The meaning of topic and focus: The 59th street bridge accent

The Meaning of Topic and Focus: The 59th Street Bridge Accent

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-204

  Büring, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911108260     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203448014     Document Type: Book

References (168)

1. Ackema, Peter and Schoorlemmer, Maaike (eds) (1993) Proceeding of the Workshop on the Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Focus, Utrecht: OTS (OTS Working Papers TL-93-012).
2. Altmann, Hans (ed.)(1988) Intonationsfbrschungen, Tübingen: Narr.
3. Aoun, Joseph and Yen-hui, Audrey Li (1993) Syntax of Scope, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Bach, Emmon (1962) ‘The Order of Elements in a Transformational Grammar of German’, Language 38: 263-9.
5. Barbiers, Sjef, den Dikken Marcel and Levelt, Claartje (eds) (1991) Proceeding of the 3rd Leuien Conference fir Junior Linguists, Leiden.
6. Bans, Andrew B. (1986) Chains and Anaphoric Dependencies, PhD dissertation, MIT.
7. Barwise, John and Cooper, Robin (1981) ‘Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language’, Linguistics and Philosophy 4: 159-219.
8. Beaver, David (1994) ‘Accommodating Topics’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & National Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 439-48.
9. Beck, Sigrid (1993) ‘Interventionseffekte für LF Bewegung’, Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereich 340 39, Tübingen.
10. Beckmann, Mary E. and Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1986) ‘Intonational structure in Japanese and English’, in C. J. Ewen and J. M. Anderson (eds) Phonology Yearbooks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 255-309.
11. Bene S E. (1973) ‘Thema-Rhema-Gliederung und Textlinguistik’, in H. Sitta and K. von Brinker (eds) Studien zur Texttheorie und zur deutschen Grammatik, Düsseldorf: Schwann, 42-62.
12. den Besten, Hans (1984) ‘The Ergative Hypothesis and Free Word Order in Dutch and German’, in Jindrich Toman (ed.) Studies in German Grammar, Dordrecht: Foris, 23-64.
13. Bierwisch, Manfred (1963) Grammatik des deutschen Verbs, Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
14. Bolinger, Dwight (1958) ‘A Theory of pitch accent in English’, Word 14 (2, 3): 109-49.
15. Bolinger, Dwight (1965) Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order, edited by I. Abe and T. Kenekiyo, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Bosch, Peter and van der Sandt Rob (eds) (1994) Focus & Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM.
17. Brennan, Virginia (1995) ‘Questions in Discourse’, paper presented at the West Coast Conference in Formal Linguistics 14, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
18. Büring, Daniel (1993) ‘Interacting Modules, Word Formation, and the Lexicon in Generative Grammar’, Arbeitspapiere des Sonder for schungesbereich 282 50, Düsseldorf and Wuppertal.
19. Büring, Daniel (1994) ‘Topic’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & National Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 271-80.
20. Büring, Daniel (1994a) ‘The Interaction of Focus, Phrase Structure, and Quantification’, in C. Giordano and D. Ardron (eds) Proceedings of the Student Conference in Linguistics 6 (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 23), Boston, MA: MIT, 75-94.
21. Büring, Daniel (1994b) ‘Mittelfeldreport V’ in B. Haftka (ed.) Was determiniert die Wortstellungsvariation. Akten der AG 5 der DGJS Jahrestagung 1993, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 79-96 (DGfS=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft).
22. Büring, Daniel (1995) ‘Stacked [F]s and the Problem of Focus Projection, unpublished ms.
23. Büring, Daniel (1996) ‘A Weak Theory of Strong Readings’, in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory VI, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Linguistic Publications.
24. Büring, Daniel and Hartmann, Katharina (1994/forthcoming) ‘Doing the Right Thing - Extraposition as a Movement Rule’, Sprachwissenschaft in Frankfurt 13 (abridged and revised version to appear in the Linguistic Review).
25. Büring, Daniel and Hartmann, Katharina (1995) ‘Is it [only Rock’n Roll] or Just Like It?,’ in José Camacho, Lina Choueiri and Maki Watanabe (eds) Proceedings of the Fourteenth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language in Information Publications, 63-77.
