Acting black: College, identity, and the performance of race

Acting Black: College, Identity and the Performance of Race

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-195

  Willie, Sarah Susannah ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909645706     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203449547     Document Type: Book

References (303)

1. Abel, Elizabeth, Barbara Christian, and Helene Moglen, editors. 1997. Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, Feminism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2. Alexander, Suzanne. 1990. "Freshmen Flood Black Colleges, Defying Trend." Wall Street Journal, July 9, B1.
3. Allen, Walter R., Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff, editors. 1991. College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and in Historically Black Public Universities. Albany: State University of New York Press.
4. Allen, Walter R., Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. 1988. "Black Students in U.S. Higher Education: Toward Improved Access, Adjustment, and Achievement." The Urban Review 20(3):165-88.
5. Allen, Walter R., Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. 1987. "Blacks in Michigan Higher Education." Pp. 53-68 in The State of Black Michigan: 1987, edited by Michigan State University Urban Affairs Program and the Council of Michigan Urban League Executives, East Lansing.
6. Allen, Walter R., Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. 1985. "Black Student, White Campus: Structural, Interpersonal, and Psychological Correlates of Success." Journal of Negro Success 54(2):134-47:
7. Allen, Walter R., Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. 1982. "Black and Blue: Black Students at the University of Michigan." LSA Magazine 6(1):13-17.
8. Altbach, Philip G., and Kofi Lomotey. 1991. The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education. Albany: State University of New York Press.
9. Altbach, Philip G., Kofi Lomotey, and Shariba Rivers. 2002. "Race in Higher Education: The Continuing Crisis." Pp. 23-42 in The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education, Revised Edition, edited by William Smith, Philip Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey. Albany: State University of New York Press.
10. Andersen, Margaret. 1988. Thinking About Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender. New York: Macmillan.
11. Andersen, Margaret, and Howard Taylor. 1999. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. New York: Wadsworth.
12. Anderson, James D. 2002. "Race in American Higher Education: Historical Perspectives on Current Conditions." Pp. 3-22 in The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education: Continuing Challenges for the Twenty-first Century, Revised Edition, edited by William A.Smith, Philip G.Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey. Albany: State University of New York Press.
13. Appiah, Anthony. 1992. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford.
14. Aronowitz, Stanley. 1995. "Reflections on Identity." Pp. 111-146 in The Identity in Question, edited by John Rajchman. New York: Routledge.
15. Asamen, Joy K., and Gordon LaVern Berry. 1989. Black Students: Psycho-social Issues and Academic Achievement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16. Asante, Molefi Kete, and Hana S.Noor Al-Deen. 1984. "Social Interaction of Black and White College Students: A Research Report." Journal of Black Studies 14(4):507-16.
17. Astin, Alexander W., Helen S.Astin, Kenneth C.Green, Laura Kent, Patricia McNamara, and Melanie Reeves Williams. 1982. Minorities in American Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18. Astin, Alexander W., and Robert J.Panos. 1969. The Educational and Vocational Development of College Students. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education.
19. Babbie, Earl. 1983. The Practice of Social Research, Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
20. Baldwin, James. 1961. Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son. New York: Vintage.
21. Banks, James A., and Jean D.Grambs. 1972. Black Self-Concept: Implications for Education and Social Science. New York: McGraw-Hill.
22. Barker, Kim. 1990. "Black Greek Nationals to End Pledging." Daily Northwestern, February 21, 1, 8.
23. Barnes, Denise. 1992. "Stars Come out for Howard's 125th Year," Washington Times, April 4, C1, C2.
24. Beckham, Barry. 1984. The Black Students Guide to Colleges. Providence, RI: Beckham House.
25. Beem, Edgar Allen. 1994. "Color on Campus: Confronting Racial Ignorance." Maine Times, May 6, 1-5.
26. Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
27. Bhabha, Homi. 1995. "Freedom's Basis in the Indeterminate." Pp. 47-62 in The Identity in Question, edited by John Rajchman. New York: Routledge.
28. Birnbach, Lisa. 1984. Lisa Birnbach's College Book. New York: Ballantine.
29. Blackwell, James Edward. 1981. Mainstreaming Outsiders: The Production of Black Professionals. Bayside, NY: General Hall.
30. Blalock, M. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: Capricorn.
31. Blauner, Robert. 1989. Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
32. Blauner, Robert. 1969. "Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt." Social Problems 16:393-406.
33. Bloom, Allen. 1987. The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.
34. Blumer, Herbert. 1998. "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position." Pp. 31-40 in New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity, edited by Michael W.Hughey. New York: New York University Press.
35. Bonacich, Edna. 1994. [1972]. "A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market." Pp. 474-486 in Social Stratification: class, race, and gender in sociological perspective, edited by David B.Grusky. Boulder, CO: Westview.
