The Health Economics of Bladder Cancer: An Updated Review of the Published Literature

PharmacoEconomics

Volumn 32, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 1093-1104

  Yeung, Christina ^a   Dinh, Tuan ^a   Lee, Joseph ^a  

^a EVIDERA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

BLADDER CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURGERY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COST OF ILLNESS; CYSTECTOMY; DRUG COST; DRUG INSTILLATION; FRAIL ELDERLY; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LASER SURGERY; NON MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE COST; MASS SCREENING; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CYSTECTOMY; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84911007739     PISSN: 11707690     EISSN: 11792027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40273-014-0194-2     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Ploeg M, Aben KKH, Kiemeney LA. The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World J Urol. 2009;27(3):289–93. doi:10.1007/s00345-009-0383-3.
2. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014;64(1):9–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21208.
3. Botteman MF, Pashos CL, Redaelli A, Laskin B, Hauser R. The health economics of bladder cancer: a comprehensive review of the published literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21(18):1315–30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14750899.
4. American Cancer Society. Bladder cancer. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/index.
5. Sexton WJ, Wiegand LR, Correa JJ, Politis C, Dickinson SI, Kang LC. Bladder cancer: a review of non-muscle invasive disease. Cancer Control. 2010;17(4):256–68.
6. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al. Urinary bladder. In: AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. New York: Springer; 2010. pp. 497–505.
7. Babjuk M, Burger M, Zigeuner R, et al. Guidelines on bladder cancer (TaT1 and CIS); 2013. pp. 1–42.
8. Clark PE, Agarwal N, Biagioli MC, et al. Bladder cancer. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2013;11(4):446–75.
9. Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML. Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010–2020. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(2):117–28. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq495.
10. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2010, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, based on November 2012 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2013. 2011. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2010. Accessed 18 Mar 2014.
11. Konety BR, Joyce GF, Wise M. Bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2007;177(5):1636–45. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.055.
12. Hemani ML, Makarov DV, Huang WC, Taneja SS. The effect of changes in Medicare reimbursement on the practice of office and hospital-based endoscopic surgery for bladder cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(5):1264–71. doi:10.1002/cncr.24875.
13. Konety BR, Dhawan V, Allareddy V, Joslyn S a. Impact of malpractice caps on use and outcomes of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. J Urol. 2005;173(6):2085–9. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000158137.30303.65.
14. Sangar VK, Ragavan N, Matanhelia SS, Watson MW, Blades Ra. The economic consequences of prostate and bladder cancer in the UK. BJU Int. 2005;95(1):59–63. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05249.x.
15. Yabroff KR, Davis WW, Lamont EB, et al. Patient time costs associated with cancer care. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(1):14–23. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk001.
16. Yabroff KR, Kim Y. Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors. Cancer. 2009;115(18 Suppl):4362–73. doi:10.1002/cncr.24588.
17. James A, Gore J. The costs of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2013;40:98109.
18. Hedelin H, Holmäng S, Wiman L. The cost of bladder tumour treatment and follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2002;36(5):344–7. doi:10.1080/003655902320783845.
19. Kim S-G, Hahm M-I, Choi K-S, Seung N-Y, Shi H-R, Park E-C. The economic burden of cancer in Korea in 2002. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008;17(2):136.
20. Carter AJR, Nguyen CN. A comparison of cancer burden and research spending reveals discrepancies in the distribution of research funding. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:526. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-526.
21. Riley GF, Potosky AL, Lubitz JD, Kessler LG. Medicare payments from diagnosis to death for elderly cancer patients by stage at diagnosis. Med Care. 1995;33(8):828–41.
22. Avritscher E, Cooksley C. Clinical model of lifetime cost of treating bladder cancer and associated complications. Urology. 2006;68(3):549–53. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.03.062.
23. Yabroff KR, Lamont EB, Mariotto A, et al. Cost of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(9):630–41. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn103.
24. Lee LJ-H, Chang Y-Y, Liou S-H, Wang J-D. Estimation of benefit of prevention of occupational cancer for comparative risk assessment: methods and examples. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(8):582–6. doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100462.