26. Carden, Guy (1970) ‘A Note on Conflicting Idiolects’, Linguistic Inquiry 1 (3): 281-90.
27. Carlson, Lauri (1983) Dialog Games - An Approach to Discourse Analysis, Dordrecht: Reidel.
28. Chierchia, Gennaro (1995) Dynamics of Meaning, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Chomsky, Noam (1971) ‘Deep Structure, Surface Structure, and Semantic Interpretation’, in D. Steinberg and L. Jacobovits (eds) Semantics-An Interdisciplinary Reader, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 193-216.
30. Chomsky, Noam (1991) ‘Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation’, in Robert Freidin (ed.) Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 417-54.
31. Chomsky, Noam (1993) ‘A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory’, in Ken Hale and Jay Keyser (eds) A View from Building Twenty, Cambridge, MA; MIT Press, 1-52.
32. Cinque, Guglielmo (1991) Types of A'-Dependencies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
33. Cresswell, MaxJ. (1973) Lopes and Languages, London: Methuen.
34. Cresti, Diana (1995) ‘Extraction and Reconstruction’, Natural Language Semantics 3: 79-122.
35. Culicover, Peter W. (1993) ‘Focus and Grammar’, in P. Ackema and M. Schoorlem- mer (eds), Proceedings of the Workshop on the Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Focus, Utrecht: OTS, 1-19.
36. Culicover, Peter and Rochemont, Michael (1983) ‘Stress and Focus in English’, Language 59, 123-65.
37. Cutler, Anne (1977) ‘The Context Dependence of “Intonational Meanings’”, Chicago Linguistic Society 13, 104-15.
38. Dahl, Osten (1974) ‘Topic-Comment Structure Revisited’, in Ö. Dahl (ed.) Topic and Comment, Contextual Boundedness and Focus, Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 1-24.
39. Dekker, Paul (1993) Transsen ten tial Mediations - Ups and Downs in Dynamic Semantics, PhD dissertation, Amsterdam.
40. Diesing, Molly (1992) Indefinites, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41. Drubig, Ham Bernhard (1994) ‘Island Constraints and the Syntactic Nature of Focus and Association with Focus’, Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereich 340 51, Tubingen.
42. Eckardt, Regine (1993) ‘Adverbialsemantik und Fokusse, und wieso sie nicht zu trennen sind’, unpublished ms., Stuttgart University.
43. Eckardt, Regine (1994) ‘Adverbs in Focus’, unpublished ms., Stuttgart University.
44. Eckardt, Regine (1994a) ‘Focus wich Nominal Quantifiers’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 281-90.
45. Fanselow, Gisbert (1990) ‘Scrambling as A-Movement’, in G. Grewendorf and W. Sternefeld (eds), Scrambling and Barriers, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 113-40.
46. Fernando, Tim and Kamp, Hans (1995) ‘Expecting Many’, talk presented at SALT VI, Rutgers University.
47. Fdry, Caroline (1993) German Intonational Patterns, Tubingen: Niemeyer.
48. von Fintel, Kai (1994) Restrictions on Quantifier Domains, PhD Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
49. Frey, Werner (1993) Syntaktische Bedingungen fur die semantische Interpretation (studia grammatica xxxv), Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
50. Frey, Werner and Tappe, Hans Thilo (1991) ‘Zur Interpretation der X'-Theorie und zur Syntax des Mittelfelds. Grundlagen eines GB Fragments’, unpublished ms., Stuttgart.
51. Fukui, N. and Speas, Margret (1986) ‘Specifiers and Projections’, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 8, Cambridge, MA.
52. Geilfuß, Jochen (1993) ‘Nominal Quantifiers and Association with Focus’, in P. Ackema and M. Schoorlemmer (eds), Proceedings of the Workshop on the Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Focus, Utrecht: OTS, 33-41.
53. Geilfuß, Jochen (1994) ‘On Why Questions and Focus’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus dr Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 301-10.