36. Bowen, William G., and Derek Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
37. Bowles, Frank, and Frank A.De Costa. 1971. Between Two Worlds: A Profile of Negro Higher Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Bowman, Phillip J. and William A.Smith. 2002. "Racial Ideology in the campus community. Pp. 103-120 in The Racial Crisis in American higher education, edited by Willilam A.Smith, Philip G.Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey. Albany: State University of New York Press.
39. Boyd, Blanche McCrary. 1993. "Dorothy Allison, Crossover Blues." A Queer Nation 257 (1): 20, 22.
40. Boyd, William M., II. 1974. Desegregating America's College: A Nationwide Survey of Black Students, 1972-1973. New York: Praeger.
41. Brodie, James Michael. 1991. "The Best and the Brightest: Black College Honors Programs Seek to Challenge and Keep Gifted Students." Black Issues in Higher Education. March 14, 6-8.
42. Brown, Lyn Mikel and Carol Gilligan. 1992. Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Butler, Judith. 1995. "Debate: Discussion." Pp. 129-144 in The Identity in Question, edited by John Rajchman. New York: Routledge.
44. Butler, Judith. 1991. "Imitation and Gender Insubordination." in Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, edited by Diana Fuss. New York: Routledge.
45. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
46. Calhoun, Cheshire. 1997. "Separating Lesbian Theory from Feminist Theory: The Case of the Lesbian Not-Woman." Pp. 199-218 in Feminist Social Thought: a reader, edited by Diana Tietjens Meyers. New York: Routledge.
47. Camper, John. 1990. "Colleges Want Blacks, but Racism Persists." Chicago Tribune, February 4, 2:1-2.
48. Cannon, Lynn Weber, Elizabeth Higginbotham, and Maeianne L.A.Leung. 1998. "Race and Class Bias in Qualitative Research on Women." Gender and Society 2(4):449-62.
49. Cary, Lorene. 1991. Black Ice. New York: Knopf.
50. Césaire, Aimé. 1972. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: MR.
51. Chickering, Arthur W. 1981. The Modern American College: Responding to the New Realities of Diverse Students and a Changing Society. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
52. Chodorow, Nancy. 1989. Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
53. Cohen, Marshall, Thomas Nagel, and Thomas Scanlon. 1977. Equality and Preferential Treatment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
54. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1989. Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection. Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Center for Research on Women.
55. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1990. Black Feminist Thought. New York: Routledge.
56. Collins, Randall. 1979. The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic.
57. Collison, Michele N.-K. 1991. "As Black Colleges Grow More Selective, Some Worry They Are Becoming Elitist." Chronicle of Higher Education, July 3, A1, A23.
58. Committee on Race Relations, Harvard College. 1980. A Study of Race Relations at Harvard College. Cambridge, MA: Office of the Dean of Students, Harvard College.
59. Cone, James. 1991. Martin and Malcolm and America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
60. Cone, James. 1975. God of the Oppressed. New York: Seabury.
61. Connell, R.W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
62. Cook, Samuel DuBois. 1978. "The Socio-Ethical Role and Responsibility of the Black College Graduate." Pp. 51-67 in Black Colleges in America, edited by Charles Willie and Ronald Edmonds. New York: Teacher's College Press.
63. Coughlin, Ellen K. 1991. "In Multiculturalism Debate, Scholarly Book on Ancient Greece Plays Controversial Part." Chronicle of Higher Education, July 31, A4, A6.
64. Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1995. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New York: New Press.
65. Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1990. "A Black Feminist Critique of AntiDiscrimination Law and Politics." Pp. 195-218 in The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique, edited by David Kairys. New York: Pantheon.
66. Cross, William E., Jr. 1991. Shades of Black: Diversity in African-American Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
67. Crowley, Dana Jack. 1991. Silencing the Self: Women and Depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Curry, George E. 1989. "Howard Protesters Follow in Parents' Steps." Chicago Tribune, March 19, 1, 18.
69. Davis, DeWitt, Jr. 1980. "Location Preferences of Black University Students." Phylon 41 (3): 247-56.
70. Davis, F.James. 1991. Who Is Black? One Nation's Definition. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
71. De Beauvoir, Simone. [1952] 1989. The Second Sex, translated by H.M.Parshley. New York: Knopf.
72. Deskins, Donald R. 1991. "Winners and Losers: A Regional Assessment of Minority Enrollment and Earned Degrees in U.S. colleges and universities, 1974-1984." Pp. 17- 40 in College in Black and White, edited by Walter R.Allen and Edgar E.Epps. Albany: State University of New York Press.