25. Racioppi M, Volpe A, Falabella R, et al. The cost of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer in Italy. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2007;79(3):111–7.
26. Sievert KD, Amend B, Nagele U, et al. Economic aspects of bladder cancer: what are the benefits and costs? World J Urol. 2009;27(3):295–300. doi:10.1007/s00345-009-0395-z.
27. Grasso M. Bladder cancer: a major public health issue. Eur Urol Suppl. 2008;7(7):510–5. doi:10.1016/j.eursup.2008.04.001.
28. Cooksley CD, Avritscher EBC, Grossman HB, et al. Clinical model of cost of bladder cancer in the elderly. Urology. 2008;71(3):519–25. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.10.056.
29. Strope SA, Ye Z, Hollingsworth JM, Hollenbeck BK. Patterns of care for early stage bladder cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(11):2604–11. doi:10.1002/cncr.25007.Patterns.
30. Hollenbeck BK, Ye Z, Dunn RL, Montie JE, Birkmeyer JD. Provider treatment intensity and outcomes for patients with early-stage bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(8):571–80. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp039.
31. Hemani ML, Bennett CL. The excessive cost of early stage bladder cancer care: are providers really to blame? Cancer. 2010;116(15):3530–2. doi:10.1002/cncr.25227.
32. Hollingsworth JM, Zhang Y, Krein SL, Ye Z, Hollenbeck BK. Understanding the variation in treatment intensity among patients with early stage bladder cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(15):3587–94. doi:10.1002/cncr.25221.
33. Babjuk M, Burger M, Zigeuner R, et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2013. Eur Urol. 2013;64(4):639–53. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.06.003.
34. Chou R, Dana T. Screening adults for bladder cancer: a review of the evidence for the US preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(7):461–8.
35. National Cancer Institute: PDQ Bladder and Other Urothelial Cancers Screening. 2014. http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/bladder/HealthProfessional.
36. Messing EM, Young TB, Hunt VB, et al. Comparison of bladder cancer outcome in men undergoing hematuria home screening versus those with standard clinical presentations. Urology. 1995;45(3):387–96 (discussion 396–97).
37. Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer. 2006;107(9):2173–9. doi:10.1002/cncr.22224.
38. Thériault G, Tremblay C, Armstrong B. Bladder cancer screening among primary aluminum production workers in Quebec. J Occup Med. 1990;32(9):869–72.
39. Friedman GD, Ra Hiatt, Quesenberry CP, Selby JV, Weiss NS. Problems in assessing screening experience in observational studies of screening efficacy: example of urinalysis screening for bladder cancer. J Med Screen. 1995;2(4):219–23.
40. Ellwein L, Farrow G. An assessment of the impact of urine cytology screening using a computer-based model of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 1984;11(4):585–98.
41. Svatek RS, Sagalowsky AI, Lotan Y. Economic impact of screening for bladder cancer using bladder tumor markers: a decision analysis. Urol Oncol. 2006;24(4):338–43. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.11.025.
42. Lotan Y, Svatek RS, Sagalowsky AI. Should we screen for bladder cancer in a high-risk population?: A cost per life-year saved analysis. Cancer. 2006;107(5):982–90. doi:10.1002/cncr.22084.
43. Lotan Y, Elias K, Svatek RS, et al. Bladder cancer screening in a high risk asymptomatic population using a point of care urine based protein tumor marker. J Urol. 2009;182(1):52–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.142 (discussion 58).
44. Pesch B, Taeger D, Johnen G, et al. Screening for bladder cancer with urinary tumor markers in chemical workers with exposure to aromatic amines. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013;. doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0916-3.
45. Kamat AM, Hegarty PK, Gee JR, et al. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: screening, diagnosis, and molecular markers. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):4–15. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.057.
46. Grossfeld G, Litwin MS, Wolf JS Jr, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy—part II: patient evaluation, cytology. Urology. 2001;4295(01):604–10.
