Education, empire and social change in nineteenth century England

Paedagogica Historica

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 773-786

  Watts, Ruth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Education; Gender; Images; Imperialism; Social change

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911090826     PISSN: 00309230     EISSN: 1477674X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00309230903407519     Document Type: Article

References (117)

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5. Joyce Goodman and Jane Martin, eds., Gender, Colonialism and Education (London: Woburn Press, 2002), 1-22.
6. Jan Marsh, ed., Black Victorians: Black People in British Art 1800-1900 (Aldershot, UK: Manchester Art Gallery and Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery in association with Lund Humphries, 2005), 91, 154-5, 170-3.
7. Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society and Culture in Britain (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004), 19-22, passim.
8. Marsh, Black Victorians, 96-7.
9. Porter, Absent-Minded Imperialists.
10. Simon Potter, "Empires, Cultures and Identities in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Britain," History Compass 5, no. 1 (2006): 51-71.
11. Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman, 2005).
12. Marsh, Black Victorians, 134.
13. "The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo," The Historian 39 (1993): cover.
14. Christopher Bayly, "Exhibiting the Imperial Image," History Today 40 (1990): 12-18.
15. Penny Summerfield, "Patriotism and Empire: Music-Hall Entertainment, 1870-1914," in Imperialism and Popular Culture, ed. John M. Mackenzie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986).
16. John O. Springhall, "'Up Guards and at Them!': British Imperialism and Popular Art, 1880-1914," in Imperialism and Popular Culture, ed. John M. Mackenzie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986).
17. Ben Shephard, "Showbiz Imperialism: The Case of Peter Lobengula," in Imperialism and Popular Culture, ed. John M. Mackenzie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986), 17-72, 94-112.
18. See, e.g., Mary Kingsley, Travels in West Africa (London: Virago Press, 1982; first published 1897).
19. Harriet Martineau, Eastern Life: Past and Present. 3 vols. (London: Edward Moxon, 1848).
20. Catherine Hall, "Going a-Trolloping: Imperial Man Travels the Empire," in Gender and Imperialism, ed. Clare Midgley (Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1998), 180-99.
21. David Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750- 1914 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 11, passim.
22. Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre (London: Collins, 1953; first published 1847).
23. Porter warns against overemphasising such allusions: Absent-Minded Imperialists, 141-4.
24. see, however, Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto and Windus, 1993), 69-70, 73-4, 78, 94, 100-16, 313.
25. For example, Robert M. Ballantyne, The Coral Island (London: Penguin, 1995; first published 1858).
26. Richard Noakes, "The Boys' Own Paper," http://www.sciper.org/browse/ BP_desc.html (accessed June 19, 2006).
27. J.S. Bratton, "Of England, Home and Duty: The Image of England in Victorian and Edwardian Juvenile Fiction," in Imperialism and Popular Culture, 73-93.
28. John Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London: Macmillan, 1883).
29. Harriet Martineau, "Demerara," in Harriet Martineau's Writing on the British Empire, vol. 1, ed. Deborah Logan (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2004; first published 1833): 65-141.
30. The Hour and the Man: A Historical Romance (London: Edward Moxon, 1841).
31. Marsh, Black Victorians, 84, 142.
32. Catherine Hall, "Missionary Stories: Gender and Ethnicity in England in the 1830s and 1840s," in White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History, ed. Catherine Hall (Oxford: Polity Press, 1992), 205-54.
33. see, for example, Hymns Ancient and Modern Revised (William Clowes and Sons, 1950), hymn no. 265, 80.
34. Judith Rowbotham, "Ministering Angels, Not Ministers: Women's Involvement in the Foreign Missionary Movement, c.1860-1910," in Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain, 1750-1900, ed. Sue Morgan (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 180.
35. Catherine Hall, "Competing Masculinities: Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill and the Case of Governor Eyre," in White, Male and Middle Class, 255-95.
36. See Mary Carpenter, Six Months in India. 2 vols. II (London: Longman, Green & Co., 1868).
37. Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1868-77)
38. Ian Inkster, "The Public Lecture as an Instrument of Science Education for Adults - the case of Great Britain, c. 1780-1850," Paedagogica Historica 20, no. 1 (1980): 80-107.
39. The neo-classical stately home, Calke Abbey in Derbyshire, e.g., is replete with collections of natural history and antiquities.