73. Donald, James, and Ali Rattansi, editors. 1992. "Race," Culture, and Difference. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
74. Drake, St. Claire, and Horace R.Cayton. 1945. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
75. Drewry, Henry N., and Humphrey Doermann. 2001. Stand and Prosper: Private Black Colleges and Their Students. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
76. D'Souza, Dinesh. 1991. Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. New York: The Free Press.
77. DuBois, W.E.B. [1903] 1965. The Souls of Black Folk. In Three Negro Classics. New York: Avon.
78. Dugger, Karen. 1990. "Social Location and Gender-Role Attitudes: A Comparison of Black and White Women." Gender and Society 2(4):425-48.
79. Durkheim, Emile. [1938] 1982. The Rules of Sociological Method. New York: The Free Press.
80. Early, Gerald. 1994. Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race, Identity, and the Ambivalence of Assimilation. New York: Penguin.
81. Early, Gerald. 1992. "Their Malcolm, My Problem." Pp. 62-69 in Harper's Magazine December.
82. Early, Gerald. 1992. Tuxedo Junction: Essays on American Culture. New York: Ecco.
83. Early, Gerald. 1989. "The American Mysticism of Remembrance." Hungry Mind Review (Spring): 53-57.
84. Edwards, Harry. 1970. Black Students. New York: The Free Press.
85. Edwards, John J., III. 1989. "Black Profs Call Student Protest Encouraging." Daily Northwestern, April 24, 3.
86. Erikson, Erik. 1968. Identity, Youth, and Crisis. New York: Norton.
87. Evans, Grace. 1988. "Those Loud Black Girls." Learning to Lose: Sexism and Education. London: Women's Press.
88. Exum, William. 1985. Paradoxes of Protest: Black Student Activism in a White University. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
89. Fanon, Franz. [1961] 1968. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove.
90. Feagin, Joe R., Hernàn Vera, and Nikitah Imani. 1996. The Agony of Education: Black Students at White Colleges and Universities. New York: Routledge.
91. Feiner, Susan F., and Bruce R.Roberts. 1990. "Hidden by the Invisible Hand: Neoclassical Economic Theory and the Textbook Treatment of Race and Gender." Gender and Society 4(2):159-81.
92. Fish, Stanley. 1993-94. "Affirmative Action and the SAT." Journal of 'Blacks in Higher Education. (Winter): 83.
93. Fleming, Jacqueline. 1984. Blacks in College: A Comparative Study of Students' Success in Black and in White Institutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
94. Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon.
95. Fordham, Signithia. 1993. "'Those Loud Black Girls': (Black) Women, Silence, and Gender 'Passing' in the Academy." Anthropology and Education Quarterly 24(1):3- 32.
96. Fordham, Signithia. 1988. "Racelessness as a Factor in Black Students' School Success: Pragmatic Strategy or Pyrrhic Victory." Harvard Educational Review 58(1):58-84.
97. Fordham, Signithia, and John U.Ogbu. 1986. "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of 'Acting White.'" Urban Review 18(3):176-206.
98. Frankenberg, Ruth. 1993. White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
99. Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A.Moss, Jr. 1988. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, Sixth Edition. New York: Knopf.
100. Frazier, E.Franklin. 1957. Black Bourgeoisie. New York: The Free Press.
101. Fuss, Diana, editor. 1991. Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. New York: Routledge.
102. Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend. 1998. "'Plenty Good Room': Adaptation in a Changing Black Church." Pp. 101-21 in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 558 (July).
103. Gilroy, Paul. 1993. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
104. Giroux, Henry A. 1993. Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education. New York: Routledge.
105. Glanton, Dahleen, 1991. "Blacks on Campus: You Discover Which Battles Need Fighting." Chicago Tribune, May 19, 4:1, 4.
106. Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
107. Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
108. Gossett, Thomas F. 1965. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Schocken.
109. Grant, Joanne. 1969. Confrontation on Campus: The Columbia Pattern for the New Protest. New York: Signet.
110. Grossman, Ron. 1989. "Debate Heating up on Campus Moves to Curb Free Speech." Chicago Tribune , May 14:1, 8.
111. Grusky, David B. 1994. Social stratification: class, race, and gender in Sociological Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview.
112. Guinier, Lani. 2001. "Colleges Should Take 'Confirmative Action' in Admissions." Chronicle of Higher Education, December 14, B10, B12.
113. Guinier, Lani, and Susan Sturm. 2001. Who's Qualified? Boston: Beacon.
114. Guinier, Lani. 1998. Lift Every Voice: Turning a civil rights setback into a Strong New Vision of Social Justice. New York: Simon and Schuster.
115. Gurin, Patricia, and Edgar Epps. 1975. Black Consciousness, Identity, and Achievement: A Study of Students in Historically Black Colleges. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
116. Hamilton, Robert S. 1949. Present Status of the Philosophy of Society. NY: Wescott.
117. Hall, Stuart. 1994. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora." in Colonial Discourse and Post Colonial Theory, edited by Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press.
