Inspiratory muscle training in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A systematic review

NeuroRehabilitation

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 349-361

  Eidenberger, Margit ^a   Nowotny, Silvia ^a  

^a FH Gesundheitsberufe Oberösterreich Studiengang Physiotherapie ^*  (Austria)

Author keywords

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; diaphragm; inspiratory muscle strength; training

Indexed keywords

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BREATHING MUSCLE; DIAPHRAGM; DYSPNEA; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY; INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING; LUNG VOLUME; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE TRAINING; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SURVIVAL TIME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; BREATHING EXERCISE; META ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BREATHING EXERCISES; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RESPIRATORY MUSCLES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84910000195     PISSN: 10538135     EISSN: 18786448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-141148     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Aboussouan, L. S. (2009). Mechanisms of exercise limitation and pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with neuromuscular disease. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 6(4), 231-249.
2. Aisen, M. L., & Schafer, K. (1997). Basic principles of setting up multicenter trials. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 11(3), 185-188.
3. Aldrich, T. K., & Spiro, P. (1995). Maximal inspiratory pressure: Does reproducibility indicate full effort? Thorax, 50(1), 40-43.
4. Al-Nawas, B., Baulig, C., & Krummenauer, D. (2010). Studiendesigns in der Implantologie (I): Sachgerechte Wahl von Interventions- und kontrollgruppe. Zeitschrift fur Zahnarztliche Implantologie, 26(2), 180-184.
5. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (2002). ATS/ERS Statement on Respiratory Muscle Testing. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 166, 518-624.
6. American Thoracic Society (2002). ATS Statement. Guideline for the Six-Minute Walk Test. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 166, 111-117.
7. AWMF/Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurologie. Leitlinien fur Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Kapitel Degenerative Erkrankungen. Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose. Stand September 2012.
8. Bello-Haas, V. D., Florence, J. M., Kloos, A. D., Scheirbecker, J., Lopate, G., Hayes, S. M., Pioro, E. P., & Mitsumoto, H. (2007). Arandomized controlled trial of resistance exercise in individuals with ALS. Neurology, 68, 2003-2007.
9. Bossmann, T. (2008). Fallzahlkalkulation. Wie viele Probanden braucht man fur eine Studie. Pt Zeitschrift fur Physiotherapeuten 60/5, 525-526.
10. Bott, J., Blumenthal, S., Buxton, M., Ellum, S., Falconer, C., Garrod, R., Harvey, A., Hughes, T., Lincoln, M., Mikelsons, C., Potter, C., Pryor, J., Rimington, L., Sinfield, F., Thompson, C., Vaughn, P., White, J., & British Thoracic Society Physiotherapy Guideline Development Group (2009). Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient. Thorax, 64(Suppl I), 1-51.
11. Brintnall-Karabelas, J., Sung, S., Cadman, M.E., Squires, C., Whorton, K., & Pao, M. (2011). Improving recruitment in clinical trials: Why eligible participants decline. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 6(1), 69-74.
12. Butland, R. J., Pang, J., Gross, E. R., Woodcock, A. A., & Geddes, D. M. (1982). Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. British Medical Journal, 284, 1607-1608.
13. Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1973). Experimental and Quasi- Experimental Designs for Research. Boston: Houghton Miffin Company.
14. Carlesi, C., Pasquali, L., Piazza, S., Lo Gerfo, A., Caldarazzo Ienco, E., Alessi, R., Fornai, F., & Siciliano, G. (2011). Strategies for clinical approach to neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 149, 151-167.
15. Carratu, P., Spicuzza, L., Cassano, A., Maniscalo, M., Gadaleta, F., Lacedonia, D., Scoditti, C., Boniello, E., Di Maria, G., & Resta, O. (2009). Early treatment with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation prolongs survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients with nocturnal respiratory insufficiency. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 4, 10.
16. Carreras, I., Yuruker, S., Aytan, N., Hossain, L., Choi, J. K., Jenkins, B. G., Kowall, N.W., & Dedeoglu, A. (2010). Moderate exercise delays the motor performance decline in a transgenic model of ALS. Brain Research, 1313, 192-201.
17. Castro, M. (1998). Control of breathing. In Berne, R. M., Levy, M. N. (Eds.), Physiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby.
