Rethinking the Politics of Protection: Conservatism and the Corn Laws,1830-52*

English Historical Review

Volumn 63, Issue 453, 1998, Pages 928-952

  Gambles, Anna ^a  

^a NUFFIELD COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84911058560     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CXIII.453.928     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. For a recent rendition of the 'anti-ideological' idea of Conservatism, see L Allison, Right Prinaples: A Comtrwnw Philosophy of Politics (Oxford, 1984), p. 2. For the contrary view, see E. H. H. Green, The Cruts of Consermtum: The Politta, Economics txd Ideology of the British Conserottiot Pmrty, 1880-1914 (London, 1995), esp. pp. ijy-l), 311-17.
2. i. R. W. Stewart, The Politics of Protection: Lord Derby tni the Proteatomst Ptrty, 1841-1812 (Cambridge, 1971), esp. pp. 46-7.
3. A. Macintyre, 'Lord George Bennnck and the Protectionists: A Lost Cause?', Tfrdnitaions of the]R/oydlJH[istonaU]Sfoaety], 5th ser., rail (19J9), i4i-«5, esp. at IJ4-62.
4. It is not my intention simply to conflate Conservatism with protectionism during this period. Contemporary protectionists and free traders did not divide neatly along partisan lines. Nevertheless, as protection split the Conservative party so dramatically, it remains legitimate to examine its particular appeal to Conservatives without assuming exclusivity.
5. S. C. Button, Finance and Politics. An Historical Study, ijgj-iSSf (London, 1888);
6. A. Brady, William Huskisson and Liberal Reform: An Essay on the Changes m Economic Policy during the Twenties of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1928);
7. C. R. Fay, Great BrUam from Adam Smith to the Present Day: An Economic and Social History (London, 1929);
8. F. W. Fetter, Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy, 1797-187} (Cambridge, Mass., 1965);
9. A. J. B. Hilton, Com, Cash, Commerce. The Economic Policies of the Tory Governments, iSif-iSjo (Oxford, 1977).
10. M. J. Turner, 'Before the Manchester School. Economic Theory in Early Nineteenth-Century Manchester', History, lxxix (1994), 216-41.
11. A. C Howe, 'Free Trade and the City of London, c. 1820-1870', History, lxxvii (1992), 391-410.
12. j. J. W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals. Continuity and Change m English Political Thought (Oxford, 1988), esp. pp. 1-49.
13. P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform. Whigs and Liberals, i8}O-i8fi (Oxford, 1990), esp. pp. 1-9, 33-43, 170-99, 218-35.
14. R. Brent, Liberal Anglican Politics. Whiggery, Religion, and Reform, 1830-1841 (Oxford, 1987);
15. J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion. Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867-1871 (Cambridge, 1986);
16. idem. The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government m Victorian Britain (London, 1993).
17. A. J. B. Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1781-186; (Oxford, 1988);
18. A. M. C. Waterman, Revolution, Economics and Religion, Christian Political Economy, 1798-18}} (Cambridge, 1991).
19. Hilton, Age of Atonement, esp. pp. 36-70, 203-51; Waterman, Revolution, Economic! and Religion, pp. 171-215, 217- 53.
20. P. Harling, The Waning of 'Old Corruption': The Politics of Economic*! Reform u» Bnum, 1779-1846 (Oxford, 1996), p. 9. Hailing identified concensus in the following: J. E. Cookson, Lord Liverpool's Administration, itif-1821: Tbt Crucial Years (Edinburgh, 197));
21. Hilton, Com, Cash, Commerce; N. Gash, '"Cheap Government", 1815-1874', in PilUn of Government and Other Essays on Sute and Society c 1770-c i8$o (London, 1986), pp.43-54;
22. H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone, 1809-1874 (Oxford, 198*).
23. D. Winch's sweeping surrey of the ideas of T. R. Malthus and his critics is a remarkable exception: Rides and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy m Britain, 17)0-18)4 (Cambridge, 1996), esp. pp. 123-405.