118. Harvard Committee on Race Relations. 1980. A Study of Race Relations at Harvard College. Cambridge: Office of the Harvard College Dean of Students.
119. Haverford College. 1999. Haverford College Self-Study. Haverford, PA: Haverford College.
120. Haverford College. 2000. Haverford College Factbook. Haverford, PA: Haverford College. December.
121. Hein, Jeremy. 1994. "From Migrant to Minority: Hmong Refugees and the Social Construction of Identity in the United States." Sociological Inquiry 64(3):281-306.
122. Helms, Janet, editor. 1993. Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice. Westport, CT: Praeger.
123. Hemmons, Willa Mae. 1982. "From the Halls of Hough and Halsted: A Comparison of Black Students on Predominantly White and Predominantly Black Campuses." Journal of Black Studies 12(4):383-402.
124. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. 1992. "African-American Women's History and the Metalan-guage of Race." Signs 17(2):252-74.
125. Holland, Dorothy C., and Margaret Eisenhart. 1990. Educated in Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
126. Homans, Margaret. "'Racial Composition': Metaphor and the Body in the Writing of Race," Pp. 77-101 in Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism, edited by Elizabeth Abel, Barbara Christian, and Helene Moglen. Berkeley: University of California.
127. Howard, Jeff, and Ray Hammond. 1985. "Rumors of Inferiority: The Hidden Obstacles to Black Success." New Republic, September 9, 17-21.
128. Howells, William W. 1971. "The Meaning of Race." Pp. 3-10 in The Biological and Social Meaning of Race, edited by Richard H.Osborne. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman.
129. Hughes, Everett C. [1971] 1984. The Sociological Eye: Selected Papers. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
130. Hughey, Michael W., editor. 1998. New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity. New York: New York University Press.
131. Hunter, Allan. 1993. "Same Door, Different Closet: A Heterosexual Sissy's Coming-out Party." Pp. 150-168 in Heterosexuality: A Feminism and Psychology Reader, edited by Sue Wilkinson and Cecelia Kitzinger, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
132. Hyllegard, David, and David E.Lavin. 1992. "Higher Education and Challenging Work: Open Admissions and Ethnic and Gender Differences in Job Complexity." Sociological Forum 7(2):239-60.
133. Jack, Dana Crowley. 1991. Silencing the Self: Women and Depression. Cambridge: Harvard.
134. Jackson, Derrick Z. 1994. "Trapped below 'The Bell Curve.'" Boston Globe, November 18, 23.
135. Jackson, Kenneth W., and L.Alex Swan. 1991. "Institutional and Individual Factors Affecting Black Undergraduate Student Performance: Campus Race and Student Gender." Pp. 127-41 in College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Universities, edited by Walter R.Allen, Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. Albany: State University of New York Press.
136. Jackson, P. 1968. Life in Classrooms. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
137. Jacobs, Jerry A., David Karen, and Katherine McClelland. 1991. "The Dynamics of Young Men's Career Aspirations." Sociological Forum 6(4):609-39.
138. Jaschik, Scott. 1992. "Black College Presidents Plan a 'Summit' amid Displeasure with Lobbying Group." Chronicle of Higher Education, January 15, A1, A29.
139. Jencks, Christopher. 1985. "Affirmative Action for Blacks." American Behavioral Scientist 28(6):731-60.
140. Jencks, Christopher, and David Riesman. 1968. The Academic Revolution. New York: Doubleday.
141. Jenifer, Franklyn G. 1991. "Point of View: The Supreme Court Must Act to Preserve and Strengthen Historically Black Colleges." Chronicle of Higher Education, October 16, A60.
142. Jewell, K.Sue. 1985. "Will the Real Black, Afro-American, Mixed, Colored, Negro Please Stand Up? Impact of the Black Social Movement Twenty Years Later." Journal of Black Studies 16(1):57-75.
143. Jones, Ann. 1973. Uncle Tom's Campus. New York: Praeger.
144. Kairys, David, editor. 1990. The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique. New York: Pantheon.
145. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic.
146. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1972. Commitment and Community: Commune and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
147. Kaplan, David, and Karen Springen. 1990. "The NCAA Tries Again: What Rules for Colleges and Their Student Athletes?" Newsweek, January 8, 59.
148. Karen, David. 1991. "Achievement' and 'Ascription' in Admission to an Elite College: A Political-Organizational Analysis." Sociological Forum 6(2):349-80.
149. Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
150. King, Deborah. 1988. "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology." Signs (Autumn): 42-72.
151. Kochman, Thomas. 1981. Black and White Styles in Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
152. Laclau, Ernesto. 1995. "Universalism, Particularism and the Question of Identity." Pp. 193-110 in The Identity in Question, edited by John Rajchman. New York: Routledge.