54. Grewendorf, Günther and Sternefeld, Wolfgang (eds) (1990) Scrambling and Barriers, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
55. Gundel, Janet K. (1988) ‘Universals of Topic-Comment Structure’, in M. Hammond, E. Moravcsik and P. Wirth (eds), Studies in Syntactic Typology, Amsterdam: Banjamins, 209-44.
56. Gundel, Janet K. (1994) ‘On Different Kinds of Focus’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 457-66.
57. Gussenhoven, Carlos (1983) ‘Focus, Mode, and the Nucleus’, Journal of Linguistics 19: 377-417.
58. Halliday, M. A. K. (1967) ‘Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English, Part II’, Journal of Linguistics 3, 199-244.
59. Halliday, M. A. K (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Arnold.
60. Hammond, M., Moravcsik, E. and Wirth, P. (eds) (1988) Studies in Syntactic Typology, Amsterdam: Benjamins.
61. Heim, Irene (1982) The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases, PhD Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
62. Heim, Irene and Kratzer, Angelika (1992) ‘Introduction to Semantics’, unpublished lecture notes, MIT and University of Massachusetts.
63. Herburger, Elena (1993) ‘Focus and the LF of NP Quantification’, in U. Lahiri and A. Wyner (eds) Proceeding of SALT III, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 77-96.
64. Higginbotham, James (1987) ‘Indefiniteness and Predication’, in E. J. Reuland and A. G. B. ter Meulen (eds) The Representation of (In)definiteness, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 43-70.
65. Höhle, Tilman N. (1991) ‘On Reconstruction and Coordination’, in H. Haider and K. Netter (eds) Representation and Derivation in the Theory of Grammar (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22), Dordrecht: Kluwer, 139-97.
66. de Hoop Helen, (1992) Case Configuration and Noun Phrase Interpretation, PhD dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
67. de Hoop, Helen (1995) ‘Only a Matter of Context?’ unpublished ms., Groningen.
68. de Hoop, Helen and Soli, Jaume (1995) ‘Determiners, Context Sets, and Focus’, paper presented at the West Coast Conference in Formal Linguistics 14, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
69. Horn, Laurence R. (1972) On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English, PhD dissertation, UCLA.
70. Horn, Laurence R. (1989) A Natural History of Negation, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
71. Jackendoff, Ray (1972) Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
72. Jacobs, Joachim (1982) Syntax und Semantik der Negation im Deutschen, Munich: Fink.
73. Jacobs, Joachim (1983) Fokus und Skalen, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
74. Jacobs, Joachim (1984) ‘Funktionale Satzperspektive und Illokutionssemantik’, Linguistische Berichte 91: 25-58.
75. Jacobs, Joachim (1988) ‘Fokus-Hintergrund Gliederung und Grammatik’, in H. Altmann (ed.), Intonationsforschungen, Tübingen, Narr, 89-134.
76. Jacobs, Joachim (1991) ‘Implikaturen und “alte Information” in W-Fragen’, in Marga Reis and I. Rosengren (eds) Fragen und Fragesätze, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
77. Jacobs, Joachim (ed.) (1991/2) Infbrmationsstruktur und Grammatik, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 4, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
78. Jacobs, Joachim (1991/2) ‘Einleitung’, in Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur und Grammatik, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 4, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 7-16.
79. Jacobs, Joachim (199l/2a) ‘Neutral Stress and the Position of Heads’, in Jacobs (ed.) Informationsstruktur und Grammatik, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 4, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 220-44.
80. Jacobs, Joachim, Stechow, Arnin von, Sternefeld, Wolfgang and Vennemann, Theo (1993) (eds) Handbuch Syntax, Berlin: De Gruyter.
81. Jacobson, Pauline (1994) ‘Binding Connectivity in Copular Sentences’, in M. Harvey and L. Santelmann (eds.) Proceedings of SALT IV, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 161-78.
82. Jäger, Gerhard (1992) Diskurs-Verknüpfung und der Stadien-/Individuen Kontrast, MA thesis, Leipzig.
83. Jäger, Gerhard (1994) ‘Topic, Scrambling and Aktionsart’, in Proceedings of CONSOLE, Venice.
84. Jäger, Gerhard (1994a) ‘Topic, Focus and Weak Quantifiers’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 343-52.