24. N. Gash, Lord Liverpool The Life and Political Carter of Robert Banket Jenktnson, Second Earl of Liverpool (Cambridge, Mui, 1984X esp. pp. 126-91, 217-47; Cookson, Lord Liverpool's Administration, pp. 1-17, 90-129, 215-28, 340-66.
25. Hilton, Com, Cash, Commerce, pp. 303-14; idem, 'PeeL A Reappraisal', H[istoncal] J[oumal], m i (1979), 585-614;
26. tn^ Tories and Paupers: Christian Political Economy and the Making of the New Poor Law', HJ, zzxiij (1990), 81-103.
27. The terms ire uken from N. Gash, Reaction tnd Reconstruction m English Politics, ISJI-ISJI (Oxford, 19*5).
28. Hikon, >4gf of Atonement, pi3<; Gash, Rttction tnd Reconstruction, p. 131.
29. J. J. Sack, The Memory of Pitt ind the Memory of Burke: English Conservatism Confronts its Past", H], xxx (iji7X 423-40;
30. idem. FromJscointc to Contervttwe: Reaction tnd Orthodoxy in SrUMm, c 1760-1830 (Cambridge, 1993).
31. The term 'right-wing' is Sack's: ibid, p. 37. For Sack, ConjervitiTe associations identified predominantly with loyalism, monarchy, the Established Church and constitutional defence: ibicL, pp. 30-155.
32. In his analysis of Conservative constitutionalism, R. B. Smith has allowed constitutional and economic categories to interact. See his nrreint of liberty, feudalism and commerce in eighteenth-century Conservatnre thought, The Gothic Bequest Medieotl Institutions tn British Thought, 168S-1S63 (Cambridge, 19*7), pp. 71-9*.
33. Contemporary Hiimittalt of the com laws as a class monopoly arc reprinted in Free Trtde tnd Other FundtmenttlDoctrines ofthe Mtnchesttr School, ed. F. W. Hirst (New York, 19*8):
34. see 'Joseph Hume's Speech on the Corn Laws, 17 May, 1833',
35. esp. pp. 123-5; «P«ech of W. J. Fox in reply to Cobden's address at Covent Garden, 28 September 1843, pp. 162-72. See also J. Morley, The Life of Richtrd Cobden (London, 1908);
36. A. Prentice, History of the Anti-Com-Ltw Letgue [1853], ed. W. H. Challoner (London, 196S), ii, e»p. pp. 418-33.
37. Macintyre, 'Lord George Bennnck and the Protectionistr. A Lost Cause?', at 1J4-8;
38. D. Walker-Smith, The Protectionist Cjue m the 18401 (Oxford, 1933, repr. New York, 1970), pp. 9-14, 20-2,26-8, 31-6, 66-72,
39. H. Perkin, Origins of Modern English Society (London, 1969), pp. 218-70
40. ; S. Rashid, 'David Robinson and the Tory Macroeconomics of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine', H[istory of] PIOIIOCAI]E[conomyJ, x (1978), 258-70.
41. For a more profound and contextualized approach to the socio-economic components of Conservatism, see D. Eastwood, 'Robert Southey and the Intellectual Origins 01 Romantic Conserratinn', Mnte, civ (1989) 308-31, and his 'Ruinous Prosperity: Robert Southey's Critique of the Commercial System', The Wordsworth Ctrde, xxv (1994), 72-*.
42. Brady, Wiliitm Huslasson tnd Libtrti Reform, p. 5. D. G. Barnes included protectionist argument but assumed the intellectual rectitude and ineritability of free trade in his A History of the English Corn Laws (London, 1930), pp. 185-271.
43. C. R. Fay granted that protectionists 'fought a good case on weak ground', but sketched mainly the arguments of repealers: The Com Laws tnd Sooml EngUnd (Cambridge, 1932), pp. 102, 88-108.
44. In presentations of repeal as a great instalment of social reform, the confinement of protection to a class monopoly was axiomatic: A. A. W. Ramsay, Sir Robert Petl (London, 1928), esp. pp. 218-40, 288-348;
45. G. Kitson Clark, Peel tnd the Conservtooe Ptrty: A Study m Ptrty Politics, 1831-41 (2nd edn^ London, 1964), esp. pp. 148-9, 400-1.
