boland RE, et al. Cortisol pretreatment enhances the lung growth response to tracheal obstruction in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:L1126-L1131.
75. Wallace MJ, et al. Role of the adrenal glands in the maturation of lung liquid secretory mechanisms in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1996, 270:R1.
76. Deayton JM, et al. Early hypophysectomy of sheep fetuses: effects on growth, placental steroidogenesis and prostaglandin production. J Reprod Fertil 1993, 97:513.
77. Muglia LJ, et al. Proliferation and differentiation defects during lung development in corticotropin-releasing hormone-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999, 20:181.
78. Muglia L, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocortoid need. Nature 1995, 373:427.
79. Jobe AH, Ikegami M Lung development and function in preterm infants in the surfactant treatment era. Annu Rev Physiol 2000, 62:825.
80. Pinkerton KE, et al. Hypophysectomy and porcine fetal lung development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989, 1:319.
81. Johnson JW, et al. Long-term effects of betamethasone on fetal development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981, 141:1053.
82. Massaro GD, Massaro D Retinoic acid treatment partially rescues failed septation in rats and in mice. Am J Physiol 2000, 278:L955.
83. Lum S, et al. The association between birthweight, sex, and airway function in infants of nonsmoking mothers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:2078.
84. Tyson JE, et al. The small for gestational age infant: accelerated or delayed pulmonary maturation?. Increased or decreased survival? Pediatrics 1995, 95:534.
85. Nikolajev K, et al. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity on spirometric flow values and lung volumes at school age in twin pairs. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998, 25:367.
86. Rona RJ, et al. Effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth on respiratory health and lung function in childhood. BMJ 1993, 306:817.
87. Barker DJP, et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991, 303:671.
88. Stein CE, et al. Relation of fetal growth to adult lung function in south India. Thorax 1997, 52:895.
89. Edelman NH, et al. Nutrition and the respiratory system: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 134:347.
90. Gaultier C Malnutrition and lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991, 10:278.
91. Sahebjami H Nutrition and lung structure and function. Exp Lung Res 1993, 19:105.
92. Gagnon R, et al. Fetal endocrine responses to chronic placental embolization in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 170:929.
93. Gagnon R, et al. Fetal sheep endocrine responses to sustained hypoxemic stress after chronic fetal placental embolization. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:E817.
94. Hooper SB, et al. DNA synthesis is reduced in selected fetal tissues during prolonged hypoxemia. Am J Physiol 2002, 261:508.
95. Faridy EE, et al. Fetal lung growth: influence of maternal hypoxia and hyperoxia in rats. Respir Physiol 1988, 73:225.
96. Larson JE, Thurlbeck WM The effect of experimental maternal hypoxia on fetal lung growth. Pediatr Res 1988, 24:156.
97. Massaro D, et al. Postnatal development of alveoli: regulation and evidence for a critical period in rats. Anat Rec 1974, 180:77.
98. Das RM The effects of intermittent starvation on lung development in suckling rats. Am J Pathol 1984, 117:326.
99. Joyce BJ, et al. Compromised respiratory function in postnatal lambs following placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Pediatr Res 2001, 50:641.
100. Wignarajah D, et al. Influence of intra-uterine growth restriction on airway development in fetal and postnatal sheep. Pediatr Res 2002, 51:681.
101. Maritz GS, et al. Effects of fetal growth restriction on lung development before and after birth: a morphometric analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001, 32:201.
102. Lechner AJ Perinatal age determines the severity of retarded lung development induced by starvation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:638.
103. Simmons RA, et al. Intrauterine growth retardation: fetal glucose transport is diminished in lung but spared in brain. Pediatr Res 1992, 31:59.
104. Maritz GS, et al: Altered lung structure persists until maturity following fetal growth restriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (in press).
105. Nardell EA, Brody JS Determinants of mechanical properties of rat lung during postnatal development. J Appl Physiol 1982, 53:140.
106. Shibahara S, et al. Modulation of tropoelastin production and elastin messenger ribonucleic acid activity in developing sheep lung. Biochemistry 1981, 20:6577.
107. Pierce RA, et al. Elastin in lung development and disease. Ciba Found Symp 1995, 192:199.
108. Pierce RA, et al. Glucocorticoids upregulate tropoelastin expression during late stages of fetal lung development. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:L491.
109. Mecham RP Elastic fibers. The Lung: Scientific Foundations 1997, 729. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 2nd ed. R.G. Crystal (Ed.).
110. Matsui R, et al. Connective tissue, mechanical, and morphometric changes in the lungs of weanling rats fed a low protein diet. Pediatr Pulmonol 1989, 7:L159.
111. Desai R, et al. Assessment of elastin maturation by radioimmunoassay of desmosine in the developing human lung. Early Hum Dev 1988, 16:61.
112. Joyce BJ, et al. Tropoelastin expression and elastin content in fetal and postnatal lung following intra-uterine growth restriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 164:A642.
113. Dwyer CM, Stickland NC The effects of maternal undernutrition on maternal and fetal serum insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones and cortisol in the guinea pig. J Dev Physiol 1992, 18:303.