85. Jespersen, Otto (1917) Negation in English and Other Languages, Copenhagen: A.F. Hast.
86. Kayne, Richard (1994) The Antisymmetry of Syntax, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. Keenan, E. and Stavi, J. (1986) ‘A Semantic Characterization of Natural Language Determiners’, Linguistics and Philosophy 9, 253-326.
88. Kim, Jong-Bok and Sag, Ivan (1995) ‘Parametric Differences between English and French Negation. A Non-Derivational Approach’, paper presented at West Coast Conference in Formal Linguistics 14, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
89. Kitagawa, Y. (1986) Subjects in Japanese and English, PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
90. Klein, Ewan H. and Sag, Ivan A. (1982) ‘Semantic Type and Control’, in M. Barlow, D. P. Flickinger and I. A. Sag (eds) Developments in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Stanford Working Papers in Grammatical Theory 2, distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club (Bloomington), 1-25
91. Klein, Ewan H. and Sag, Ivan A. (1985) ‘Type-Driven Translation’, Linguistics & Philosophy 8: 163-201.
92. Klein, Ulrich (1992) Fokus und Akzent, Hürth: Gabel.
93. Kohlhof, Inga (1994) ‘Diskurskohärenz und Akzentuierung bei adnominaler Quantifikation im Deutschen’, Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereich 340 46, Tübingen and Stuttgart.
94. Krifka, Manfred (1991/2) ‘A Compositional Semantics for Multiple Focus Constructions’, in Jacobs, Joachim (ed.), Informations struktur und Grammati Ut, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 4, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 17-53.
95. Krifka, Manfred (1992) ‘Focus, Quantification and Dynamic Interpretation’, unpublished ms., University of Texas at Austin.
96. Krifka, Manfred (1992a) ‘On the Representation of Generic Sentences’, unpublished ms., University of Texas at Austin.
97. Krifka, Manfred (1994) ‘Focus and Operator Scope in German’, unpublished ms., University of Texas at Austin.
98. Ladd, D. Robert (1980) The Structure of Intonational Meaning, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
99. Lakof F, George (1971) ‘Presupposition and Relative Well-formedness’, in D. Steinberg and L. Jacobovits (eds) Semantics-An Interdisciplinary Reader, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 329-40.
100. Lambrecht, Knud (1994) Information Structure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Lasnik, Howard and Saito, Mamoru (1992) Move a, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
102. Lenerz, Jürgen (1977) Zur Abfolge nominaler Satzglieder im Deutschen, Tübingen: Narr.
103. Lenerz, Jürgen (1992) ‘Zur Syntax der Pronomina im Deutschen’, Arbeitsberichte Sprache und Pragmatik 29, Lund.
104. Liberman, Mark Y. and Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1984) ‘Intonational Invariance under Changes in Pitch Range and Length’, in M. Aronoff and R. T. Oehrle (eds) Language Sound Structure, Cambridge, MA; MIT Press, 157-233.
105. Liberman, Mark Y. and Ivan Sag (1975) ‘Prosodic Form and Discourse Function’, Chicago Linguistic Society 10: 416-27.
106. Löbner, Sebastian (1990) Wahr neben Falsch, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
107. Mahajan, Anoop (1990) The AjA-bar Distinction and Movement Theory, PhD dissertation, MIT.
108. May, Robert (1985) Logical Form, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
109. Meinunger, André (1994) Focus Relations and Weak Islands, ms., Berlin.
110. Milsark, Gary (1974) Existential Sentences in English, PhD dissertation, MIT.
111. Molnâr, Valéria (1991) Das TOPIK im Deutschen und im Ungarischen (Lunder germanistische Forschungen 58), Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
112. Montague, Richard (1970) ‘English as a Formal Language’, in Richard Thomason (ed.) (1974) Formal Philosophy. Selected Papers by Richard Montague, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 188-221.
113. Müller, Gereon (1991) ‘In Support of Dative Movement’, in S. Barbiers, M. Dikken and C. Levelt (eds), Proceedings of LCJL 3, Leiden, 201-18.