46. T. L. Crosby, English Ftrmen tnd the Politics of Protection, i8ij-i8$2 (Hassocks, 1977), esp. pp. 26-56, 154-86.
47. C. Schonrurdt-Bailey, 'Linking Constituency Interests to Legislative Voting Behaviour: The Role of District Economic and Electoral Composition in the Repeal of the Com Laws', in Ptrluunenttry History, uii (1994), 86-118.
48. G. Stedman Jones, 'Rethinking Chartism', in Ldngudges of Chus: Studies tn English Working CUss History 18)2-1981 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 90-178;
49. D. Wahrman, ImMgoung tbe MidMt CUss: The Poliaad Representation of CUss in Bnuin, c 1780-1840 (Cambridge, 1995), esp. pp. 1-18, 410-11.
50. Wahrman, Imagining tbe Middle CUss, pp. 90-6.
51. For invaluable surveys of the economic content of periodicals, see F. W. Fetter, The Economic Articles in BUdewood's Edinburgh Magazine, and their Authors, 1817-1853', PL I, S[cottisb]J[ourrud of] PfoiitiadJ Efconomy], vii (i960), 85-107, Pt. II, ibid., 213-31
52. ; idem, 'Economic Controveny in the British Reviews, 1802-1850', Economics, xadi (19*5), 424-37;
53. idem, The Economic Articles in the Quarterly Review and their Authors, 1809-52', Jfournal of] Pfohtical] Efconomy], hcvi (1958), 45-64, and The Economic Articles in the Quarterly Review. Articles, Authors and Sources', ibicL, 150-70;
54. B. Gordon, "Say's Law, Effective Demand, and die Contemporary British Periodicals, 1820-1850', Economics, xcdi (1965), 438-46.
55. A notable exception is D. Read, Peel and tbe Victorians (Oxford, 1987). This level of contextualization has been permitted, however, for Whig/Liberal politics; cf. ]. Chve, Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review. 1801-181} (London, 1957),
56. B. Footana, Retbmkmg tbe Politics of Commercud Society: Tbe Edinburgh Review, 1802-18)2 (Cambridge, 1985). BUdewood's Edinburgh Magazine [hereafter BEM]; Tbe Quarterly Review [hereafter QR].
57. On the editorial emphasis of BEM, see M. Milne, The "Veiled Editor" Unveiled. William Blackwood and his Magazine', Publishing History, xvi (1984), 87-103.
58. On QR, see R. B. McDowell, British Conservatism, 18)2-1914; (London, 1959), pp. 13-55.
59. On circulation, see M. Milne, The Management of a Nineteenth-Century Magazine: William Blackwood and Sons, 1827-47', Journal of Newspaper tnd Periodic*! History, 1(1985), 24-33.
60. 239-
61. Among the contributors were the following: Sir Archibald Alijoo (1792-1867), historian and lawyer; John Wilaon Croker (17*0-1857), editor of QR from 1832 and friend of Sir Robert Peel; Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859), I ikHinrl poet and inrimirr of S. T. Coleridge; Charles, Lord Neavei (1800-76), Solicitor General of Scotland (1852);
62. t *nd author, FRS (183;), hon. DCL (Oxford, 1853);
63. George Poulett Scrope, geologist, political economist, FRS (1826) and 'conservative' Whig MP for Stroud (1833-68); William Aytoun (1813-6)), poet, barrister, Profeasor of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Unfrenity of Edinburgh (1845), and afrnaintanrr of Disraeli.
64. The doctrinal approach to political economy is epitomized in D. P. O'Brien, The CUssiad Economists (Oxford, 1974). More eclectic perspectives can be found in M. Berg, The Mtdmtery Question Mnd the MtJang of PoUtiad Economy (Cambridge, 19S0), and B. Fontana, Rethmlmg the Pohacs of Commercud Society: Tht Edinburgh Review, 1802-1832 (Cambridge, 1985).