40. For libraries see Richard D. Altick, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 (Chicago, IL and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1963; first published 1957), 213-39.
41. For example, Marsh, Black Victorians, 152-3.
42. Kim Sloan, ed., Enlightenment: Discovering the World in the Eighteenth Century (London: The British Museum Press, 2003), 12-25, passim.
43. Inderpal Grewal, Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel (Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1996), 103-4, 116-123.
44. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, "Kew History and Heritage," http:// www.rbgkew.org.uk/heritage/timeline/ (accessed June 15, 2006).
45. Birmingham Botanical Gardens & Glasshouses, "Birmingham Botanical Gardens," http:// www.birminghambotanicalgardens.org.uk/ (accessed June 15, 2006).
46. Evan Evans Tours, "London Zoo," http://www.zsl.org/about-us/zsls-history,129,AR.html (accessed October 26, 2006).
47. Marianne North, A Vision of Eden. The Life and Work of Marianne North (Exeter, UK: Webb & Bower, 1980), 6, 142, 167, 178.
48. Suzanne Le-May Sheffield, Revealing New Worlds: Three Victorian Women Naturalists (London: Routledge, 2001), 75-135.
49. Hall, "Missionary Stories," (poems by Mary Ann Hutchins, James Phillippo and Montgomery), 235, 246.
50. Thomas Jones Barker [painting], The Secret of England's Greatness, c. 1863, National Portrait Gallery.
51. see also Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994; first published 1944), 154-96.
52. Grewal, Home and Harem, 107-30.
53. Linda Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World 1600-1850 (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002).
54. Grewal, Home and Harem, 8-9, 85-8, 116-17.
55. Hall, "Missionary Stories," 205-8.
56. "Going a-Trolloping," 180, 195.
57. For example, J.A. Mangan, "'The Grit of our Forefathers': Invented Traditions, Propaganda and Imperialism," in Imperialism and Popular Culture, 113-39.
58. see also Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden?' Imperial Wars in the 1890s," History Today 42 (1992): 45-51.
59. Hall, "Competing Masculinities," 254-5, 264-89.
60. Woollacott, Gender and Empire, 7-8, 46-50.
61. Mrinalini Sinha, "Giving Masculinity a History: Some Contributions from the Historiography of Colonial India," Gender and History 11, no.3 (1999): 445-59.
62. Hugh Tinker, "Victorian Colonial Governors," History Today 40 (1990): 29-37.
63. Jane Haggis, "White Women and Colonialism: Towards a Non-recuperative History," in Gender and Imperialism, ed. Midgley 45-75.
64. Rowbotham, "Ministering Angels," 179-95.
65. Ruth Watts, "Mary Carpenter and India: Enlightened Liberalism or Condescending Imperialism?" Paedagogica Historica 37, no. 1 (2001): 193-210.
66. Grewal, Home and Harem, 56-85.
67. Sean Lang, "Saving India Through its Women," History Today 55, no. 9 (2005): 46-51.
68. Joyce Goodman, "Technical Education, Female Emigration and Nation Building," Women's History Magazine 48 (2004): 22-31.
69. Joyce Goodman, "'Their Market Value Must be Greater for the Experience They had Gained': Secondary School Headmistresses and Empire, 1897-1914," in Gender, Colonialism and Education, 175-98.
70. Kathryn Castle, Britannia's Children: Reading Colonialism through Children's Books and Magazines (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 8, 35-40, passim.
71. Clare Midgely, "Anti-slavery and the Roots of 'Imperial Feminism'," in Gender and Imperialism, 161-79.
72. Castle, Britannia's Children, 109.
73. Maya Jasonoff, "The Book that Shook Us," Guardian, June 13, 2008.
74. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto and Windus, 1993).
75. Abdirahman A. Hussein, Edward Said Criticism and Society (London and New York: Verso, 2002), 224- 65.
76. Stepan N. Leys, "Race and Gender: The role of Analogy in Science," in Sandra Harding, The Racial Economy of Science (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993), 359-76.
77. Harding, Is Science Multicultural?, 78-9.
78. Clare Midgley, "Ethnicity, 'Race' and Empire," in June Purvis ed., Women's History Britain 1850-1945 (London: UCL Press, 1995), 261-4.
79. Carol Dyhouse, "Social Darwinistic Ideas and the Development of Women's Education in England, 1880-1920," History of Education 5, no. 1 (1976): 41-58.
80. Anna Davin, "Imperialism and Motherhood," History Workshop 5 (1978): 9-65.
81. Ornella Moscucci, The Science of Woman. Gynaecology and Gender in England 1800- 1929 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 13-29.
82. Jonathan Howard, Darwin (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1982), 10-19, 22, 94.
83. Katherine Rowold, Gender and Science Late Nineteenth-century Debates on the Female Mind and Body (Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press, 1996).
84. Leonard Huxley, ed., Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1900), vol. 1: 211-12.
85. Howard, Darwin, 89.