153. Ladner, Joyce. 1973. The Death of White Sociology. New York: Random House.
154. LaMar, Jake. 1991. Bourgeois Blues: An American Memoir. New York: Summit.
155. Leatherman, Courtney. 1990. "D.C. University Closed after Students Take over 2 Buildings." Chronicle of Higher Education, October 3, A2.
156. Lederman, Douglas. 1992. "Black Athletes Graduate at a Higher Rate Than Other Blacks, NCAA Reports." Chronicle of Higher Education, July 8, Section A: 32-42.
157. LeGates, Richard T., and Frederic Scott, editors. 1996. The City Reader. New York: Routledge.
158. Lenski, Gerhard Emmanuel. 1966. Power and Privilege. New York: McGraw-Hill
159. Lerner, Gerda. 1973. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. New York: Vintage.
160. Levine, Judith. 1994. "White like Me: When Privilege Is Written on Your Skin." Ms., March-April, 22-24.
161. Levine, Lawrence W. 1977. Black Culture and Black Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press.
162. Lieberson, Stanley. 1985. Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.
163. Lieberson, Stanley. 1961. "A Societal Theory of Race and Ethnic Relations." American Sociological Review 26:902-10.
164. Lieberson, Stanley, and Marcy C.Waters. 1988. From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
165. Logan, Rayford W. 1969. Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867-1967. New York: New York University Press.
166. Loo, Chalsa M., and Gary Rolison. 1986. "Alienation of Ethnic Minority Students at a Predominantly White University." Journal of Higher Education 57(1) Pp. 58-77.
167. Lorde, Audre. 1984. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg, NY: The Crossing Press.
168. Lukacs, Georg. [1968] 1971. History and Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
169. Mannheim, Karl. 1936. Ideology and Utopia. New York: Harvest-HBJ.
170. Manuel, Diane. 1994a. "'Family Feeling' Gives Black Colleges and Universities Their Appeal." Boston Globe, July 31, B7.
171. Manuel, Diane. 1994b. "Future's Uncertain for Black Colleges." Boston Globe, July 31,B1, B6.
172. Marable, Manning. 1984. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1982. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
173. Martin, Michelle. 1990. "Days of Rage: In 1970, NU Students Took a Stand." Daily Northwestern's Midweek, February 7, 1, 4, 5.
174. Marx, Karl. 1981. Capital: Volume Three. New York: Vintage.
175. Marx, Karl. 1978. "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte." In The Marx-Engels Reader, edited by Robert C.Tucker. New York: Norton.
176. Marx, Karl. 1977. Capital: Volume One. New York: Vintage.
177. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. 1948. The Communist Manifesto. New York: International Publishers.
178. Mason, Alpheus T., and D.Grier Stephenson, Jr. 1987. American Constitutional Law: Introductory Essays and Selected Cases, Eighth Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
179. Mayhew, Lewis. 1973. The Carnigie Commission on Higher Education Report. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
180. McCall, George J., and Simmons, J.L., editors. 1969. Issues in Participant Observation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
181. McCarthy, J.D., and W.L.Yancey. 1971. "Uncle Tom and Mr. Charlie: Metaphysical Pathos in the Study of Racism and Personal Disorganization." American Journal of Sociology 76:648-72.
182. McIntosh, Peggy. 1997. "White Privilege, Male Privilege." Pp. 120-28 in Race: An Anthology in the First Person, edited by Bart Schneider. New York: Crown.
183. Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, edited by Charles W.Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
184. Memmi, Albert. [1957] 1967. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston: Beacon.
185. Meyers, Diana Tietjens. 1997. Feminist Social Thought: a reader. New York: Routledge.
186. Meyers, Samuel L. 1987. "Blacks in College: NAFEO Trend Analysis." American Visions, October: 44-46.
187. Mills, C.Wright. [1959] 1967. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
188. Monro, John U. 1978. "Teaching and Learning English." Pp. 235-262 in Black Colleges in America, edited by Charles Willie and Ronald Edmonds. New York: Teacher's College Press.
189. Moore, Darrell. 1993. "Now You Can See It: The Liberal Aesthetic and Racial Representation in 'The Crying Game.'" Cineaction 32:63-66.
190. Morrison, Toni. 1992. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
191. Muhammad, Erika. 1990. "Study Shows White Schools a Fast Trade for Minority Students." Chicago Maroon, November 27, 1, 4.
192. Mullane, Dierdre. 1993. Crossing the Danger Water: Three Hundred Years of African- American Writing. New York: Doubleday.
193. Myers, Samuel L. 1987. "Blacks in College." American Visions, October, 44-46.
194. Nabrit, James, Jr. 1969. Forward to Rayford W.Logan, Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867-1967. New York: New York University Press.