65. W. Bagehot, Economic Studies, ed. R. H. Hutton (London, 1880), p. 155.
66. See W. Spence, Agriculture the Source of the Wetdth of Snuxn; A Reply to the Objections urged by Mr. Mill, the Edinburgh Reviewers *nd Others, tgtmst the Doctrines of * Ptmfhlet entitled "BntAtn Independent of Commerce" (London, 1808), pp. 5-nj
67. W. Jacob, Conaderttxms on Protection Required by British Agriculture snd on the Influence of the Price of Com on the Price of Exportable Productions (London, 1814), pp. 131-6;
68. D. Robinson, 'Free Trade', BEM, ivii (May,
69. 23°-
70. J-~B. Say, A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth, tnm. C. R. Pnnceps (London, 1821), i.162-82.
71. T. R. Milthu*, Principles ofPohtiad Economy Considered with a mew to then Practical Applicaaon [1820], ed. J. Pullen (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 29-50,463-90.
72. Among direct protectionist appeals to Malthus on the importance of consumption were A. Macdonnell, Free Trade;
73. or, an Inquiry mto the Expediency of the Present Com Urns... Comprising a General Investigation of the Alterations Lately Adopted, and Still Further Medtuud tn the Commeratl Policy of the Country (London, 1826), pp. 103-5;
74. J. G. Lockhart, The West India Controrersy. No IV, BEM, xvi (Dec 1824), 682-9!, at 693.
75. For monetary and imperial dimensions, see A. C. Gambles, The Boundaries of Political Economy: Tory Economic Argument, 1809-1847' (Univ. of Oxford, D.Phil, thesis, 1996), Ppi3«-337-
76. [Sir Robert Peel], The Speech of the Right HonouraUe Str Rohert Peel, Bart In the House of Commons, on Mr VUIsers' Motion on the Com LMWS (2nd edn^ London, 1839), pp.41-43, repr. from Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., xlvi (15 March, 1839), cols. 749-85
77. ; See J. L o w e, The Present State of England m Regard to Agriculture, Trade and Fmance; Vuh a Comparison of the Prospects of England and France (London, 1822), pp. 139-40.
78. Some typical justifications of protection as a demand-tide response to overproduction in manufacturing during the 1820s were offered by M. Fletcher, 'Freedom of Commerce", QR, xxiv (Jan. 1821), 281-302, at 184 II,
79. A. Macdonnell, Free Trade, or an Inquiry mto the Expediency of the Present Com Laws (London, 1826), esp. pp. 103-5,
80. D. Robinson, 'Agriculture', BEM, »ix (March, 1I26), 287-313,
81. G. P. Scrope, The Political Economists', QR, xlir (Jan. 1831), 1-52, took issue with J. Mill, Elements of Political Economy (London, 1811). Although Scrope described himself as a 'Conservative-Liberal' and did not ultimately oppose the repeal of the corn laws, he nevertheless published critiques of Ricardian economic] in a journal which largely appealed to protectionists.
82. A. Mallalieu The Cotton Manufacture", BEM, xzxiz (March, 1836), 407-24, esp. 414;
83. S. Jackson, Commercud Distress Temporary; Arising from Natural and Periodical Causes, and not from the Effects of the Corn Laws (London, 1839), esp. pp. 13-14;
84. T. De Quincey *Ricardo Made Easy; Or, what is the radical difference between Ricardo and Adam Smith? Part II', BEM, lii (Oct. 1842), 457-«9, at 465-6.
85. 8;
86. J- Marshall's A Digest of all the Accounts reUtxng to the Population, Productions, Revenues, Financial Operations, Manufactures, Shipping, Colonies, Commerce, &c &c of the United Kingdom (London, 1834), L9-90, i n invoked by Anon., Cheap Bread and us Consequences (London, 1841), p. ja and J. W. Croker, The Budget and the Dissolution', QR, brviii (June, 1841), 138-80, at 267-8;
87. G. R. Porter's The Progress of the Nation, m its Various Soaal and Economical Relations from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1836-43) wa» used repeatedly by Alison in 1840s. Cf. Alison, The Anti-National Faction', BEM, xlvii (April, 1840), 544-52, at 545.
