Observations of the origin and distribution of ice in cold, warm, and occluded frontal systems during the DIAMET campaign

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 142, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 4230-4255

  Lloyd, G ^a   Dearden, C ^a   Choularton, T W ^a   Crosier, J ^a   Bower, K N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; LIQUIDS; NUCLEATION; RESEARCH AIRCRAFT; SUPERCOOLING;

CLOUD-TOP TEMPERATURES; EXTRATROPICAL STORMS; ICE WATER CONTENT; MESOSCALE STRUCTURE; MIXED PHASE REGION; NUMBER CONCENTRATION; PRODUCTION RATES; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER;

ICE;

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COLD FRONT; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DRIZZLE; ICE CRYSTAL; WARM FRONT;

EID: 84910015961     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: 15200493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00396.1     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Baumgardner, D., H. Jonsson, W. Dawson, D. O'Connor, and R. Newton, 2001: The cloud, aerosol and precipitation spectrometer:A new instrument for cloud investigations. Atmos. Res., 59-60, 251-264, doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00119-3.
2. Bergeron, T., 1937: On the physics of fronts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 18, 265-275.
3. Bjerknes, J., 1919: On the structure of moving cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 47, 95-99, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1919)47,95:OTSOMC.2.0.CO;2.
4. Bjerknes, J., and H. Solberg, 1922: Life cycles of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ., 3, 18 pp.
5. Brown, P., and P. Francis, 1995: Improved measurements of the ice water content in cirrus using a total-water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 410-414, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012,0410:IMOTIW.2.0.CO;2.
6. Browning, K. A., 1986: Conceptual models of precipitation systems. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 23-41, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1986)001,0023:CMOPS.2.0.CO;2.
7. Browning, K. A., 1990: Organisation of clouds and precipitation in extratropical storms. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 129-153.
8. Browning, K. A., 1997: The dry intrusion perspective of extra-tropical cyclone development. Meteor. Appl., 4, 317-324, doi:10.1017/S1350482797000613.
9. Browning, K. A., and R. Reynolds, 1994: Diagnostic study of a narrow coldfrontal rainband and severe winds associated with a stratospheric intrusion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 235-257, doi:10.1002/qj.49712051602.
10. Cardwell, J., P. R. Field, and T. W. Choularton, 2003: A modelling study of ice-spectrum modes in deep frontal clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1873-1890, doi:10.1256/qj.01.133.
11. Crawford, I., and Coauthors, 2011: Ice formation and development in aged, wintertime cumulus over the UK: Observations and modelling. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 30 797-30 851, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-30797-2011.
12. Crosier, J., and Coauthors, 2011: Observations of ice multiplication in a weakly convective cell embedded in supercooled midlevel stratus. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 257-273, doi:10.5194/acp-11-257-2011.
13. Crosier, J., and Coauthors, 2014: Microphysical properties of cold frontal rainbands. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 1257-1268, doi:10.1002/qj.2206.
14. Dearden, C., P. J.Connolly, G.Lloyd, J. Crosier, K. N. Bower, T. W. Choularton, and G. Vaughan, 2014: Diabatic heating and cooling rates derived from in situ microphysics measurements:A case study of a wintertime U.K. cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3100-3125, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00048.1.
15. DeMott, P. J., and Coauthors, 2010: Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 11 217-11 222, doi:10.1073/pnas.0910818107.
16. Field, P. R., A. J. Heymsfield, and A. Bansemer, 2006: Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 1357-1371, doi:10.1175/JTECH1922.1.
17. Hallett, J., and S. C. Mossop, 1974: Production of secondary ice crystals during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26-28, doi:10.1038/249026a0.
18. Heymsfield, A. J., 1972: Ice crystal terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1348-1357, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029,1348:ICTV.2.0.CO;2.