18. Cedarbaum, J. M., Stambler, N., Malta, E., Fuller, C., Hilt, D., Thurmond, B., & Nakanishi, A. (1999). The ALSFRS-R: A revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). Journal of Neurological Sciences, 169(1-2), 13-21.
19. Cheah, B. C., Boland, R. A., Brodaty, N. E., Zoing, M. C., Jeffery, S. E., McKenzie, D. K., & Kiernan, M. C. (2009). INSPIRATIonAL-INSPIRAtory muscle training in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 10(5-6), 384-392.
20. Chio, A., Bottacchi, E., Buffa, C., Mutani, R., Mora, G., & the PARALS. (2006). Positive effects of tertiary centres for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on outcome and use of hospital facilities. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77(8), 948-950.
21. Cochrane Public Health Group. Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. 8/2/2013. http://ph.cochrane.org/sites/ph. cochrane.org/files/uploads/Unit Eight.pdf
22. Coomarasamy, A., Latthe, P., Papaioannou, S., Publicover, M., Gee, H., & Khan, K. S. (2001). Critical appraisal in clinical practice: Sometimes irrelevant, occasionally invalid. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94(11), 573-577.
23. Czaplinski, A., Yen, A. A., & Appel, S. H. (2006). Forced vital capacity (FVC) as an indicator of survival and disease progression in an ALS clinic population. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgergy and Psychiatry, 77(3), 390-392.
24. Czudaj, K. P., Suchi, S., & Schonhofer, B. (2009). Physiological parameters of breathing and the impact of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) on patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Pneumologie, 63(12), 687-692.
25. De Morton, N. A. (2009). The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: A demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(2), 129-133.
26. DiMarco, A. F., Kelling, J. S., DiMarco, M. S., Jacobs, I., Shields, R., & Altose, M. D. (1985). The effects of inspiratory resistive training on respiratory muscle function in patients with muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve, 8(4), 284-290.
27. Eagle, M. (2002). Report on the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign workshop: Exercise in neuromuscular diseases. Neuromuscular Disorders, 12, 975-983.
28. Fitting, J. W. (2006). Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure: Simple or too simple? European Respiratory Journal, 27(5), 881-883.
29. Fitting, J. W., Paillex, R., Hirt, L., Aebischer, P., & Schluep, M. (1999). Sniff nasal pressure: A sensitive respiratory test to assess progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, 46(6), 887-893.
30. Fregonezi, G. A., Resqueti, V. R., Guell, R., Pradas, J., & Casan, P. (2005). Effects of 8-week, interval- based inspiratory muscle training and breathing retraining in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. Chest, 128(3), 1524-1530.
31. Furukawa, Y., Kiyonobu, K., Ishida, C., Takahashi, K., Tagami, A., Motozaki, Y., & Ikeda, T. (2012). Cause of death in Japanese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on tracheotomypositive pressure ventilation. European Neurology, 68, 261-263.
32. Gardiner, P., Dai, Y., & Heckman, C. J. (2006). Effects of exercise training on alpha-motoneurons. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(4), 1228-1236.
33. Geddes, E. L., OBrien, K., Reid, W. D., Brooks, D., & Crowe, J. (2008). Inspiratory muscle training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An update of a systematic review. Respiratory Medicine, 102(12), 1715-1729.
34. Gregory, S. A. (2007). Evaluation and management of respiratory muscle dysfunction in ALS. NeuroRehabilitation, 22(6), 435-443.
35. Gross, D., & Meiner, Z. (1993). The effect of ventilatory muscle training on respiratory function and capacity in ambulatory and bed-ridden patients with neuromuscular disease. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 48(4), 322-326.
36. Harik-Khan, R. I., Wise, R. A., & Fozard, J. L. (1998). Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 158, 1459-1464.
37. Hegenscheidt, S., Harth, A., & Scherfer, E. (2010). PEDro scale. 10/10/2013. http://www.pedro.org.au/wp-content/ uploads/PEDro scale german.pdf
38. Heritier, F., Rahm, F., Pasche, P., & Fitting, J. W. (1994). Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. A noninvasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strength. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 150, 1678-1683.