195. Napper, George. 1973. Blacker than Thou: the struggle for campus unity. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
196. Nettles, Michael T. 1991. "Racial Similarities and Differences in the Predictors of College Student Achievement." Pp. 75-94 in College in Black and White: African- American Students in Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Universities, edited by Walter R.Allen, Edgar G.Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. Albany: State University of New York Press.
197. Nicholson, David. 1992. "My Generation: Worlds Apart or "Notes of Another Native Son." Washington Post Magazine, August 23, Pp. 6-27.
198. Nicklin, Julie L. 1992. "Black College Fund Will Close 6 Offices, Lay Off 25 People." Chronicle of Higher Education, April 8, A1, A33-34.
199. Nisnoff, Laurie, Susan J.Tracy, and Stanley Warner.N.d. "Stories out of School: Poor and Working-Class Students at a Small Liberal Arts College." Radical Teacher 41.
200. Northwestern University Office of Administration and Planning. 1991-1992. Northwestern University Data Book, Twenty-fourth Edition. Evanston: Northwestern University.
201. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, Second Edition. New York: Routledge.
202. Osborne, Richard Hazelet. 1971. The Biological and Social Meaning of Race. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman.
203. O'Sullivan, Katherine, and William J.Wilson. 1988. "Race and Ethnicity." Handbook of Sociology, edited by Neil J.Smelser. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
204. Page, Clarence. 1989. "Atwater, Horton, and Student Ideals." Chicago Tribune, March 12, 4:3.
205. Park, Robert Ezra. 1950. Race and Culture. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press. Park, Robert Ezra, Ernest W.Burgess, and Roderick D.McKenzie. 1928. The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
206. Parrillo, Vincent N. 1994. Strangers to These Shores: Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States, Fourth Edition. New York: Macmillan.
207. Parsons, Talcott. 1954. "A Revised Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification." Pp. 386-439 in Essays in Sociological Theory, Revised Edition. New York: The Free Press.
208. Parsons, Talcott. 1954. "An Analytical Approach to the Theory of Social Stratification." Pp. 69-88 in Essays in Sociological Theory, Revised Edition. New York: The Free Press.
209. Payne, Charles M. 1995. I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press.
210. Persell, Caroline Hodges, Sophia Catsambis, and Peter W.Cookson, Jr. 1992. "Differential Asset Conversion: Class and Gendered Pathways to Selective Colleges." Sociology of Education 65(July): 208-25.
211. Peterson's Guides, Inc. 1989. Peterson's Guide to Four Year Colleges. Princeton: Peterson's Guides, Inc.
212. Peterson, M.W., 1979. Black Students on White Campuses: The Impacts of Increased Black Enrollments. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Survey Research.
213. Phelan, Peggy. 1993. Unmarked: The Politics of Performance. New York: Routlege.
214. Pickney, Alphonso. [1969] 1993. Black Americans, Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
215. Pifer, Alan. 1973. The Higher Education of Blacks in the United States [reprint of The Alfred and Winifred Hoernlé Memorial Lecture, Johannesburg, South Africa]. New York: Carnegie Corporation.
216. Pitts, James. 1975. "The Politicization of Black Students: Northwestern University." Journal of Black Studies 5(3):277-319.
217. Pounds, Augustine W. 1987. "Black Students' Needs on Predominantly White Campuses," Pp. 23-38 in Responding to the Needs of Today's Minority Students, edited by Doris J. Wright. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
218. Rajchman, John, 1995. The Identity in Question. New York: Routledge.
219. Ransby, Barbara. 1988. "The Politics of Exclusion: Black Students Fight Back." The Nation, March 26, 410-413.
220. Reinharz, Shulamit. 1992. Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
221. Reynolds, Larry T., and Leonard Lieberman. 1993. "The Rise and Fall of 'Race.'" Race, Sex, and Class 1(1):109-28.
222. Rhoden, William C. 1990. "Black Student-Athletes Find Life of Privilege and Isolation." New York Times, January 8, 1, 37.
223. Rich, Adrienne. 1980. Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence. Denver: Antelope.
224. Rich, Adrienne. 1979. On Lies, Secrets, and Silence: Selected Prose, 1966-1978. New York: Norton.
225. Robinson, Randall. 2000. The Debt: What America Owes Blacks. New York: Dutton.
226. Rowland, Debran. 1990. "Black Colleges Put out the Welcome Mat." Chicago Tribune, November 12, 2:2.
227. Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. 1998. The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. New York: Norton.
228. Schneider, Bart, editor. 1997. Race: An Anthology in the First Person. New York: Crown.
229. Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
230. Scott, J.F. 1965. "The American College Sorority: Its Role in Class and Ethnic Endogamy." American Sociological Review 30:514-27.
231. Scott, Joan W. 1995. "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity.," Pp. 3-12 in The Identity in Question, edited by John Rajchman. New York: Routledge.
