An introduction to dynamic meteorology: Fifth edition

An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: Fifth Edition

Volumn 9780123848666, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-532

  Holton, James R ^a   Hakim, Gregory J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911145548     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0-63394-8     Document Type: Book

References (179)

1. Complete reference information is provided in the Bibliography at the end of the book.
2. Curry and Webster, Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, contains a more advanced discussion of atmospheric statistics.
3. Durran (1993) discusses the constant angular momentum oscillation in detail.
4. Wallace and Hobbs, Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, discuss much of the material in this chapter at an elementary level.
5. Curry and Webster's Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans contains an excellent treatment of atmospheric thermodynamics.
6. Pedlosky, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, discusses the equations of motion for a rotating coordinate system and has a thorough discussion of scale analysis at a graduate level.
7. Salby's Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics contains a thorough development of the basic conservation laws at the graduate level.
8. Acheson, Elementary Fluid Dynamics, provides a good introduction to vorticity at a graduate level.
9. Hoskins et al. provide an advanced discussion of Ertel potential vorticity and its uses in diagnosis and prediction of synoptic-scale disturbances.
10. Pedlosky, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, provides a thorough treatment of circulation, vorticity, and potential vorticity in Chapter 2.
11. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, discusses vorticity and potential vorticity in Chapter 4.
12. Williams and Elder, Fluid Physics for Oceanographers and Physicists, provides an introduction to vorticity dynamics at an elementary level. This book also provides a good general introduction to fluid dynamics.
13. Chapman and Lindzen, Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational, is the classic reference on both observational and theoretical aspects of tides, a class of atmospheric motions for which the linear perturbations method has proved to be particularly successful.
14. Gill, Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, has a very complete treatment of gravity, inertia-gravity, and Rossby waves, with particular emphasis on observed oscillations in the oceans.
15. Hildebrand, Advanced Calculus for Applications, is one of many standard textbooks that discuss the mathematical techniques used in this chapter, including the representation of functions in Fourier series and the general properties of the wave equation.
16. Nappo, An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves, is an excellent introduction to the theory and observation of gravity waves in the atmosphere.
17. Scorer, Natural Aerodynamics, contains an excellent qualitative discussion on many aspects of waves generated by barriers such as lee waves.
18. Blackburn, Interpretation of Ageostrophic Winds and Implications for Jetstream Maintenance, discusses the differences between variable f(VF) and constant f(CF) ageostrophic motion.
19. Bluestein, Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes, Vol. II, has a comprehensive treatment of midlatitude synoptic disturbances at the graduate level.
20. Cunningham and Keyser (2006) provide the theoretical basis for understanding jet streaks from a PV perspective.
21. Durran and Snellman (1987) illustrate the application of both traditional and Q-vector forms of the omega equation in diagnosing the vertical motion of an observed system.
22. Hakim, Cyclogenesis in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences.
23. Lackmann, Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology: Dynamics, Analysis, and Forecasting, applies the quasi-geostrophic equations to the problem of weather analysis and forecasting.
24. Martin, Mid-Latitude Atmospheric Dynamics: A First Course, covers similar material as in this chapter, with an emphasis on the development of extratropical cyclones.
25. Pedlosky, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd Edition, presents a detailed formal derivation of the quasi-geostrophic system with applications to both the atmosphere and the oceans.
26. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, presents a comprehensive treatment of the dynamics of both the atmosphere and ocean, including the quasi-geostrophic equations.
27. Wallace and Hobbs, Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, has an excellent introductory-level description of the observed structure and evolution of midlatitude synoptic-scale disturbances.
28. Charney (1947) is the classic paper on baroclinic instability. The mathematical level is advanced, but Charney's paper contains an excellent qualitative summary of the main results that is very readable.
29. Hoskins, McIntyre, and Robertson (1985) discuss cyclogenesis and baroclinic instability from a potential vorticity perspective.
30. Pedlosky, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (2nd ed.), contains a thorough treatment of normal mode baroclinic instability at a mathematically advanced level.
31. Pierrehumbert and Swanson (1995) review numerous aspects of baroclinic instability, including spatiotemporal development.
32. Vallis, Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, covers topics in baroclinic instability similar to those considered here.