39. Hill, K., Jenkins, S. C., Philippe, D. L., Cecins, N., Shepherd, K. L., Green, D. J., Hillman, D. R., & Eastwood, P. R. (2006). High-intensity inspiratory muscle training in COPD. European Respiratory Journal, 27(6), 1119-1128.
40. Hollis, S., & Campbell, F. (1999). What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 319, 670.
41. Jackson, C. E., Rosenfeld, J., Moore, D. H., Bryan, W. W., Barohn, R. J., Wrench, M., Myers, D., Heberlin, L., King, R., Smith, J., Gelinas, D., & Miller, R. G. (2001). A preliminary evaluation of a prospective study of pulmonary function studies and symptoms of hypoventilation in ALS/MND patients. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 191(1-2), 75-78.
42. Juni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. British Medical Journal, 323(7303), 42-46.
43. Kodric, M., Trevisan, R., Torregiani, C., Cifaldi, R., Longo, C., Cantarutti, F., & Confalonieri, M. (2013). Inspiratory muscle training for diaphragm dysfunction after cardiac surgery. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 145(3), 819-823.
44. Koessler, W., Wanke, T., Winkler, G., Nader, A., Toifl, K., Kurz, H., & Zwick, H. (2001). 2 Years experience with inspiratory muscle training in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Chest, 120(3), 765-769.
45. Kranke, A., Redel, A., Smul, T., & Kranke, E. M. (2008). Grundlagen und prinzipien klinischer studien: Untersuchungen zum Nachweis derWirksamkeit medizinischer Interventionen. Teil 1. Kardiotechnik, 2, 50-53.
46. Kupferberg, D. H., Kaplan, R. M., Slymen, D. H., & Ries, A. L. (2005). Minimal clinically important difference for the UCSD shortness of breath questionnaire. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 25(6), 370-377.
47. Laube, W. (2009). Sensomotorisches System. Physiologisches Detailwissen fur Physiotherapeuten. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.
48. Laurino, R. A., Barnabe, V., Saraiva-Romanholo, B.M., Stelmach, R., Cukier, A., & Nunes, M. (2012). Respiratory rehabilitation: Aphysiotherapy approach to the control of asthma symptoms and anxiety. Clinics, 67(11), 1291-1297.
49. Leigh, P. N., Abrahams, S., Al-Chalabi, A., Ampong, M. A., Goldstein, L. H., Johnson, J., Lyall, R., Moxham, J., Mustfa, N., Rio, A., Shaw, C., Willey, E., & Kings MND Care and Research Team (2003). The management of Motor Neurone Disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74(Suppl IV), iv32-iv47.
50. Lewis, S. C., & Warlow, C. P. (2004). How to spot bias and other potential problems in randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 181-187.
51. Liaw, M. Y., Lin, M. C., Cheng, P. T., Wong, M. K., & Tang, F. T. (2000). Resistive inspiratory muscle training: Its effectiveness in patients with acute complete cervical cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(6), 752-756.
52. Liu, C. J., LaValley, M., & Latham, N. K. (2011). Do unblinded assessors bias muscle strength outcomes in randomized controlled trials of progressive resistance strength training in older adults? American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(3), 190-196.
53. Longstreth, W. T., Nelson, L. M., Koepsell, T. D., & van Belle, G. (1991). Hypotheses to explain the association between vigorous physical activity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Medical Hypotheses, 34(2), 144-148.
54. Lyall, R. A., Donaldson, N., Polkey, M. I., Leigh, P. N., & Moxham, J. (2001). Respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory failure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain, 124, 2000-2013.
55. Macedo, L. G., Elkins, M. R., Maher, C. G., Moseley, A. M., Herbert, R. D., & Sherrington, C. (2010). There was evidence of convergent and construct validity of Physiotherapy Evidence Database quality scale for physiotherapy trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(8), 920-925.
56. Mangold, S. (2011). Evidenzbasiertes Arbeiten in der Physio- und Ergotherapie. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
57. Martin, A. D., Smith, B. K., Davenport, P. D., Harman, E., Gonzalez- Rothi, R. J., Baz, M., Layon, A. J., Banner, M. J., Caruso, L. J., Deoghare, H., Huang, T. T., & Gabrielli, A. (2011). Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients: A randomized trial. Critical Care, 15(2), R84.
58. Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., & Dimatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence. Journal of Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 1(3), 189-199.