47. Gray Sears CL, Ward JF, Sears ST, Puckett MF, Kane CJ, Amling CL. Prospective comparison of computerized tomography and excretory urography in the initial evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. J Urol. 2002;168(6):2457–60. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000036541.52816.98.
48. Hofland CA, Mariani AJ. Is cytology required for a hematuria evaluation? J Urol. 2004;171(1):324–6. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000100392.23046.17.
49. Trivedi D, Messing EM. Commentary: the role of cytologic analysis of voided urine in the work-up of asymptomatic microhematuria. BMC Urol. 2009;9:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-9-13.
50. Loo R, Whittaker J, Rabrenivich V. National practice recommendations for hematuria: how to evaluate in the absence of strong evidence? Perm J. 2009;13(1):37–46.
51. Feifer AH, Steinberg J, Tanguay S, Aprikian AG, Brimo F, Kassouf W. Utility of urine cytology in the workup of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in low-risk patients. Urology. 2010;75(6):1278–82. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.09.091.
52. Falebita OA, Lee G, Sweeney P. Urine cytology in the evaluation of urological malignancy revisited: is it still necessary? Urol Int. 2010;84(1):45–9. doi:10.1159/000273465.
53. Viswanath S, Zelhof B, Ho E, Sethia K, Mills R. Is routine urine cytology useful in the haematuria clinic? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90(2):153–5. doi:10.1308/003588408X242006.
54. Soloway MS. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: recommendations on bladder cancer-progress in a cancer that lacks the limelight. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):1–3. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.07.045.
55. Chang SS, Skinner EC, Pope S, Folmer M. Bladder cancer: guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (Stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. 2007.
56. British Uro-oncology Group (BUG); British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Section of Oncology; Action on Bladder Cancer (ABC). Multi-disciplinary Team (MDT) Guidance for managing bladder cancer. 2nd edition. 2013 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.actiononbladdercancer.org/downloads/36904mdtguidanceformanagingbladdercancer2013.pdf
57. Shariat SF, Palapattu GS, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51(1):137–49. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.021 (discussion 149–51).
58. Chang BS, Kim HL, Yang XJ, Steinberg GD. Correlation between biopsy and radical cystectomy in assessing grade and depth of invasion in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Urology. 2001;57(6):1063–6 (discussion 1066–7).
59. Fritsche H-M, Burger M, Svatek RS, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with clinical T1 grade 3 urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy: results from an international cohort. Eur Urol. 2010;57(2):300–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.024.
60. Van Der Meijden A, Sylvester R, Collette L, Bono A, Ten Kate F. The role and impact of pathology review on stage and grade assessment of stages Ta and T1 bladder tumors: a combined analysis of 5 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trials. J Urol. 2000;164(5):1533–7.
61. Coblentz TR, Mills SE, Theodorescu D. Impact of second opinion pathology in the definitive management of patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(7):1284–90.
62. Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(3):666–75.
63. Konety BR, Allareddy V. Influence of post-cystectomy complications on cost and subsequent outcome. J Urol. 2007;177(1):280–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.074 (discussion 287).
64. Malavaud B, Vaessen C, Mouzin M, Rischmann P, Sarramon J, Schulman C. Complications for radical cystectomy. Impact of the American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Eur Urol. 2001;39(1):79–84.
65. Frazier HA, Robertson JE, Paulson DF. Complications of radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: a retrospective review of 675 cases in 2 decades. J Urol. 1992;148(5):1401–5.
66. Brausi MA, Verrini G, De Luca G, et al. The use of local anesthesia with N-DO injector (Physion) for transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumors and bladder mapping: preliminary results and cost-effectiveness analysis. Eur Urol. 2007;52(5):1407–11. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.086.
67. Uchida A, Yonou H, Hayashi E, et al. Intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette–Guérin for superficial bladder cancer: cost-effectiveness analysis. Urology. 2007;69(2):275–9. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.10.017.
68. Madeb R, Golijanin D, Noyes K, et al. Treatment of nonmuscle invading bladder cancer: do physicians in the United States practice evidence based medicine? The use and economic implications of intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Cancer. 2009;115(12):2660–70. doi:10.1002/cncr.24311.