88. D. Ricardo, Essay on the Influence of a Low Pnce of Com on the Profits of Stock, Shewing the Inexpediency of Restrictions on Importation (London, 1815);
89. On Protection to Agriculture (4th edn., London, 1822) in Ricardo. Works, ed. P. Sraffa (Cambridge, 1951). 1T.201-26.
90. Ricardo, On Protection to Agriculture, pp. 236-8, and idem, Essay, pp. 25-6. The relationship between com prices and wages was, of course, only one aspect of Ricardo's com model. For a full discussion of the theory of rent and its relation to the corn-law question, see Gambles, The Boundaries of Political Economy', pp. 51 -61.
91. Scrope took iisue withj. R. McCulloch's Principles of Political Economy (2nd edn^ 1830), c. iv, in The Political Economists', pp. 27-32. Among protectionist responses to J. R. McCulloch's Statements IUustraOve of the Policy and Probable Consequences of the Proposed Repeal of the Corn Laws (London, 1841) were Sir J. C. Dalbiac, A Few Words on the Com Laws, Wherein are Brought Under Consideration Certain of the Statements Which are to he Found in the Third Edition of Mr McCulloch's Pamphlet on the Same Subject (London, i84i),pp.4-7;a
92. .Taylor,i4.n£it^«Hr)> mto the Principles Which Ought to Regulate the Imposition of Duties on Foreign Com (London, 1842), e*p. pp. 27-5.
93. «. A. Mallalieu, 'Commercial Policy - Ships, Colonies and Commerce. No II', BEM, liv (Nor. 1843X <37-49, at 644;
94. J. W. Croker, The Oregon Question. Postscript', QR, hxvii (March, 1846), 603-10;
95. B. Disraeli, Lord George Bentmdt: A Political Biography (3rd edn., London, 1851), p. 583.
96. A. Mallalieu, The Corn Law Question', BEM, m v (May 1834), 791-801, at 798.
97. Anon., Pubhc Economy Concentrated; Or a Connected View of Currency, Agriculture, and Manufactures (Carlisle, 1833), esp. pp. 16-36;
98. A. H. Moreton, Thoughts on the Corn Laws, Addressed to the Working CUsses of the County of Gloucester (London, 1839), pp. t, 21;
99. J. H. V^eany, Reflections upon the Com Laws, and upon their Effects on the Trade, Manufactures, and Agnoihure of the Country, and on the Condition of the Working Classes (London, 1841), pp. 73-6.
100. For a useful luminary of Cobden'i position let [Peel], The Speech of the Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel, Bart. In the House of Commons, on Mr Vdliers' Mooon on the Com Laws, pp. 31-3.
101. Mallalieu, The Corn Law Question', 11795-*; Alison, The Anti-National Faction', pp. 547-50; Croker, The Budget and the Dissolution', at 170-1.
102. Henry Clay stood for President in 1814, 1I32 and 1844 and achieved protectionist reforms in the legislature, 1841-1.
103. Sir R. Vyryan (MP for Hdston [1841-57] and FRS [i8i«]), A Letter from Str R. Vyvyan to hu Constituents upon the Commensal and Fouotcud Policy of Su Robert Peel's Admmtstraaon (London, 1841), pp. 50-1 and n,
104. A. Williams, The Law or the League: Whtcht A Letter to Robert Palmer, Esq., M.P. (London, 1843), pp. 18-11.
105. Among critiques of Ricardianism were G. P. Scrope, 'Jones on the Doctrine of Rents', QR, xlvi (Nov. 1831), 81-117, at I1-97;
106. A. Crombie, A Letter to Lieut Col Torrens M.P. m Answer to his Address to the termers of the United Kingdom (London, 1832), esp. pp. 5-10;
107. W. Buckland, 'Agriculture', QR, boriii (March, 1I44), 477-509, esp. at 478-81.
108. See for instance, N. Gash, Str Robert Peel The Life of Str Robert Peel after ISJO (2nd ediL, London, 1986), pp. 537, 545-6, 551, 5<5"«-
109. McCulloch, Sutements Illustrative of the Policy, esp. pp. 7-16. For fuller discussions of this point, see S. Fairlie, The Nineteenth-Century Corn Law Reconsidered', Ecfonormc] H[utory] Rfemew], 2nd ser., xriii (1965), 5(2-75 and The Cora Lavs and British Wheat Production, i829-7«', EcHR, 2nd ser, m i (1969), 88-116.