232. Scott, Lisa, and Elaine Walker. 1989. "Protest Calls for More Blacks." Daily Northwestern, April 21, 1, 4.
233. Sedlacek, William E., and Dennis W.Webster. 1978. "Admission and Retention of Minority Students in Large Universities." Journal of College Student Personnel 19 (3):242-48.
234. Sennett, Richard, and Jonathan Cobb. 1973. The Hidden Injuries of Class. New York: Vintage.
235. Shange, Ntozake. 1975. For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide when the Rainbow Is Enuf. New York: Bantam.
236. Sidel, Ruth. 1994. Battling Bias: The Struggle for Identity and Community on College Campuses. New York: Viking.
237. Sizemore, Barbara. 1972. "Social Science and Education for a Black Identity." Pp. 141- 70 in Black Self-Concept: Implications for Education and Social Science, edited by James A. Banks and Jean D.Grambs. New York: McGraw-Hill.
238. Smelser, Neil J. 1988. Handbook of Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
239. Smith, A.Wade. 1991. "Personal Traits, Institutional Prestige, Racial Attitudes, and Black Student Academic Performance in College." Pp. 111-126 in College in Black and White: African American Students at Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Universities, edited by Walter R.Allen et al. Albany: State University of New York Press.
240. Smith, A.Wade, and Walter R.Allen. 1984. "Modeling Black Student Academic Performance in Higher Education." Research in Higher Education 21(2):210-24.
241. Smith, William A., Philip G.Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey. 2002. The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education: Continuing Challenges for the Twenty-first Century, Revised Edition. Albany: State University of New York Press.
242. Solomon, Lewis C., and Paul Taubman, editors. 1973. Does College Matter? New York: Academic.
243. Sowell, Thomas. 1972. Black Education: Myths and Tragedies. New York: David McKay.
244. Stangor, Charles, editor. 2000. Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
245. Steele, Claude. 2001. "Understanding the Performance Gap." Pp. 60-68 in Who's Qualified? edited by Lani Guinier and Susan Sturm. Boston: Beacon.
246. Steele, Claude, and Joshua Aronson. 2000. "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans." Pp. 369-390 in Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings, edited by Charles Stangor. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
247. Steele, Shelby. 1990. The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America. New York: St. Martin's.
248. Steele, Shelby. 1989. "The Recoloring of Campus Life: Student Racism, Academic Pluralism, and the End of a Dream." Harper's Magazine, February, 47-55.
249. Stoltenberg, John. 1989. Refusing to be a Man: Essays on Sex and Justice. Portland, OR: Breitenbush.
250. Suen, H.K. 1983. "Alienation and Attrition of Black College Students on a Predominantly White Campus." Journal of College Student Personnel 24:117-21.
251. Tatum, Beverly Daniel. 1997. "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" And Other Conversations about Race. New York: Basic.
252. Taylor, Charles A. 1986. "Black Students on Predominantly White College Campuses in the 1980s." Journal of College Student Personnel, May, 196-202.
253. Teddlie, Charles, and John A.Freeman. 2002. "Twentieth Century Desegregation in U.S. Higher Education: A review of five distinct Historical Eras." Pp. in The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education, Revised Edition, edited by William A.Smith, Philip G.Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey.
254. Tescher, Jennifer. 1989. "Panelist: Low Black Enrollment Widespread." Daily Northwestern, April 27, 4. Thio, Alex: Sociology: An Introduction. New York: HarperCollins.
255. Thio, Alex: Sociology: An Introduction. New York: HarperCollins
256. Thomas, Gail E. 1991. "Assessing the College Major Selection Process for Black Students." Pp. 61-74 in College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Universities, edited by Walter R.Allen, Edgar G. Epps, and Nesha Z.Haniff. Albany: State University of New York Press.
257. Thomas, Gail E. 1981. Black Students in Higher Education: Conditions and Experiences. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Thomas, W.I., and Dorothy Swaine Thomas. 1928. The Child in America. New York: Knopf.
258. Thompson, Daniel C. 1978. "Black College Faculty and Students: The Nature of Their Interaction." Pp. 180-194 in Black Colleges in America: Challenge, Development, Survival, edited by Charles Vert Willie and Ronald R.Edmonds. New York: Teachers College Press.
259. Tierney, William G. and Jack K.Chung. 2002. "Affirmative Action in a post-Hopewood era." Pp. 271-284 in The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education Revised Edition, edited by William A.Smith, Philip G.Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey.
260. Tifft, Susan. 1990. "Education: Diamonds in the Rough: An Unusual Program Propels Young Blacks Toward College." Time Magazine, August 6, 58.
261. Tinto, V. 1975. "Dropout from Higher Education: A Theoretical Synthesis of Recent Research." Review of Educational Research 45:89-125.
262. Tracey, Terence J., and William E.Sedlacek. 1987. "A Comparison of White and Black Student Success Using Noncognitive Variables: A Lisrel Analysis." Research in Higher Education 27(4). Pp. 333-345.
