Soil-transmitted helminths in pre-school-aged and school-aged children in an urban slum: A cross-sectional study of prevalence, distribution, and associated exposures

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 91, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1002-1010

  Davis, Stephanie M ^a   Worrell, Caitlin M ^a   Wiegand, Ryan E ^a   Odero, Kennedy O ^b   Suchdev, Parminder S ^a   Ruth, Laird J ^a   Lopez, Gerard ^a   Cosmas, Leonard ^b   Neatherlin, John ^b   Njenga, Sammy M ^c   Montgomery, Joel M ^b   Fox, Leanne M ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya   (Kenya)

^c KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HELMINTH; HELMINTHIASIS; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOIL; SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH; URBAN AREA; URBAN SLUM; ANIMAL; ASCARIASIS; ASCARIS; FECES; HOOKWORM; HOOKWORM INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; POVERTY; SCHOOL; TRICHURIASIS; TRICHURIS; URBAN POPULATION;

ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA; ASCARIS; TRICHURIS; VERMES;

SOIL;

ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA; ANIMALS; ASCARIASIS; ASCARIS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FECES; FEMALE; HELMINTHS; HOOKWORM INFECTIONS; HUMANS; KENYA; MALE; POVERTY AREAS; PREVALENCE; SCHOOLS; SOIL; TRICHURIASIS; TRICHURIS; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 84910670620     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: 14761645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0060     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, de Silva N, 2008. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr 4: 118-236.
2. World Health Organization, 2012. Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Eliminating Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases as a Public Health Problem in Children: Progress Report 2001-2010 and Strategic Plan 2011-2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503129-eng.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
3. World Health Organization, 2002. The World Health Report 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02-en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 9, 2014.
4. World Health Organization, 2005. Deworming for Health and Development: Report of the Third Global Meeting of the Partners of Parasite Control. Geneva, 29-30 November 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/who-cds-cpe-pvc-2005.14.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
5. Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH, 2009. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 373: 1570-1575.
6. World Health Organization, 2014. Intestinal Worms. Available at: http://www.who.int/intestinal-worms/en/. AccessedMay 9, 2014.
7. World Health Organization, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103-eng.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
8. World Health Organization, 2011. Helminth Control in School-Age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programs. Second edition. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548267-eng.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
9. Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Smith JL, Mupfasoni D, Mwanje MT, Ndayishimiye O, Lwambo NJ, Mbotha D, Karanja P, Mwandawiro C, Muchiri E, Clements AC, Bundy DA, Snow RW, 2009. An updated atlas of human helminth infections: the example of East Africa. Int J Health Geogr 8: 42.
10. Awasthi S, Verma T, Kotecha PV, Venkatesh V, Joshi V, Roy S, 2008. Prevalence and risk factors associated with worm infestation in pre-school children (6-23 months) in selected blocks of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, India. Indian J Med Sci 62: 484-491.
11. Anah MU, Ikpeme OE, Etuk IS, Yong KE, Ibanga I, Asuquo BE, 2008. Worm infestation and anemia among pre-school children of peasant farmers in Calabar, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 11: 220-224.
12. Garg R, Lee LA, Beach MJ, Wamae CN, Ramakrishnan U, Deming MS, 2002. Evaluation of the integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines for treatment of intestinal helminth infections among sick children aged 2-4 years in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 543-548.
13. Stoltzfus RJ, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, Albonico M, Savioli L, 2004. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelmintic treatment improves growth, appetite, and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr 134: 348-356.
14. Awasthi S, Peto R, Pande VK, Fletcher RH, Read S, Bundy DA, 2008. Effects of deworming on malnourished preschool children in India: an open-labeled, cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e223.
15. Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli AF, Savioli L, 2008. Controlling soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pre-school-age children through preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e126.
16. Walson JL, Stewart BT, SangaréL, Mbogo LW, Otieno PA, Piper BK, Richardson BA, John-Stewart G, 2010. Prevalence and correlates of helminth co-infection in Kenyan HIV-1 infected adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 30: e644.
17. Mehraj V, Hatcher J, Akhtar S, Rafique G, Beg MA, 2008. Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among children in an urban slum of Karachi. PLoS ONE 3: e3680.
18. Korkes F, Kumagai FU, Belfort RN, Szejnfeld D, Abud TG, Kleinman A, Florez GM, Szejnfeld T, Chieffi PP, 2009. Relationship between intestinal parasitic infection in children and soil contamination in an urban slum. J Trop Pediatr 55: 42-45.
19. Odiere MR, Opisa S, Odhiambo G, Jura WG, Ayisi JM, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, 2011. Geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among school children in informal settlements in Kisumu City, Western Kenya. Parasitology 138: 1569-1577.
20. Mumtaz S, Siddiqui H, Ashfaq T, 2009. Frequency and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection in children under five years at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 59: 216-219.
21. Staff Reporter, New mass de-worming drive at MCD schools. The Hindu. February 18, 2012. Available at: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/new-massdeworming-drive-at-mcd-schools/article2905730.ece. Accessed May 9, 2014.
22. Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mäusezahl D, Bos R, Keiser J, Utzinger J, 2012. Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9: e1001162.
23. Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, 2014. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soiltransmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001620.
24. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2011. Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change. London: Earthscan. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2011-Full.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
25. Wasif S. Deworming Campaign: Slum Kids to be Given Tablets from Next Week. The Express Tribune. June 8, 2012. Available at: http://tribune.com.pk/story/390381/deworming-campaignslum-kids-to-be-given-tablets-from-next-week/. Accessed May 10, 2014.
26. Khan MU, Shahidullah M, Barua DK, Begum T, 1986. Efficacy of periodic deworming in an urban slum population for parasite control. Indian J Med Res 83: 82-88.
27. Sarkar NR, Anwar KS, Biswas KB, Mannan MA, 2002. Effect of deworming on nutritional status of ascaris infested slum children of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Indian Pediatr 39: 1021-1026.
28. Sur D, Saha DR, Manna B, Rajendran K, Bhattacharya SK, 2005. Periodic deworming with albendazole and its impact on growth status and diarrheal incidence among children in an urban slum of India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 261-267.
29. Riesel JN, Ochieng' FO, Wright P, Vermund SH, Davidson M, 2010. High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: failure to implement deworming guidelines in rural Nyanza Province. J Trop Pediatr 56: 60-62.
30. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The Predicted Distribution of Soil-Transmitted Helminthes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Predicted Prevalence. Available at: http://www.thiswormyworld.org/maps/maps-continent/africa. Accessed May 9, 2014.
31. Wamanda CA, 1986. Survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasites among some fees paying and non-fees paying primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. M.Med. Dissertation, University of Nairobi Medical Library.
32. Mwanthi MA, Kinoti MK, Wamae AW, Ndonga M, Migiro PS, 2008. Prevalence of intestinal worm infections among primary school children in Nairobi City, Kenya. East Afr J Public Health 5: 86-89.
33. Suchdev PS, Davis SM, Bartoces M, Ruth LJ, Worrell CM, Kanyi H, Odero K, Wiegand RE, Njenga SM, Montgomery JM, Fox LM, 2013. Soil-transmitted helminth infection and nutritional status among urban slum children in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2: 299-305.
34. Feikin DR, Audi A, Olack B, Bigogo GM, Polyak C, Burke H, Williamson J, Breiman RF, 2010. Evaluation of the optimal recall period for disease symptoms in home-based morbidity surveillance in rural and urban Kenya. Int J Epidemiol 39: 450-458.
35. Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njuguna H, Audi A, Olack B, Ochieng JB, Wamola N, Bigogo GM, Awiti G, Tabu CW, Burke H, Williamson J, Oundo JO, Mintz ED, Feikin DR, 2012. Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa. PLoS ONE 7: e29119.
36. Lohr S, Sampling: Design and Analysis. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1999.
37. 2009. Questionnaire Manager [computer program], version 2.9. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Universidad del Valle.
38. Knopp S, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Steinmann P, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, Marti H, Utzinger J, 2008. Diagnosis of soiltransmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e331.
39. Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397-400.
40. Mathewos B, Alemu A, Woldeyohannes D, Alemu A, Addis Z, Tiruneh M, Aimero M, Kassu A, 2014. Current status of soiltransmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in two primary schools in north Gondar, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 7: 88.
41. Calgagno V, de Mazancourt C, 2010. Glmulti: an R package for easy automated model selection with (generalized) linear models. J Stat Softw 34: 12.
42. Schwartz G, 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6: 461-464.
43. World Health Organization, 2013. Soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of children treated in 2011. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 14: 145-152.
44. Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, Donegan S, Garner P, 2012. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, hemoglobin and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD000371.
45. Godlee F, 2013. Treat the worms, but do other things too. BMJ 346: e8721.
46. Gendrel D, Richard-Lenoble D, Kombila M, Baziomo JM, Gendrel C, Nardou M, 1988. Breast-feeding and intestinal parasites [in French]. Arch Fr Pediatr 45: 399-404.
47. de Souza EA, da Silva-Nunes M, Malafronte Rdos S, Muniz PT, Cardoso MA, Ferreira MU, 2007. Prevalence and spatial distribution of intestinal parasitic infections in a rural Amazonian settlement, Acre State, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 23: 427-434.
48. Pullan RL, Bethony JM, Geiger SM, Cundill B, Correa-Oliveira R, Quinnell RJ, Brooker S, 2008. Human helminth co-infection: analysis of spatial patterns and risk factors in a Brazilian community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e352.
49. Roy EH, Haque AH, Siddique AK, Sack RB, 2011. Patterns and risk factors for helminthiasis in rural children aged under 2 in Bangladesh. SAJCH 5: 78-85.
50. Halpenny CM, Paller C, Koski KG, Valdés VE, Scott ME, 2013. Regional, household and individual factors that influence soil transmitted helminth reinfection dynamics in preschool children from rural indigenous Panama. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2070.
51. Newton PN, Green MD, Fernández FM, 2010. Impact of poorquality medicines in the 'developing' world. Trends Pharmacol Sci 31: 99-101.
52. Tarafder MR, Carabin H, Joseph L, Balolong E Jr, Olveda R, McGarvey ST, 2010. Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a 'gold standard'. Int J Parasitol 40: 399-404.