33. Arya, Introduction to Micrometeorology, gives an excellent introduction to boundary layer dynamics and turbulence at the beginning undergraduate level.
34. Garratt, The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, is an excellent graduate-level introduction to the physics of the atmospheric boundary layer.
35. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, provides a comprehensive and very nicely illustrated treatment of all aspects of the subject at the beginning graduate level.
36. Durran (1990) reviews the dynamics of mountain waves and downslope windstorms.
37. Eliassen (1990) discusses the secondary circulation within frontal zones.
38. Emanuel's Atmospheric Convection is a graduate-level text covering the subject of convection, including symmetric instability, in great detail.
39. Emanuel (2000) provides a qualitative explanation of the WISHE theory for hurricane development.
40. Keppert and Wang (2001) discuss the importance of vertical advection in generating supergradient winds in tropical cyclone boundary layers.
41. Hoskins (1982) discusses the semigeostrophic theory of frontogenesis and summarizes results from numerical models.
42. Houze's Cloud Dynamics discusses convective storms at the graduate level.
43. Klemp (1987) describes the dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms.
44. James, Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres, provides an excellent introduction to observational and theoretical aspects of the global general circulation.
45. Lorenz, The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere, although somewhat out of date, contains an excellent survey of the subject, including observational and theoretical aspects.
46. Randall (ed.), General Circulation Model Development, contains articles describing all aspects of general circulation modeling.
47. Schneider (2006) provides a modern review of the general circulation.
48. Washington and Parkinson, An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling, provide an excellent text, which covers the physical basis and computational aspects of general circulation modeling.
49. Philander, El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, is a well-written text that covers the dynamics of both atmospheric and oceanographic aspects of ENSO at an advanced level.
50. Trenberth, 1991 is an excellent review article on ENSO.
51. Wallace, 1971 is a detailed review of the structure of synoptic-scale tropospheric wave disturbances in the equatorial Pacific.
52. Webster and Fasullo, 2003 present an excellent review of the structure and dynamics of tropical monsoons.
53. Andrews, Holton, and Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics present a graduate-level treatment of the dynamics of the stratosphere and mesosphere.
54. Brasseur and Solomon's Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere has an excellent discussion of the chemistry of the stratosphere at an advanced level.
55. Durran, Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, is an excellent graduate-level textbook covering the numerical methods used in the atmospheric sciences.
56. Kalnay, Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and Predictability, is an excellent graduate-level text on all aspects of modern numerical weather forecasting.
57. Acheson D.J. Elementary Fluid Dynamics 1990, Oxford University Press, New York.
58. Andrews D.G., Holton J.R., Leovy C.B. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics 1987, Academic Press, Orlando.
59. Andrews D.G., McIntyre M.E. Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: the generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration. J. Atmos. Sci. 1976, 33:2031-2048.
60. Arakawa A., Schubert W. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci. 1974, 31:674-701.
61. Arya S.P. Introduction to Micrometeorology 2001, Academic Press, Orlando. second ed.
62. Baer F. An alternate scale representation of atmospheric energy spectra. J. Atmos. Sci. 1972, 29:649-664.
63. Battisti D.S., Sarachik E.S., Hirst A.C. A consistent model for the large-scale steady surface atmospheric circulation in the tropics. J. Climate 1992, 12:2956-2964.
64. Blackburn M. Interpretation of ageostrophic winds and implications for jet stream maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci. 1985, 42:2604-2620.
65. Blackmon M.L., Wallace J.M., Lau N.-C., Mullen S.L. An observational study of the northern hemisphere wintertime circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 1977, 34:1040-1053.
66. Bluestein H. Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes 1993, Vol. II. Oxford University Press, New York.
67. Bourne D.E., Kendall P.C. Vector Analysis 1968, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
68. Brasseur G., Solomon S. Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere 1986, Reidel, Norwell, MA. second ed.
69. Brown R.A. A secondary flow model for the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 1970, 27:742-757.
70. Brown R.A. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere 1991, Academic Press, Orlando.
71. Chang C.P. Westward propagating cloud patterns in the Tropical Pacific as seen from time-composite satellite photographs. J. Atmos. Sci. 1970, 27:133-138.