69. Lee CT, Barocas D, Globe DR, et al. Economic and humanistic consequences of preventable bladder tumor recurrences in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer cases. J Urol. 2012;188(6):2114–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.005.
70. Feifer A, Xie X, Brophy JM, Segal R, Kassouf W. Contemporary cost analysis of single instillation of mitomycin after transurethral resection of bladder tumor in a universal health care system. Urology. 2010;76(3):652–6. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.070.
71. Rao PK, Stephen Jones J. Routine perioperative chemotherapy instillation with initial bladder tumor resection: a reconsideration of economic benefits. Cancer. 2009;115(5):997–1004. doi:10.1002/cncr.24104.
72. Huang GJ, Hamilton AS, Lo M, Stein JP, Penson DF. Predictors of intravesical therapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: results from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program 2003 patterns of care project. J Urol. 2008;180(2):520–4. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.016 (discussion 524).
73. Green DA, Rink M, Cha EK, et al. Cost-effective treatment of low-risk carcinoma not invading bladder muscle. BJU Int. 2013;111(3 Pt B):E78–84. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11454.x.
74. Svatek RS, Hollenbeck BK, Holmäng S, et al. The economics of bladder cancer: costs and considerations of caring for this disease. Eur Urol. Epub 2014 Jan 21. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.006.
75. Kulkarni GS, Finelli A, Fleshner NE, Jewett M aS, Lopushinsky SR, Alibhai SMH. Optimal management of high-risk T1G3 bladder cancer: a decision analysis. PLoS Med. 2007;4(9):e284. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040284.
76. Kulkarni GS, Alibhai SMH, Finelli A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of immediate radical cystectomy versus intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy for high-risk, high-grade (T1G3) bladder cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(23):5450–9. doi:10.1002/cncr.24634.
77. Jønler M, Lund L, Bisballe S. Holmium:YAG laser vaporization of recurrent papillary tumours of the bladder under local anaesthesia. BJU Int. 2004;94(3):322–5. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04882.x.
78. Wong KA, Zisengwe G, Athanasiou T, O’Brien T, Thomas K. Outpatient laser ablation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: is it safe, tolerable and cost-effective? BJU Int. 2013;112(5):561–7. doi:10.1111/bju.12216.
79. Smith ZL, Christodouleas JP, Keefe SM, Malkowicz SB, Guzzo TJ. Bladder preservation in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): a review of the literature and a practical approach to therapy. BJU Int. 2013;112(1):13–25. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11762.x.
80. Ludwig AT, Inampudi L, O’Donnell MA, Kreder KJ, Williams RD, Konety BR. Two-surgeon versus single-surgeon radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: impact on patient outcomes and costs. Urology. 2005;65(3):488–92. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.012.
81. Mmeje CO, Martin AD, Nunez-Nateras R, Parker AS, Thiel DD, Castle EP. Cost analysis of open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Curr Urol Rep. 2013;14(1):26–31. doi:10.1007/s11934-012-0292-7.
82. Smith A, Kurpad R, Lal A, Nielsen M, Wallen EM, Pruthi RS. Cost analysis of robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010;183(2):505–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.09.081.
83. Yu HY, Hevelone ND, Lipsitz SR, et al. Comparative analysis of outcomes and costs following open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Eur Urol. 2012;61(6):1239–44. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.032.
84. Lee R, Chughtai B, Herman M, Shariat SF, Scherr DS. Cost-analysis comparison of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RC) vs open RC. BJU Int. 2011;108(6 Pt 2):976–83. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10468.x.
85. Lee R, Ng CK, Shariat SF, et al. The economics of robotic cystectomy: cost comparison of open versus robotic cystectomy. BJU Int. 2011;108(11):1886–92. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10114.x.
86. Martin AD, Nunez RN, Castle EP. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy: a complete cost analysis. Urology. 2011;77(3):621–5. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.07.502.
87. Gregori A, Galli S, Goumas I, Scieri F, Stener S, Gaboardi F. A cost comparison of laparoscopic versus open radical cystoprostatectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder at a single institution. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2007;79(3):127–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18041364. Accessed 4 Feb 2014.