110. R. Southey rejected Deacon Hume's proposal for a low fixed duty: 'On the Corn Laws', QR, li (March, 1834), 22S-83, at 265-6. Southey seems to hare been influenced by John Barton's In Defenct of the Com Lots, bemg sn Inquiry into the Expediency of the Existing Restrictions on the Imforuoon of Foreign Corn (London, 1133), repr. in John Btrton: Economic Wrumgs, ed. G. SotirofJ (Regina, Salt, I96i),u.5-i36.
111. J. F. W. Johnston [Lecturer in Chemistry, Durham University], Whdt ctn be done for Brttuh Agriculture! (London, 1I42) and "Science and Agriculture', BEM, li (June, 1842), 73I-55. J. Liebig, Orgtmc Chemistry m us AffUcttions to Agriculture aid Physiology, trans. W. Gregory (London, 1842) was 'reviewed' in W. Gregory [Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University], 'Liebig on Agricultural Chemistry', QR, box (March, 1S42), 329-45.
112. J. Gladstone, The Repeal of the Corn LJCWS. With m ProhMt Consequences knefy Exdmaui tnd Considered (London, 1S39), pp. 16-17,
113. S. Warren, The Position and Prospects of the Government', BEM, U (Jan. 1I44X 103-31, at 119.
114. J. W. Croker, 'Policy of Sir Robert Peel", QR, I D (Sept 1841), 485-531, at 515-8;
115. S. Warren, 'Great Britain at the Commencement of the Year 1843', BEM, liii (Jan. 1843), 1-23, at 5-6.
116. G. C. Holland, Suggestions Towsrdi improving the Present System of Com LMWS (London, 1841), p. 31. This pamphlet was dedicated by permission to Peel.
117. Barton, In Dtftnct of the Com Ljewr, P. Thompson, CsXednsm of the Com Lmt (London, 1828).
118. J.-C.-L. Simonde de Sismondi, De U Ricbesse CommeraMe, on Prtndpes d'fconomte foltoque, tffhquh * U legislation du commerce (Geneva, 1803). John Barton invoked the transformed views in Sisroondi's Nowvtsux Prvtapes d'Economte Polmque, on dt U Rtcbesse dans tts RAfrports *vec U PofmUttOH (2nd eda. Pirn, 1837), ii.317-8 in In Defence, pp. 76-7. See John fUrton, ed. Sotiroff, voL L ITU, for Sismondi's endorsement of Barton.
119. F. Palgrave, 'Life and Works of Sismondi', QR, barii (Sept. 184)), 299-356, at 349.
120. A. Alison, *Sumondi', BEM, lvii (Mar, 1845), 529-48 and The Roman Campagna', BEM, In (March, 1846), 337-55, at 344-9.
121. Jackson, Commercud Dtstrea Temporsry, p. 33.
122. W. Croker, 'Anti-Corn-Law Agitation', QR, bad (Dec 1(41), 244-314, at 191-3. See also R. Sowler, The Ledgue't Rerenge', BEM, lii (Oct. 1841), 541-50, at J47-8.
123. ctP- PP-3°~47- 53;
124. G. G. Day, The Farmers and the League. The Speed) of Mr George Gone D*y. . on the Occasion of Forming *n Anti-League Association for the County of Huntingdon (fth edn-, London, 1844), pp. if-6.
125. Anoju, A Counterplea for the Poor shewing that the G n» of their Distress is not Attributable to the Corn Lews (3rd edn, London, il4i),pp. 14-15;
126. 16~7-
127. hxtoD^^naiaacxa'}, Com Laws Defended, or. Agriculture our First Interest, and the Mavutay of Trade and Commerce (IrrHi, 1144), pp. 27-I.
