Field test of available methods to measure remotely SOx and NOx emissions from ships

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 2597-2613

  Balzani Loov J M ^a   Alfoldy, B ^a   Gast, L F L ^d   Hjorth, J ^a   Lagler, F ^a   Mellqvist, J ^b   Beecken, J ^b   Berg, N ^b   Duyzer, J ^c   Westrate, H ^c   Swart, D P J ^d   Berkhout, A J C ^d   Jalkanen, J P ^e   Prata, A J ^f   Van Der Hoff, G R ^d   Borowiak, A ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^b CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^c TNO   (Netherlands)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^e FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^f NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; EXHAUST EMISSION; HARBOR; LIDAR; NITROGEN OXIDES; OPEN OCEAN; SULFUR DIOXIDE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

NETHERLANDS; ROTTERDAM; SOUTH HOLLAND;

EID: 84909984706     PISSN: 18671381     EISSN: 18678548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/amt-7-2597-2014     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. ABS, American Bureau of Shipping: Notes on Heavy Fuel Oil, 1984.
2. Agrawal, H., Malloy, Q. G. J., Welch, W. A., Miller, J. W., and Cocker, D. R.: In-use gaseous and particulate matter emissions from a modern ocean going container vessel, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5504-5510, 2008.
3. Alföldy, B., Lööv, J. B., Lagler, F., Mellqvist, J., Berg, N., Beecken, J., Weststrate, H., Duyzer, J., Bencs, L., Horemans, B., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J.-P., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Csordás, A. P., Van Grieken, R., Borowiak, A., and Hjorth, J.: Measurements of air pollution emission factors for marine transportation in SECA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1777-1791, doi:10.5194/amt-6-1777-2013, 2013.
4. Beecken, J., Mellqvist, J., Salo, K., Ekholm, J., and Jalkanen, J.-P.: Airborne emission measurements of SO2, NOx and particles from individual ships using a sniffer technique, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1957-1968, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1957-2014, 2014.
5. Beijk, R.: RIVM Bilthoven the Netherlands Regressiontool: Multi data analyses tool version 4.1.7 (beta), 2011.
6. Beijk, R., Mooibroek, D., van de Kassteele, J., and Hoogerbrugge, R.: PM10: Equivalence study 2006, RIVM Report 680708002/2008, 2008.
7. Berg, N., Mellqvist, J., Beecken, J., and Johansson, J.: Ship emission measurements by the Chalmers IGPS System during the Rotterdam campaign 2009, RR Report (Göteborg) No. 5, ISSN 1653 333X, 2010.
8. Berg, N., Mellqvist, J., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Balzani, J.: Ship emissions of SO2 and NO2: DOAS measurements from airborne platforms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1085-1098, doi:10.5194/amt-5-1085-2012, 2012.
9. Berkhout, A. J. C., Swart, D. P. J., van der Hoff, G. R., and Bergwerff, J. B.: Sulphur dioxide emissions of oceangoing vessels measured remotely with Lidar, RIVM Report 609021119, 2012.
10. Bluth, G., Shannon, J., Watson, I., Prata, A., and Realmuto, V.: Development of an ultra-violet digital camera for volcanic SO2 imaging, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 161, 47-56, 2007. (Pubitemid 46196295)
11. Cooper, D. A.: Exhaust emissions from ships at berth, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3817-3830, 2003. (Pubitemid 36918431)
12. Cooper, D. A.: HCB, PCB, PCDD and PCDF emissions from ships, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4901-4912, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.037, 2005.
13. Corbett, J. J., Wang, C., Winebrake, J. J., and Green, E.: Allocation and forecasting of global ship emissions, Clean Air Task Force Report, 2007.
14. Dalsøren, S. B., Eide, M. S., Endresen, ∅., Mjelde, A., Gravir, G., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2171-2194, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2171-2009, 2009.
15. Directive 1999/32/EC: Official Journal of the European Union, L 121, p. 13, 26 April 1999.
16. Directive 2005/33/EC: Official Journal of the European Union, L 191, p. 59, 22 July 2005.
17. Duyzer, J., Hollander, K., Verhagen, H.,Weststrate, H., Hensen, A., Kraai, A., and Koos, G.: Assessment of emissions of PM and NOx of sea going vessels by field measurements, TNO report 2006-A-R0341/B, 2006.
18. Endresen, ∅., Sørgård, E., Sundet, J. K., Dalsøren, S. B., Isaksen, I. S. A., Berglen, T. F., and Gravir, G.: Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4560, doi:10.1029/2002JD002898, 2003.
19. Endresen, ∅., Sørgård, E., Behrens, H. L., Brett, P. O., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: A historical reconstruction of ships' fuel consumption and emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D12301, doi:10.1029/2006JD007630, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241648)
20. EPA 2010: Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2007, April 2010, available at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html (last access: 2010), 2010.
21. European Commission and ENTEC UK Limited: Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market based Instruments Task 2b and C-NOx and SO2 Abatement, 2005.
22. Eyring, V., Köhler, H., Van Aardenne, J., and Lauer, A.: Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D17305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005619, 2005. (Pubitemid 41498523)
23. Eyring, V., Isaksen I. S. A., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. J., Corbett, J. J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R. G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., and Stevenson, D. S.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4735-4771, 2010.