19. Heymsfield, A. J., and J.L. Parrish, 1978: Acomputational technique for increasing the effective sampling volume of the PMS two-dimensional particle size spectrometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1566-1572, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017,1566:ACTFIT.2.0.CO;2.
20. Hobbs, P. V., and J. D. Locatelli, 1978: Rainbands, precipitation cores and generating cells in a cyclonic storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 230-241.
21. Hogan, R. J., A. J. Illingworth, E. J. O'Connor, and J. P. V. Poiares Baptista, 2003: Characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. II: A climatology from ground-based lidar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 2117-2134, doi:10.1256/qj.01.209.
22. Houze, R. A., Jr., and P. V. Hobbs, 1982: Organization and structure of precipitating cloud systems. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 24, Academic Press, 225-315.
23. Jensen, E. J., and Coauthors, 2009: On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 5321-5370, doi:10.5194/acpd-9-5321-2009.
24. Korolev, A. V., E. F. Emery, J. W. Strapp, S. G. Cober, G. A. Isaac, M. Wasey, and D. Marcotte, 2011: Small ice particles in tropospheric clouds: Fact or artifact? Airborne icing instrumentation evaluation experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 967-973, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3141.1.
25. Lance, S., C. A. Brock, D. Rogers, and J. A. Gordon, 2010: Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and inflight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1683-1706, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010.
26. Langleben, M. P., 1954: Terminal velocity of snowflakes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 80, 174-181, doi:10.1002/qj.49708034404.
27. Lawson, P. R., D. O'Connor, P. Zmarzly, K. Weaver, B. Baker, Q. Mo, and H. Jonsson, 2006: The 2D-S (stereo) probe: Design and preliminary tests of a new airborne, high-speed, highresolution particle imagine probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 1462-1477, doi:10.1175/JTECH1927.1.
28. Leckebusch, G. C., U. Ulbrich, L. Fröhlich, and J. G. Pinto, 2007: Property loss potentials for European midlatitude storms in a changing climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05703, doi:10.1029/2006GL027663.
29. Matejka, T. J., R. A. Houze, and P. V. Hobbs, 1980: Microphysics and dynamics of clouds associated with mesoscale rainbands in extratropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 29-56, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644704.
30. Norbury, J. R., and W. J. White, 1971: Arapid-response rain gauge. J. Phys. E., 4, 601-602, doi:10.1088/0022-3735/4/8/013.
31. Rosenberg, P. D., A. R. Dean, P. I. Williams, J. R. Dorsey, A. Minikin, M. A. Pickering, and A. Petzold, 2012: Particle sizing calibration with refractive index correction for light scattering optical particle counters and impacts upon PCASP and CDP data collected during the Fennec campaign. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1147-1163, doi:10.5194/amt-5-1147-2012.
32. Sansom, H. W., 1951: A study of cold fronts over the British Isles. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 96-120, doi:10.1002/qj.49707733111.
33. Saunders, C., and A. S. Hosseini, 2001: A laboratory study of the effect of velocity on Hallett-Mossop ice crystal multiplication. Atmos. Res., 59-60, 3-14, doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00106-5.
34. Shapiro, M. A., and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jet streams and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-191.
35. Ulbrich, U., A. H. Fink, M. Klawa, and G. Pinto, 2001: Three extreme storms over Europe in December 1999. Weather, 56, 70-80, doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06540.x.
36. Ulbrich, U., T. Brücher, and A. Fink, 2003a: The central European floods of August 2002: Part 1-Rainfall periods and flood development. Weather, 58, 371-377, doi:10.1256/wea.61.03A.
37. Ulbrich, U., T. Brücher, A. Fink, G. C. Leckebusch, A. Krüger, and J. G. Pinto, 2003b: The central European floods of August 2002:Part 2-Synoptic causes and considerations with respect to climate change. Weather, 58, 434-442, doi:10.1256/wea.61.03B.
38. Vaughan, G., and Coauthors, 2014: Cloud banding and winds in intense European cyclones: Results from the DIAMET project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., in press.