128. Among many rersioos of this labour market emphasis was B. Disraeli, Speech m House of Commons 1; May 1S46 (London, 1846), pp. 12-15.
129. J. Barton, The Influence of the Price of Com on the Rjtte ofMortality (London, 1844), repr. in John Barton, ed. Soaroff, ii. 139-46.
130. Croker'i 'Anti-Com-Law Aghation' was invoked by Almack in Character, Motives and Proceeding!, p. 63,
131. by R. Dame* in hii Defence of the Agricultural Interest, comprising also a Refutation of the Arguments of the Anu-Com-Ljcw League (London, 1846), p. 44.
132. T. De Quincey and S. Warren, 'Anti-Corn-Law Deputation to Sir Robert Peel', BEM, lii (Aug. 18+2), 272-81, at 271-2.
133. W. Lushington targetted specific League texo in his Six Letters addressed to the Agriculturists of the County of Kent, on the Doctrines of the Anti-Com-Law League and the Subject of Free Trade (London, 1843), pp. 23-8.
134. Maydvell analysed Cobden'i speeches to rural constituencies: Maydwell's Analysis ofCobden's Addresses, wtth Remarks on Mr. Greg's Speechat the Great League Meeting at Manchester (London, 1843), esp. pp. 14-57.
135. Mallalieu, 'Commercial Policy - Ship*, Colonies and Commerce. II', 637.
136. For this constitutional idea of the Conservative party, see the letter of H. Goulbum (Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1841-6) to Peel, 30 Nov. 1845 in Mtmom ky the Right Hon. Str Robert PeeL, ed. Lord Mahon and £. Cardwell (London, 1857), ii.201-4, esp. p. 203.
137. Harling, The W*mng of Old Corruption, pp. 248-54
138. ] . P. Parry, Tbt Rue tnd Fall of Liberal Government m Victorian Bntton (London, 1993), pp. 165-6.
139. G. Croly, "Edmund Burke. Part VI', BEM, miir (Nov. 1833), 739-61, at 756.
140. G. Croly, "Edmund Burke. Part V,B£JW,XXXJT (Oct. 1833, Pt. I), 485-502, at 490, and 'Edmund Burke. Conclusion', BEM, m r i (Sept. 1834), 322-40, at 338.
141. A. Alison, 'Progress of Social Disorganization. No ID. The Prostration of Government', BEM, xxxv (April 1834), 526-46, at 546. See also his Thitiej of the Conservative Party', BEM, m i i (July 1832),139-43.
142. A. Alison, 'Hints to the Aristocracy. A Retrospect of Forty Years from the iitJaiL, 1834', XXXY (Jan. i8}4>, 68-So, at 72 (Alison's emphasis).
143. A. Alison, 'Lessons from the Past', BEM, I (Sept 1841), 275-17.
144. See Harting'i definitive account of the Whig reforms, The Wtmaig of Old Corruption, pp. 197-227.
145. 1! position»ee Htnurd's Ptcrhtmenury Dtkrtes, 3rd»er, viii (17 Oct. 1831), cols. 83J-43.
146. G. Croly, "Edmund Burke. Part M \ BEM, m r (April 1834), 50*-! 5, at 51 y,
147. J- W. Croker, 'Lord John Russell's Speech*t Stnaut, QR, lii (Oct. 1I37), 519-644
148. A. Alison, The Whig Dissolution', BEM, l(July 1841), 1-31.
149. A. Alison, "Whig and Tory Finance', BEM, xlvi (Oct. 1S39), 494-504, at 500-1
150. A. Alison, 'On the Financial Measures of the Reformed Parliament. No 1. The Whig Budget', BEM, n i (June 1831), 9*8-7*, at 975. For a similar approach to Baring's budget of 1841, see The Whig Dissolution', esp. at 4, 19.