114. Willet KE, et al. Lung morphometry and collagen and elastin content: changes during normal development and after prenatal hormone exposure in sheep. Pediatr Res 1999, 45:615.
115. Berk JL, et al. Hypoxia downregulates tropoelastin gene expression in rat lung fibroblasts by pretranslational mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:L566.
116. Stenmark KR, et al. Cellular adaptation during chronic neonatal hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol 1991, 261:97.
117. Brody JS, et al. Lung lysyl oxidase activity: relation to lung growth. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979, 120:L1289.
118. Brody JS, Vaccaro C Postnatal formation of alveoli: interstitial events and physiologic consequences. Fed Proc 1979, 38:215.
119. Sekhon HS, Thurlbeck WM Lung growth in hypobaric normoxia, normo-baric hypoxia, and hypobaric hypoxia in growing rats. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:L124.
120. Chambers RC, Laurent GJ The lung. Extracellular Matrix 1996, 378. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. W.D. Comper (Ed.).
121. Berg RA, Kerr JS Nutritional aspects of collagen metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1992, 12:369.
122. Myers BA, et al. Protein deficiency: effects on lung mechanics and the accumulation of collagen and elastin in rat lung. J Nutr 1983, 113:2308.
123. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O Structure, strength, failure, and remodeling of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier. Annu Rev Physiol 1999, 61:543.
124. Zhao L, et al. Effect of hypoxia on proliferation and alpha 1(I) procollagen gene expression by human fetal lung fibroblasts. Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Yuan Hsueh Pao 1998, 20:109.
125. Humphries DE, et al. Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on proteoglycan by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 1986, 126:249.
126. Figueroa JE, et al. Effect of hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation on proteoglycan metabolism by vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1999, 143:135.
127. Faridy EE Effect of maternal malnutrition on surface activity of fetal lungs in rats. J Appl Physiol 1975, 39:535.
128. Curle DC, Adamson IY Retarded development of neonatal rat lung by maternal malnutrition. J Histochem Cytochem 1978, 26:401.
129. Gagnon R, et al. Changes in surfactant-associated protein mRNA profile in growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:L459.
130. Cock ML, et al. Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on lung liquid dynamics and lung development in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 184:209.
131. Chytil F Retinoids in lung development. FASEB J 1996, 10:986.
132. Zachman RD Role of vitamin A in lung development. J Nutr 1995, 125:1634S.
133. Chailley-Heu B, et al. Mild vitamin A deficiency delays fetal lung maturation in the rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999, 21:89.
134. McGowan SE, et al. Endogenous retinoids increase perinatal elastin gene expression in rat lung fibroblasts and fetal explants. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:L410.
135. Antipatis C, et al. Effects of maternal vitamin A status on fetal heart and lung: changes in expression of key developmental genes. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:L1184.
136. Massaro GD, Massaro D Postnatal treatment with retinoic acid increases the number of pulmonary alveoli in rats. Am J Physiol 1996, 270:L305.
137. Massaro GD, Massaro D Retinoic acid treatment partially rescues failed septation in rats and mice. Am J Physiol 2000, 278:L955.
138. Marin L, et al. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates phospholipid biosynthesis and surfactant release in fetal rat lung explants. Biol Neonate 1990, 57:257.
139. Marin L, et al. Maturational changes induced by 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in type II cells from fetal rat lung explants. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:L45.
140. Kim HY, et al. The role of selenium nutrition in the development of neonatal rat lung. Pediatr Res 1991, 29:440.
141. Bealer JF, et al. The "PLUG" odyssey: adventures in experimental fetal tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:361.
142. Hedrick MH, et al. Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): a new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:612.
143. Kitano Y, et al. Fetal tracheal occlusion in the rat model of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:769.
144. Davey MG, et al. Respiratory function in lambs after in utero treatment of lung hypoplasia by tracheal obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:2296.
145. Flake AW, et al. Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: clinical experience with fifteen cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 183:1059.
146. Graf JL, et al. Fetal hydrops after in utero tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:214.
147. Harrison MR, et al. Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion by means of detachable balloon for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 185:730.
148. Vanderwall KJ, et al. Fetando-Clip: a fetal endoscopic tracheal clip procedure in a human fetus. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:970.
149. Bin SW, et al. The effects of tracheal occlusion and release on type II pneumocytes in fetal lambs. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:834.
150. Piedboeuf B, et al. Deleterious effect of tracheal obstruction on type 2 pneumocytes in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 1997, 41:473.
151. Lines A, et al. Alterations in lung expansion affect surfactant protein A, B and C mRNA levels in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:L239.
152. Saddiq WB, et al. The effects of tracheal occlusion and release on type-II pneumocytes in fetal lambs. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:834.
153. Lines A, et al. Re-expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins following tracheal obstruction in fetal sheep. Exp Physiol 2001, 86:55.
154. Flake AW, et al. Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: clinical experience with fifteen cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 183:1059.
155. Zhang S, et al. Strain-induced growth of the immature lung. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81:1471.
156. Rannels DE Role of physical forces in compensatory growth of the lung. Am J Physiol 1989, 257:L179.