72. Chang E.K.M. Downstream development of baroclinic waves as inferred from regression analysis. J. Atmos. Sci. 1993, 50:2038-2053.
73. Chapman S., Lindzen R.S. Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational 1970, Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland.
74. Charney J.G. The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current. J. Meteor. 1947, 4:135-163.
75. Charney J.G. On the scale of atmospheric motions. Geofys. Publ. 1948, 17(2):1-17.
76. Charney J.G., DeVore J.G. Multiple flow equilibria in the atmosphere and blocking. J. Atmos. Sci. 1979, 36:1205-1216.
77. Charney J.G., Eliassen A. A numerical method for predicting the perturbations of the middle latitude westerlies. Tellus 1949, 1(2):38-54.
78. Cunningham P., Keyser D. Dynamics of jet streaks in a stratified quasi-geostrophic atmosphere: steady-state representations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 2006, 130A:1579-1609.
79. Curry J.A., Webster P.J. Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 1999, Academic Press, San Diego.
80. Dai A., Wigley T.M.L., Boville B.A., Kiehl J.T., Buja L.E. Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR climate system model. Climate 2001, 14:485-519.
81. Dunkerton T.J. Middle atmosphere: quasi-biennial oscillation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences 2003, Academic Press, London. J.R. Holton, J.A. Curry, J.A. Pyle (Eds.).
82. Durran D.R. Mountain waves and downslope winds. Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain 1990, 59-82. American Meteorological Society. W. Blumen (Ed.).
83. Durran D.R. Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation?. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1993, 74(11):2179-2184.
84. Durran D.R. Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 1999, Springer, New York.
85. Durran D.R., Snellman L.W. The diagnosis of synoptic-scale vertical motion in an operational environment. Weather Forecasting 1987, 1:17-31.
86. Eady E.T. Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus 1949, 1(3):33-52.
87. Eliassen A. Transverse circulations in frontal zones. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume 1990, 155-164. American Meteorological Society, Boston. C.W. Newton, E.O. Holopainen (Eds.).
88. Emanuel K.A. Toward a general theory of hurricanes. Am. Sci. 1988, 76:370-379.
89. Emanuel K.A. Atmospheric Convection 1994, Oxford University Press, New York.
90. Emanuel K.A. Quasi-equilibrium thinking. General Circulation Model Development 2000, 225-255. Academic Press, New York. D.A. Randall (Ed.).
91. Fleming E.L., Chandra S., Barnett J.J., Corey M. Zonal mean temperature, pressure, zonal wind and geopotential height as functions of latitude. Adv. Space Res. 1990, 10(12):11-59.
92. Garratt J.R. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Gill A.E. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics 1982, Academic Press, New York.
94. Hakim G.J. Role of nonmodal growth and nonlinearity in cyclogenesis initial-value problems. J. Atmos. Sci. 2000, 57:2951-2967.
95. Hakim G.J. Cyclogenesis. Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Sciences 2002, Elsevier, Boston.
96. Hamill T.M. Ensemble-based atmospheric data assimilation. Predictability of Weather and Climate 2006, 124-156. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. T. Palmer, R. Hagedorn (Eds.).
97. Held I.M. Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere: theory. Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere 1983, 127-168. Academic Press, New York. B.J. Hoskins, R. Pearce (Eds.).
98. Hess S.L. Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology 1959, Holt, New York.
99. Hide R. On the dynamics of rotating fluids and related topics in geophysical fluid mechanics. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1966, 47:873-885.
100. Hildebrand F.B. Advanced Calculus for Applications 1976, Prentice Hall, New York. second ed.
101. Holton J.R. Meridional distribution of stratospheric trace constituents. J. Atmos. Sci. 1986, 43:1238-1242.
102. Holton J.R., Haynes P.H., McIntyre M.E., Douglass A.R., Rood R.B., Pfister L. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys. 1995, 33:403-439.
103. Horel J.D., Wallace J.M. Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the southern oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1981, 109:813-829.
104. Hoskins B.J. The geostrophic momentum approximation and the semi-geostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci. 1975, 32:233-242.
105. Hoskins B.J. The mathematical theory of frontogenesis. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1982, 14:131-151.
106. Hoskins B.J. Dynamical processes in the atmosphere and the use of models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 1983, 109:1-21.