59. McCannon, J., & Temel, J. (2012). Comprehensive management of respiratory symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 10(1), 1-9.
60. McCool, F. D., & Tzelepis, G. E. (1995). Inspiratory muscle training in the patient with neuromuscular disease. Physical Therapy, 75(11), 1006-1014.
61. Melo, J., Homma, A., Iturriaga, E., Frierson, L., Amato, A., Anzueto, A., & Jackson, C. (1999). Pulmonary evaluation and prevalence of non-invasive ventilation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Amulticenter survey and proposal of a pulmonary protocol. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 169(1-2), 114-117.
62. Miller, R. G., Jackson, C. E., Kasarskis, E. J., England, J. D., & Forshew, D. (2009). Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Drug, nutritional and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review. Neurology, 73, 1218-1226.
63. Miller, R. G., Mitchell, J. D., & Moore, D. H. (2012). Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 3, CD001447.
64. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. British Medical Journal, 339, b2535
65. Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2004). Das CONSORT statement: U berarbeitete Empfehlungen zur Qualtitatsverbesserung von Reports randomisierter Studien im Parallel-design. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 129, T16-T20.
66. Morgan, R. K., McNally, S., Alexander, M., Conroy, R., Hardiman, O., & Costello, R. W. (2005). Use of Sniff nasal-inspiratory force to predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 171(3), 269-274.
67. Morris, M. E., Perry, A., Bilney, B., Curran, A., Dodd, K., Wittwer, J. E., & Dalton, G.W. (2006). Outcomes of physical therapy, speech pathology, and occupational therapy for people with motor neuron disease:Asystematic review. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 20(3), 424-434.
68. Nardin, R., ODonnell, C., Loring, S. H., Nie, R., Hembre, K., Walsh, J., Arboleda, B. W., Muzikansky, A., Nguyen, D., & Raynor, E. (2008). Diaphragm training in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease, 10(2), 56-60.
69. Nourbakhsh, E., Nugent, R., Wang, H., Cevik, C., & Nugent, K. (2012). Medical literature searches: A comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 29(3), 214-222.
70. Oliver, D. J., & Turner, M. R. (2010). Some difficult decisions in ALS/MND. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 11(4), 339-343.
71. Peterson, J. C., Pirraglia, P. A., Wells, M.T., & Charlson, M. E. (2012). Attrition in longitudinal randomized controlled trials:Homevisits make a difference. Medical Research Methodology, 12, 178.
72. Pinto, S., & de Carvalho, M. (2012). Can inspiratory muscle training increase survival in early-affected amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients? Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Early Online, 1-3.
73. Pinto, S., Swash, M., & de Carvalho, M. (2012). Respiratory exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 13(1), 33-43.
74. Prisk, G. K., Yamada, K., Henderson, A. C., Arai, T. J., Levin, D. L., Buxton, R. B., & Hopkins, S. R. (2007). Pulmonary perfusion in the prone and supine postures in the normal human lung. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(3), 883-894.
75. Reyes, A., Ziman, M., & Nosaka, K. (2013). Respiratory muscle training for respiratory deficits in neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review. Chest, 143(5), 1386-1394.
76. Robson, L. S., Shannon, H. S., Goldenhar, L. M., & Hale, A. R. (2001). Guide to evaluating the effectiveness of strategies for preventing work injuries. Department of health and human services. CDC center for disease control and prevention. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication, 1-138.
77. Rodrguez de Rivera, FJ., Oreja Guevara C., Sanz Gallego, I., San Jose Valiente, B., Santiago Recuerda, A., Gomez Mendieta, M. A., Arpa, J., & Dez Tejedor, E. (2011). Outcome of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis attending in a multidisciplinary care unit. Neurologia 26(8)455-460.
78. Sachs, M. C., Enright, P. L., Hinckley, Stukovsky, K. D., Jiang, R., & Barr, R. G. (2009). Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Lung Study. Performance of maximum inspiratory pressure tests and maximum inspiratory pressure reference equations for 4 race/ethnic groups. Respiratory Care, 54(10), 1321-1328.
79. Sanjak, M., Bravver, E., Bockenek, W. L., Norton, H. J., & Brooks, B. R. (2010). Supported treadmill ambulation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(12), 1920-1929.