24. Galloway, J. N., Aber, J. D., Erisman, J. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Howarth, R. W., Cowling, E. B., and Cosby, B. J.: The nitrogen cascade, BioScience, 53, 341-356, 2003. (Pubitemid 36453247)
25. International Maritime Organization (IMO): Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships and NOx technical code, Annex VI of the MARPOL convention 73/78, London, 1998.
26. International Maritime Organization (IMO): Second GHG study 2009: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, IMO) London, 2009.
27. Isakson, J., Persson, T., and Selin Lindgren, E.: Identification and assessment of ship emissions and their effects in the harbour of Goteborg, Sweden, 2001, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3659-3666, 2001.
28. Jalkanen, J.-P., Brink, A., Kalli, J., Pettersson, H., Kukkonen, J., and Stipa, T.: A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9209-9223, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9209-2009, 2009.
29. Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Kukkonen, J., Brink, A., Kalli, J., and Stipa, T.: Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2641-2659, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2641-2012, 2012.
30. Johansson, J. K. E., Mellqvist, J., Samuelsson, J., Offerle, B., Lefer, B., Rappenglück, B., Flynn, J., and Yarwood, G.: Emission measurements of alkenes, alkanes, SO2, and NO2 from stationary sources in Southeast Texas over a 5 year period using SOF and mobile DOAS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1973-1991, doi:10.1002/2013JD020485, 2014.
31. Kendall, M. G. and Stuart, A.: The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Griffin, London, 1969.
32. Lack, D. A., Corbett, J. J., Onasch, T., Lerner, B., Massoli, P., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D., Sierau, B., Herndon, S., Allan, J., Baynard, T., Lovejoy, E., Ravishankara, A. R., and Williams, E.: Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F04, doi:10.1029/2008JD011300, 2009.
33. Lack, D. A., Cappa, C. D., Langridge, J., Bahreini, R., Buffaloe, G., Brock, C., Cerully, K., Coffman, D., Hayden, K., Holloway, J., Lerner, B., Massoli, P., Shao-Meng Li, McLaren, R., Middlebrook, A. M., Moore, R., Nenes, A., Nuaaman, I., Onasch, T. B., Peischl, J., Perring, A., Quinn, P. K., Ryerson, T., Schwartz, J. P., Spackman, R., Wofsy, S. C., Worsnop, D., Bin Xiang, and Williams, E.: Impact of Fuel Quality Regulation and Speed Reductions on Shipping Emissions: Implications for Climate and Air Quality, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9052-9060, doi:10.1021/es2013424, 2011.
34. Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR): Marine Exhaust Emissions Research Programme, Lloyd's Register Engineering Services, UK, London, 1995.
35. MARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978-Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, International Maritime Organization (IMO), 1997.
36. Mellqvist, J. and Berg, N.: Final report to Vinnova: Identification of gross polluting ships. RG Report (Göteborg) No. 4, ISSN 1653 333X, Chalmers University of Technology, 2010.
37. Mellqvist, J., Berg, N., and Ohlsson, D.: Remote surveillance of the sulfur content and NOx emissions of ships, Second international conference on Harbors, Air Quality and Climate Change (HAQCC), Rotterdam, 2008.
38. Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Popovicheva, O., Demirdjian, B., Tishkova, V., Faccinetto, A., and Focsa, C.: Characterisation of particulate matter and gaseous emissions from a large ship diesel engine, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2632-2641, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.008, 2009.
39. Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Winnes, H., Holmin-Fridell, S., Boman, J., Jedynska, A., Tishkova, V., Demirdjian, B., Joulie, S., Bladt, H., Ivleva, N. P., and Niessner, R.: Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control Areas, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3577-3596, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, 2013.
40. Petzold, A., Hasselbach, J., Lauer, P., Baumann, R., Franke, K., Gurk, C., Schlager, H., and Weingartner, E.: Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2387-2403, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2387-2008, 2008.
41. Platt, U., Perner, D., and Pätz, H. W.: Simultaneous Measurement of Atmospheric CH2O, O3 and NO2 by Differential Optical Absorption, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6329-6335, 1979. (Pubitemid 10420658)
42. Prata, A. J.: Measuring SO2 ship emissions with an ultraviolet imaging camera, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1213-1229, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1213-2014, 2014.
43. Prata, A. J. and Bernardo, C.: Retrieval of SO2 from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera system, NILU internal report, 2008.
44. Rivera, C., Garcia, J. A., Galle, B., Alonso, L., Zhang, Y., Johansson, M., Matabuena, M., and Gangoiti, G.: Validation of optical remote sensing measurement strategies applied to industrial gas emissions, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 3191-3204, 2009.
45. Schlager, H., Baumann, R., Lichtenstern, M., Petzold, A., Arnold, F., Speidel, M., Gurk, C., and Fischer, H.: Aircraft-based trace gas measurements in a primary European ship corridor, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and Climate (TAC), Oxford, UK, 83-88, 2008.
46. UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
47. Volten, H., Brinksma, E. J., Berkhout, A. J. C., Hains, J., Bergwerff, J. B., Van der Hoff, G. R., Apituley, A., Dirksen, R. J., Calabretta-Jongen, S., and Swart, D. P. J.: NO2 lidar profile measurements for satellite interpretation and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D24301, doi:10.1029/2009JD012441, 2009.
48. WMO: Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO no. 8, 2008.