107. Hoskins B.J., Bretherton F.P. Atmospheric frontogenesis models: mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci. 1972, 29:11-37.
108. Hoskins B.J., McIntyre M.E., Robertson A.W. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1985, 111:877-946.
109. Houze R.A. Cloud Dynamics 1993, Academic Press, San Diego.
110. James I.N. Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
111. Kalnay E. Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and Predictability 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
112. Kepert J.D., Wang Y. The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. Part II: Nonlinear enhancement. J. Atmos. Sci. 2001, 58:2485-2501.
113. Klemp J.B. Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1987, 19:369-402.
114. Lackmann G. Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology: Dynamics, Analysis, and Forecasting 2012, American Meteorological Society, Boston.
115. Lim G.H., Holton J.R., Wallace J.M. The structure of the ageostrophic wind field in baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 1991, 48:1733-1745.
116. Lindzen R.S., Batten E.S., Kim J.W. Oscillations in atmospheres with tops. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1968, 96:133-140.
117. Lorenz E.N. Energy and numerical weather prediction. Tellus 1960, 12:364-373.
118. Lorenz E.N. The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere 1967, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
119. Lorenz E.N. Some aspects of atmospheric predictability. Problems and Prospects in Long and Medium Range Weather Forecasting 1984, 1-20. Springer-Verlag, New York. D.M. Burridge, E. Källén (Eds.).
120. Madden R.A. Intraseasonal oscillation (Madden-Julian oscillation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences 2003, 2334-2338. Academic Press, London. J.R. Holton, J.A. Curry, J.A. Pyle (Eds.).
121. Madden R.A., Julian P.R. Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. Atmos. Sci. 1972, 29:1109-1123.
122. Martin J.E. Mid-Latitude Atmospheric Dynamics 2006, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
123. Matsuno T. Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 1966, 44:25-43.
124. Nappo C.J. An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves 2002, Academic Press, San Diego.
125. Naujokat B. An update of the observed quasi-biennial oscillation of the stratospheric winds over the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci. 1986, 43:1873-1877.
126. Norton W.A. Middle atmosphere: transport circulation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences 2003, 1353-1358. Academic Press, London. J.R. Holton, J.A. Curry, J.A. Pyle (Eds.).
127. Oort, A.H., 1983. Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1958-1973. NOAA Professional Paper 14, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
128. Oort A.H., Peixoto J.P. The annual cycle of the of the atmosphere on a planetary scale. J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79:2705-2719.
129. Oort A.H., Peixoto J.P. Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements from observations. Adv. Geophys. 1983, 25:355-490.
130. Ooyama K. Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci. 1969, 26:3-40.
131. Palmén E., Newton C.W. Atmospheric Circulation Systems 1969, Academic Press, London.
132. Palmer T.N. Extended-range atmospheric prediction and the Lorenz model. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 1993, 74:49-65.
133. Panofsky H.A., Dutton J.A. Atmospheric Turbulence 1984, Wiley, New York.
134. Pedlosky J. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 1987, Springer-Verlag, New York. second ed.
135. Philander S.G. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation 1990, Academic Press, New York.
136. Phillips N.A. The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1956, 82:123-164.
137. Phillips N.A. Geostrophic motion. Rev. Geophys. 1963, 1:123-176.
138. Pierrehumbert R.T., Swanson K.L. Baroclinic instability. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1995, 27:419-467.
139. Plumb R.A. The circulation of the middle atmosphere. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 1982, 30:107-121.
140. Randall D.A. General Circulation Model Development 2000, Academic Press, San Diego.
141. Reed R.J., Norquist D.C., Recker E.E. The structure and properties of African wave disturbances as observed during Phase III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1977, 105:317-333.
142. Richardson, L.F., 1922. Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge University Press (reprinted by Dover, 1965).
143. Richtmyer R.D., Morton K.W. Difference Methods for Initial Value Problems 1967, Wiley (Interscience), New York. second ed.
144. Riehl H., Malkus J.S. On the heat balance of the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica 1958, 6:503-538.
145. Roe G.H., Baker M.B. Why is climate sensitivity so unpredictable?. Science 2007, 318:629-632.
146. Salby M.L. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics 1996, Academic Press, San Diego.
147. Salby M.L., Hendon H.H., Woodberry K., Tanaka K. Analysis of global cloud imagery from multiple satellites. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1991, 72:467-480.