80. Schiffman, P. L., & Belsh, J. M. (1989). Effect of inspiratory resistance and theophylline on respiratory muscle strength in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 139(6), 1418-1423.
81. Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002a). Allocation concealment in randomised trials: Defending against deciphering. Lancet, 359, 614-618.
82. Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002b). Blinding in randomised trials: Hiding who got what. Lancet, 359, 696-700.
83. Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 340, c332.
84. Shoemaker, M. J., Donker, S., & Lapoe, A. (2009). Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The state of the evidence. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal, 20(3), 5-15.
85. Shoesmith, C. L., Findlater, K., Rowe, A., & Strong, M. J. (2007). Prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with respiratory onset. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 78(6), 629-631.
86. Siirala, W., Saaresranta, T., Vuori, A., Salantera, S., Olkkola, K. T., & Aantaa, R. (2012). Using respiratory rate and thoracic movement to assess respiratory insufficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A preliminary study. BMC Palliative Care, 27, 11-26.
87. Smeltzer, S. C., & Lavietes, M. H. (1999). Reliability of maximal respiratory pressures in multiple sclerosis. Chest, 115(6), 1546-1552.
88. Tam, S. L., Archibald, V., Balvinder, J., Tyreman, N., & Gordon, T. (2001). Increased neuromuscular activity reduces sprouting in partially denervated muscles. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(2), 654-667.
89. Tam, S. L., & Gordon, T. (2003a). Mechanisms controlling axonal sprouting at the neuromuscular junction. Journal of Neurocytology, 32(5-8), 961-974.
90. Tam, S. L., & Gordon, T. (2003b). Neuromuscular activity impairs axonal sprouting in partially denervated muscles by inhibiting bridge formation of perisynaptic Schwann cells. Journal of Neurobiology, 57(2), 221-234.
91. Terzi, N., Corne, F., Mouadil, A., Lofaso, F., & Normand, H. (2010). Mouth and nasal inspiratory pressure: Learning effect and reproducibility in healthy adults. Respiration, 80(5), 379-386.
92. Traynor, B. J., Alexander, M., Corr, B., Frost, E., & Hardiman, O. (2003). Effect of a multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinic on ALS survival: A population based study, 1996- 2000. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74(9), 1258-1261.
93. Turner, M. R., Parton, M. J., Shaw, C. E., Leigh, P. N., & Al- Chalabi, A. (2003). Prolonged survival in motor neuron disease: A descriptive study of the Kings database 1990-2002. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74, 995-997.
94. Van Gestel, A. J. R., & Teschler, H. (2010). Physiotherapie bei chronischen Atemwegserkrankungen. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
95. Velasco, R., Salachas, F., Munerati, E., Le Forestier, N., Pradat, P. F., Lacomblez, L., Orvoen, Frija, E., & Meininger, V. (2002). Nocturnal oxymetry in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Role in predicting survival. Revue Neurologique, 158, 575-578.
96. Verhagen, A. P., de Vet, H. C., de Bie, R. A., Kessels, A. G., Boers, M., Bouter, L.M., & Knipschild, P. G. (1998). The Delphi list: A criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(12), 1235-1241.
97. Vitacca, M., Clini, E., Facchetti, D., Pagani, M., Poloni, M., Porta, R., & Ambrosino, N. (1997). Breathing pattern and respiratory mechanics in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. European Respiratory Journal, 10(7), 1614-1621.
98. Wijesekera, L. C., & Leigh, P. N. (2009). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 4, 3.
99. Wijkstra, P. J., TenVergert, E. M., Van Altena, R., Otten, V., Postma, D. S., Kraan, J., & Koeter, G. H. (1994). Reliability and validity of the chronic respiratory questionnaire (CRQ). Thorax, 49(5), 465-467.
100. Winkler, G., Zifko, U., Nader, A., Frank, W., Zwick, H., Toifl, K., & Wanke, T. (2000). Dose-dependent effects of inspiratory muscle training in neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve, 23(8), 1257-1260.
101. Yuen, E. C., & Olney, R. K. (1997). Longitudinal study of fiber density and motor unit number estimate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, 49(2), 573-578.
102. Zoccolella, S., Santamato, A., & Lamberti, P. (2009). Current and emerging treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 5, 577-595.