114. Müller, Gereon (1993) On Deriving Movement Type Asymmetries, PhD dissertation, Tübingen.
115. Müller, Gereon (1995) ‘Extraposition as Remnant Movement’, unpublished ms., Tübingen.
116. Musan, Renate (1995) On the Temporal Interpretation of Noun Phrases, PhD dissertation, MIT.
117. Neeleman, Ad (1994) Complex Predicates, OTS dissertation series, Utrecht.
118. Partee, Barbara (1987) ‘Noun Phrase Interpretation and Type Shifting Principles’, in J. Groenendijk, D. de Jong and M. Stokhof (eds) Studies in Discourse Representation Theory and the Theory of Generalized Quantifiers, Dordrecht: Foris, 115-43.
119. Paul, Hermann (1880) Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (8th edition 1970), Tübingen: Niemeyer.
120. Pesetsky, David (1987) ‘Wh-in-situ: Movement and Unselective Binding’, in E. Reuland and A. ter Meulen (eds) The Representation of (In)definiteness, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 98-129.
121. Pierrehumbert, Janet (1980) The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation, PhD dissertation, MIT.
122. Pierrehumbert, J. and Hirschberg, J. (1990) ‘The Meaning of Intonational Contours in the Interpretation of Discourse’, in P. Cohen, J. Morgan and M. Pollock (eds) Intentions in Communications, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 271-311.
123. Pollock, Jean-Yves (1989) ‘Verb Movement, Universal Grammar and the Structure of IP’, Linguistic Inquiry 20: 365-424.
124. Primus, Beatrice (1993) ‘Word Order and Information Structure: A Performance-based Account of Topic Positions and Focus Positions’, in J. Jacobs, A. von Stechow, W. Stemefeld and T. Vennemann (eds) Handbuch Syntax, Berlin: De Gruyter, 880-96.
125. Roberts, Ian (1993) Verbs and Diachronic Syntax, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
126. Rochemont, Michael (1986) Focus in Generative Grammar, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
127. Rooth, Mats (1985) Association with Focus, PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
128. Rooth, Mats (1992) ‘A Theory of Focus Interpretation’, Natural Language Semantics 1: 75-116.
129. Rooth, Mats (1994) ‘A Hybrid Architecture for Focus’, talk presented at the European Summer School for Logic, Language, and Information, Copenhagen.
130. Rooth, Mats (1995) ‘Indefinites, Adverbs of Quantification, and Focus Semantics’, in G. N. Carlson and F. J. Pelletier (eds) The Generic Book, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 265-99.
131. Rosengren, Inger (1991) ‘Zur Fokus-Hintergrund-Gliederung im Deklarativsatz und w-Interrogativsatz’, in M. Reis and I. Rosengren (eds) Fragesätze und Fragen (Linguistische Arbeiten 257), Tübingen: Niemeyer, 175-200.
132. Ross, J. R. (1967) Constraints on variables in syntax, PhD dissertation, MIT.
133. 1, Journal of Semantics 9: 333-7.
134. Schmerling, S. F. (1976) Aspect of English Sentence Stress, Austin: University of Texas Press.
135. Schwarzschild, Roger (1993) ‘The Contrastiveness of Associated Foci’, unpublished ms., Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
136. Schwarzschild, Roger (1996) ‘In Defense of Givenness’, unpublished ms., Rutgers University.
137. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1984) Phonology and Syntax: The Relation between Sound and Structure, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
138. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1995) ‘Sentence Prosody: Intonation, Stress, and Phrasing’, in J. Goldsmith (ed.) Handbook of Phonological Theory, London: Blackwell, 550-69.
139. Sgall P., HajiCova, E. and Panevovä, J. (1986) The Meaning of the Sentence in its Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects, Dordrecht: Reidel.
140. Son, Keun-Won (1995) ‘Scope Interpretation Without Rigidity Condition’, paper presented at the West Coast Conference in Formal Linguistics 14, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
141. Sportiche, Dominique (1988) ‘A Theory of Floating Quantifiers and Its Corollaries for Constituent Structure’, Linguistic Inquiry 19, 425-49.