263. Trice, Dawn. 1989. "Blacks on Campus: Some Things Don't Change, But You Must." Chicago Tribune, May 19, 4:1, 4.
264. Tuggle, Denise. "People of Color at White Elitist Colleges." Heresies 7(1):62-65.
265. Turner, Castelano B., and Barbara F.Turner. 1982. "Gender, Race, Social Class, and Self- Evaluations among College Students." Sociological Quarterly 23(Autumn): 491-507.
266. Udell, Jonathan. 1979. Toward Conceptual Codification in Race and Ethnic Relations. Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra.
267. U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
268. U.S. Department of Education. 1991. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 1976-1990. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 92-640, National Center for Education Statistics.
269. Ware, Vron and Les Back. 2002. Out of Whiteness: Color, Politics, and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
270. Waters, Mary C. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
271. Wattleworth, Bonnie. 1989. "Norington Lends Voice at Protest." Daily Northwestern, April 21, 3.
272. Watts, Jerry. 1989. "Dilemmas of Black Intellectuals: What Role Should We Play?" Dissent (Fall): 501-07.
273. Weber, Lynn. 2001. Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality: A Conceptual Framework. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
274. Weber, Max. 1948. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Scribner.
275. Weizel, Richard. 1994. "Unable to Find Books for Their Children, They Start Black Books Galore." Boston Globe, July 31, B8.
276. West, Cornell. 1993-94. "The Dilemma of the Black Intellectual." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 2 Winter: 59-67.
277. West, Cornell. Race Matters. 1993. Boston: Beacon.
278. Wilkerson, Isabel. 1989. "Black Fraternities Thrive, Some on Adversity." New York Times, October 2, 1, 9.
279. Wilkinson, Sue, and Celia Kitzinger, editors. 1993. Heterosexuality: A Feminism and Psychology Reader. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
280. Williams, Patricia J. 1991. The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
281. Williamson, Harold F. and Payson S.Wild. 1976. Northwestern University: A History, 1850-1975. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
282. Willie, Charles Vert. 1987. Effective Education: A Minority Perspective. New York: Greenwood.
283. Willie, Charles Vert. 1981. The Ivory and Ebony Towers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
284. Willie, Charles Vert. 1973. "Perspectives on Black Education and the Education of Blacks." Pp. 231- 235 in Does College Matter? edited by L.C.Solomon, and P.Taubman, New York: Academic.
285. Willie, Charles Vert, and Ronald R.Edmonds, editors. 1978. Black Colleges in America: Challenge, Development, Survival. New York: Teachers College Press.
286. Willie, Charles Vert, Antoine M.Garibaldi, and Wornie L.Reed, editors. 1991. The Education of African-Americans. New York: Auburn House.
287. Willie, Charles Vert, and Marlene Y.Mac Leish. 1978. "The Priorities of Presidents of Black Colleges." Pp. 132-148 in Black Colleges in America: Challenge, Development, Survival, edited by Charles Vert Willie and Ronald R.Edmonds. New York: Teachers College Press.
288. Willie, Charles Vert, and Arline Sakuma McCord. 1972. Black Students at White Colleges. New York: Praeger.
289. Willie, Sarah Susannah. 1986. The Best Years of Our Lives? The Perseverance Experience of Black Students at White Colleges. Unpublished senior thesis in partial completion for the B.A. at Haverford College.
290. Wilson, Robin. 2002. "Stacking the Deck for Minority Candidates?" Chronicle of Higher Education, July 12, A10-11.
291. Wilson, Robin. 1990. "Many Institutions Report Sharp Drops in Freshman Rolls." Chronicle of Higher Education, October 3, A1, A35-36.
292. Wilson, William Julius. 1978, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
293. Wilson, William Julius. 1973. Power, Racism, and Privilege. New York: Free Press.
294. Winant, Howard. 2001. The World Is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War II. New York: Basic.
295. Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
296. Wirth, Louis. [1938] 1996. "Urbanism as a Way of Life." Pp. 189-97 in The City Reader, edited by Richard T.LeGates and Frederic Scott. New York: Routledge.
297. Wittig, Monique. 1992. "The Straight Mind" and Other Essays. Boston: Beacon.
298. Woodson, Carter G. [1933] 1990. The Mis-Education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: Africa World.
299. Wright, D.J., editor. 1987. New Directions for Student Services: Responding to the Needs of Today's Minority Students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
300. Wright, Erik Olin. 1985. Classes. New York: Verso.
301. Wright, Lawrence. 1994. "Annals of Politics: One Drop of Blood." New Yorker, June, 46-55.
302. Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
303. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., and G.William Domhoff. 1991. Blacks in the White Establishment: A Study of Race and Class in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.