88. Stenzl A, Sherif H, Kuczyk M. Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder for invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of long term oncological, functional and quality of life results. Int Br J Urol. 2010;36(5):537–47. doi:10.1590/S1677-55382010000500003.
89. Somani BK, Gimlin D, Fayers P, N’Dow J. Quality of life and body image for bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion—a prospective cohort study with a systematic review of literature. Urology. 2009;74(5):1138–43.
90. Berrum-Svennung I, Hedelin H, Holmäng S. Costs of radical cystectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2005;39(1):36–41. doi:10.1080/00365590410002537.
91. Davies BJ, Allareddy V, Konety BR. Oncology: effect of postcystectomy infectious complications on cost, length of stay, and mortality. Urology. 2009;73:598–602. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2008.09.080.
92. Kim SP, Shah ND, Karnes RJ, et al. The implications of hospital acquired adverse events on mortality, length of stay and costs for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2012;187(6):2011–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.077.
93. Konety BR, Dhawan V, Allareddy V, M a O’Donnell. Association between volume and charges for most frequently performed ambulatory and nonambulatory surgery for bladder cancer. Is more cheaper? J Urol. 2004;172(3):1056–61. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000136382.51688.21.
94. Stevenson SM, Deibert CM, McKiernan JM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In: Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. 2013.
95. Mitra A, Skinner E. A precystectomy decision model to predict pathological upstaging and oncological outcomes in clinical stage T2 bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2013;111(2):240–8.
96. Robinson P, von der Maase H, Bhalla S, et al. Cost-utility analysis of the GC versus MVAC regimens for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2004;4(1):27.
97. Lehmann J, Retz M, Stöckle M. Is there standard chemotherapy for metastatic bladder cancer? Quality of life and medical resources utilization based on largest to date randomized trial. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47(2):171–9.
98. Hall MC, Chang SS, Dalbagni G, et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2314–30. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.09.003.
99. Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG. Cost-effectiveness of a modified care protocol substituting bladder tumor markers for cystoscopy for the followup of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a decision analytical approach. J Urol. 2002;167(1):75–9.
100. Nam RK, Redelmeier DA, Spiess PE, Sampson HA, Fradet Y, Jewett MA. Comparison of molecular and conventional strategies for followup of superficial bladder cancer using decision analysis. J Urol. 2000;163(3):752–7.
101. Lachaine J, Valiquette L, Crott R. Economic evaluation of NMP22 in the management of bladder cancer. Can J Urol. 2000;7(2):974–80.
102. Van Kessel KEM, Kompier LC, de Bekker-Grob EW, et al. FGFR3 mutation analysis in voided urine samples to decrease cystoscopies and cost in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer surveillance: a comparison of 3 strategies. J Urol. 2013;189(5):1676. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=87014649&site=eds-live.
103. De Bekker-Grob EW, van der Aa MNM, Zwarthoff EC, et al. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer surveillance for which cystoscopy is partly replaced by microsatellite analysis of urine: a cost-effective alternative? BJU Int. 2009;104(1):41–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08323.x.
104. Gayed BA, Seideman C, Lotan Y. Cost-effectiveness of fluorescence in situ hybridization in patients with atypical cytology for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol. 2013;190(4):1181–6. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.03.117.
105. Kamat A, Karam J. Prospective trial to identify optimal bladder cancer surveillance protocol: reducing costs while maximizing sensitivity. BJU Int. 2011;108(7):1119–23.
106. Burger M, Zaak D, Stief CG, et al. Photodynamic diagnostics and noninvasive bladder cancer: is it cost-effective in long-term application? A Germany-based cost analysis. Eur Urol. 2007;52(1):142–7. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.064.
107. Otto W, Burger M, Fritsche H. Photodynamic diagnosis for superficial bladder cancer: do all risk-groups profit equally from oncological and economic long-term results? Clin Med Oncol. 2009;(0):53–58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872595/. Accessed 6 Mar 2014.