142. Stalnaker, Robert (1972) ‘Pragmatics’, in D. Davidson and G. Harmann (eds) Semantics of Natural Language, Dordrecht: Reidel, 380-97.
143. Stalnaker, Robert (1978) ‘Assertion’, in Peter Cole (ed.) Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics, New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press, 315-32.
144. von Stechow, Arnim (1981) ‘Topic, Focus and Local Relevance’, in W. Klein and W. J. M. Levelt (eds) Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics, Dordrecht: Reidel, 95-130.
145. von Stechow, Arnim (1989) Focusing and Backgrounding Operators, Technical Report 6, Fachgruppe Sprachwissenschaft, Konstanz.
146. von Stechow, Arnim (1991) ‘Current Issues in the Theory of Focus’, in A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds), Semantics - An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, Berlin: de Gruyter, 804-25.
147. von Stechow, Arnim (1991a) ‘Syntax und Semantik’, in A. von Stechow and D. Wunderlich (eds), Semantics-An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, Berlin: de Gruyter, 90-148.
148. von Stechow, Arnim (1992) ‘Die Aufgaben der Syntax’, SfS Report Ol-82, Tubingen.
149. von Stechow, Arnim and Uhmann, Susanne (1986) ‘Some Remarks on Focus Projection’, in W. Abraham and S. des Meij (eds) Topic, Focus and Configurationality, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
150. von Stechow, Arnim and Wunderlich, Dieter (eds) (1991) Semantics-An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, Berlin: de Gruyter.
151. Steedman, Mark (1994) ‘Remarks on Intonation and “Focus’”, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds), Focus & Natural Language Processing, vols 1-3, Heidelberg: IBM, 185-204.
152. Stokes, W. (1974) ‘All of the Work on Quantifier-Negation isn’t Convincing’, Chicago Linguistic Society 10: 692-700.
153. Szabolcsi, Anna and Frans Zwarts (1992/3) ‘Weak Islands and an Algebraic Semantics for Scope Taking’, Natural Language Semantics 1: 235-84.
154. Tobler, A. (1882) ‘II ne faut pas que reluitn’est pas or’, in A. Tobler (ed.) (1921) Vermischte Beiträge zur französischen Grammatik 1, 3rd edition, Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 195-201.
155. Travis, Lisa (1984) Parameters and Effects of Word Order Variation, PhD dissertation, MIT.
156. Uhmann, Susanne (1991) Fokusphonologie, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
157. Välimaa-Blum, R. (1988) Finnish Existential Clauses: Their Syntax, Pragmatics, and Intonation, PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.
158. Vallduvi, Enric (1990) The Informational Component, PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
159. Vallduvi, Enric (1993) Information Packaging: A Survey, Edinburgh: Human Communication Research Centre Publications.
160. Vikner, Sten (1991) Verb Movement and the Licensing of NP-Positions in the Germanic Languages, PhD dissertation, University of Stuttgart.
161. Vikner, Sten and Schwartz, Bonnie (1991) ‘The Verb Always Leaves IP in V2 Clauses’, unpublished ms., Stuttgart University and Boston University.
162. Ward, G. and Hirschberg, J. (1985) ‘Implicating Uncertainty’, Language 61: 747-76.
163. Webelhuth, Gen (1989) Syntactic Saturation Phenomena and the Modem Germanic Languages, PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
164. Westerstahl, Doug (1985) ‘Logical Constants in Quantifier Languages’, Linguistics & Philosophy 8, 387-413.
165. Winkler, Susanne (1994) Secondary Predication in English and German: A Syntactic and Focus-Theoretical Approach, PhD dissertation, Tubingen.
166. Wold, Dag E. (1995) ‘How to Interpret Multiple Foci without Moving a Focused Constitutent’, paper presented at the Workshop on Focus, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, December 1995 (to appear in the proceedings).
167. Wold, Dag E. (1996) ‘Long Distance Selective Binding: The Case of Focus’, paper presented at SALT VI, Rutgers University, April 1996 (to appear in the proceedings).
168. Zwart, Jan-Wouter (1992) ‘SOV Languages are Head Initial’, unpublished ms., Groningen.