151. J. W. Croker, 'On the Corn Laws', QR, li (Much 1I34), 179-I3.
152. J. W. Croker, "Sir Robert Peel's Address', QR, ha (Feb. 1I3J), 2«i-l7, u 274-5.
153. C. N m o, 'Prospects under» Peel Ministry', BEM, 1 (Oct. 1141), 537-46, it 544.
154. A. Mallalieu, 'Foreign Policy - Foreign Commerce - And the Prusso-Germanic Custom House League", BEM, xxax (Jan. 1836), 49-79, it 7I;
155. Rerd. C. Nerile, The New Tdnff (London, it+i)
156. G. C. Holland, Suggestions Towards Improving on the Present System of the Com-Ltws (London, 1S41), p. 22. (George d i v e r t Holland w u a medical doctor and director of railway project! who 'conrerted' from free trade to protection sometime after 1850.)
157. D. Salomons, The Con Laws. Tbetr Effects on the Trtde of the Country Considered, mtb Suggestions for 4 Compromise (London, 1841), esp. pp. 10-11, and Rerd. C Nerile, The Sliding Sole tnd * Fixed Duty (London, il42),pp.)i-3.
158. j . Croker, 'Policy of Sir Robert Peel", fit.
159. Warren, 'Position and Prospects of the Government', 108, and 'Great Britain at the Commencement of the Year 1843', 5 (Warren's emphasis).
160. J. W. Croker, 'Ministerial Resignations', QR, Ixxni (Dec 1145), 291-321, at 319-21, 'Close of Sir Robert Peel's Administration', QR, bomri (Sept. 1846), 535-80, esp. at 549-52, 554-5, 569.
161. Anon, The Late ind Proem Ministry', BEM, h (Aug. 1846), i4?-<°> at *JJ-
162. z. Croker 'Clow of Sir Robert Peel'i Administration', 549. (Croker'i key concern here was for the importance of the antagonism of the parties to the working of the constitution.)
163. J. C. Colquboun, The Effects of Str Robert Peel's Aimmistrttton on the Pohaad StMe tnd Prospects ofEngUtid (2nd edn, London, 1847), p. 19.
164. SeeR. B. McDowell, Bnuih Cowervstim, liji-ifi^ (London, 1959), pp.46-50; Stewart, The Politics of Protection, pp. 143, 148, 1 to; S. Pilrner, Poliaa, Shtppotg tnd the Repetl of the Nmngdtton Ljmi (Mwchener, 1990), e$p. pp. 171-3.
165. A. Alison, 'Direct Tuition', BEM, lxi (Feb. 1I47X 143-60.
166. See tUo Aytoun, "Ministerial Measures', 381, and C. Neares, The Crisis', BEM, lix (Jin. 1846), 124-8, it 125.
167. For Disraeli's specific proposals, tee Stewart, Tht Politics of Protection, 147, 15!, i»4-
168. P. R. Ghosh, 'Diinelian Conservatism: A Financial Approach', MHU, xca (1984), 1H-96, esp. pp. 269-71. This article took issue with H. C G. Matthew, "Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Politics of Mid-Victorian Budgets', HJ, zxii (1979), 615-4}, "P- Pp-*
169. I . E. H. H. Green explained the appeal of tariff reform to CoruervatiYet in temu of the electoral need to offer a 'connructrre' alternative to socialism, in 'Radical Conservatism: the Electoral GenetU of Tariff Reform", HJ, zxviii (iyt (), 6*7-91.
170. P. Cain, tariff reform was a reiponse to the declining performance of Britain's staple industries: 'Political Economy in Edwardian England. The Tariff Reform Controversy', in The Edwtrdum Age, ed. A. OT)ay (London, 1979), pp. 35-59. For an imperial emphasis see A. Thompson, Tariff Reform: An Imperial Strategy, c. 1903-1913', HJ, xl (1997), 1033-54.
171. For Edwardian refutations of Cobdenite positions see C. A. Vince, Mr ChmmberUm's Proposals. Whdl they Me** tnJ Wha we shMl Gdm by Them, wuh t Preface by the Right Hon. Joseph Ch*mkejUm M.P (London, 1903), pp. iii-rc, 19-16, 41-50.
172. Green, The Crms of Conservatism, pp. 1-23, 267-306.