148. Sanders F., Hoskins B.J. An easy method for estimation of Q-vectors from weather maps. Wea. Forecasting 1990, 5:346-353.
149. Sawyer J.S. The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 1956, 234:346-362.
150. Schneider T. The general circulation of the atmosphere. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2006, 34:655-688.
151. Schubert, S., Park, C.-K., Higgins, W., Moorthi, S., Suarez, M., 1990. An atlas of ECMWF analyses (1980-1987) Part I - First moment quantities. NASA Technical Memorandum 100747.
152. Scorer R.S. Natural Aerodynamics 1958, Pergamon Press, New York.
153. Shine K.P. The middle atmosphere in the absence of dynamical heat fluxes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 1987, 113:603-633.
154. Simmons A.J., Bengtsson L. Atmospheric general circulation models: their design and use for climate studies. The Global Climate 1984, 37-62. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. J.T. Houghton (Ed.).
155. Simmons A.J., Burridge D.M., Jarraud M., Girard C., Wergen W. The ECMWF medium-range prediction models: Development of the numerical formulations and the impact of increased resolution. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 1989, 40:28-60.
156. Simmons A.J., Hollingsworth A. Some aspects of the improvement in skill of numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2002, 128:647-678.
157. Sinclair P.C. On the rotation of dust devils. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1965, 46:388-391.
158. Smagorinsky J. The role of numerical modeling. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1967, 46:89-93.
159. Smith R.B. The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Adv. Geophys. 1979, 21:87-230.
160. Stevens D.E., Lindzen R.S. Tropical wave-CISK with a moisture budget and cumulus friction. J. Atmos. Sci. 1978, 35:940-961.
161. Stull R.B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
162. Thompson D.W.J., Wallace J.M., Hegerl G.C. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II: Trends. J. Climate. 2000, 13:1018-1036.
163. Thorpe A.J., Bishop C.H. Potential vorticity and the electrostatics analogy: Ertel-Rossby formulation. Quarti. J. Ref. Meteorol. Soc. 1995, 121:1477-1495.
164. Trenberth K.E. General characteristics of El Niño-Southern Oscillation. ENSO Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies: Scientific Basis and Societal Impact 1991, 13-42. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M. Glantz, R. Katz, N. Nichols (Eds.).
165. Turner J.S. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids 1973, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
166. U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
167. Vallis G.K. Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation 2006, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
168. Wallace J.M. Spectral studies of tropospheric wave disturbances in the tropical Western Pacific. Rev. Geophys. 1971, 9:557-612.
169. Wallace J.M. General circulation: overview. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences 2003, 821-829. Academic Press, London. J.R. Holton, J.A. Curry, J.A. Pyle (Eds.).
170. Wallace J.M., Hobbs P.V. Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey 2006, Academic Press, New York. second ed.
171. Wallace J.M., Kousky V.E. Observational evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 1968, 25:900-907.
172. Warsh K.L., Echternacht K.L., Garstang M. Structure of near-surface currents east of Barbados. J. Phys. Oceanog. 1971, 1:123-129.
173. Washington W.M., Parkinson C.L. An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling 1986, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.
174. Webster P.J. The large-scale structure of the tropical atmosphere. Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere 1983, 235-275. Academic Press, New York. B.J. Hoskins, R. Pearc (Eds.).
175. Webster P.J., Chang H.R. Equatorial energy accumulation and emanation regions: impacts of a zonally varying basic state. J. Atmos. Sci. 1988, 45:803-829.
176. Webster P.J., Fasullo J. Monsoon: dynamical theory. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences 2003, 1370-1386. Academic Press, London. J.R. Holton, J.A. Curry, J.A. Pyle (Eds.).
177. Williams J., Elder S.A. Fluid Physics for Oceanographers and Physicists 1989, Pergamon Press, New York.
178. Williams, K.T., 1971: A statistical analysis of satellite-observed trade wind cloud clusters in the western North Pacific. Atmospheric Science Paper No. 161, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
179. Yanai M., Maruyama T. Stratospheric wave disturbances propagating over the equatorial Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn. 1966, 44:291-294.