86. Barbara T. Gates, "Revisioning Darwin with Sympathy," in Barbara T. Gates & Ann B. Shteir, Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science (Madison, WI and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 164-76.
87. Woollacott, Gender and Empire, 38-58.
88. Robert Young, Colonial Desire. Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 51-93.
89. Woollacott, Gender and Empire, 69-71.
90. Anne Fausto-Sterling, "Gender, Race and Nation. The Comparative Anatomy of the 'Hottentot' Woman in Europe 1815," in The Gender and Science Reader, ed. Muriel Lederman, and Ingrid Bartsch (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 341-66.
91. Gisela Kaplan, and Lesley Rogers, "Race and Gender Fallacies: The Paucity of Biological Determinist Explanations of Difference," in Gender and Science Reader, 323-9.
92. Mary Somerville, Physical Geography, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1848), vol. 1: 247-73.
93. On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (London: John Murray, 1834), 284-5; first published 1839, 203-19.
94. Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle Ware, UK: Wordsworth Classics, 1997.
95. Castle, Britannia's Children, 5-9, passim.
96. Richard Aldrich, "Imperialism in the Study and Teaching of History," in Richard Aldrich, Lessons from History of Education: the Selected Works of Richard Aldrich (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), 173-83.
97. Valerie Chancellor, History for their Masters: Opinion in the English History Textbook, 1800-1914 (Bath, UK: Adams and Dart, 1970), 114-30,136-8.
98. Susan Collinson, "Robert Knox Anatomy of Race," History Today, (1990): 44-9.
99. The New Popular Educator, 8 vols. (London: Cassell and Company, 1899), vol. 1: frontispiece.
100. See, for example, the fine bust (probably) of Ira Aldridge by Pietro Calvi and portrait by James Northcote, portrait of Mary Seacole by Albert Charles Challen and bust by Victor Ferdinand Franz in Black Victorians, 100-1, 104-5, 128, 154-5.
101. Potter, "Empire, Cultures and Identities," 3-5.
102. Rozina Visram, Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: Indians in Britain 1700-194 (London: Pluto Press, 1986), 1-95, 169-89.
103. Marika Sherwood, "Black School Teachers in Britain in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," History of Education Researcher 1 (2008): 41-51.
104. see also, e.g., G. Beckerlegge, "Followers of 'Mohammed, Kalee and Dada Nanuk': The Presence of Islam and South Asian Religions in Victorian Britain," in Religion in Victorian Britain: V Culture and Empire, ed. John Wolffe (Manchester and New York: St Martin's Press, 1997), 221-61, esp. 228, 231.
105. Sanjay Seth, Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India (Durham and London, 2007).
106. Rachel Holmes, The Hottentot Venus. The Life and Death of Saartjie Baartman: Born 1789 - Buried 2002 (London: Bloomsbury, 2007), 116-68.
107. Pascal Blanchard, Nicholas Bancel and Sandra Lemaire, "From Human Zoos to Colonial Apotheoses: The Era of Exhibiting the 'Other'" http://www.africultures.com/anglais/ articles_anglais/43blanchard.htm (accessed August 19, 2008).
108. Nicholas Bancel and Pascal Balnchard, "Domesticated or Savage? Thoughts on the Representation of the Body of the Senegalese Tirailleurs (1880-1918)," http://www.africultures. com/anglais/articles_anglais/25bancel_blanchard.htm (accessed November 13, 2008).
109. Rebecca Rogers, From the Salon to the Schoolroom. Educating Bourgeois Girls in Nineteenth- Century France (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2005), 228-41.
110. Alice L. Conklin, "Histories of Colonialism: Recent Studies of the Modern French Empire," French Historical Studies 30, no. 2 (2007): 321-2.
111. I am grateful to Professor Mineke van Essen for sending me from the Nationaal Onderwijsmuseum Rotterdam and for the museum's permission to use: Dutch school charts made by Evert Nijland around 1890, other Dutch and German school charts.
112. J.J. Ten Have and A. Laban, Verhalen en schetsen. Geïllustreerd Leesboek ten gebruike bij het aardrijkskundig onderwijs in de lagere Tweed Deeltje, B. Indië [Stories and sketches. Illustrated reader for geography in primary school, Second part, Dutch East Indies and Third part] ('S-Gravenhage, The Netherlands: Ykema, 1906, sixth edition and 1908, fifth edition).
113. P.R. Bos, Leerboek der land- en volkenkunde [Textbook for geography and ethnology], 3rd ed. (Groningen: Wolters, 1899).
114. G. C. Hoogewerff, De priester van Pele: een historisch verhaal uit de geschiedenis der zending [The vicar of Pele, a story taken from the history of the mission], 1st ed. (Nijkerk: G. F. Callenbach, 1890).
115. See Wolffe, Culture and Empire.
116. See, e.g., David Hurst Thomas, "Finders Keepers and Deep American History: Some Lessons in Dispute Resolution," in Imperialism, Art and Restitution, ed. John Henry Merryman (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 218-53.
117. See, e.g., Crossley, and Tikly, "Postcolonial Perspectives," 147-56.