Smoking as alternative to eating among restrained eaters: Effect of food prime on young adult female smokers

Health Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1174-1184

  Kovacs, Michelle A ^a,b   Correa, John B ^a,b   Brandon, Thomas H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b H LEE MOFFITT CANCER CENTER AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Caloric preload; Cigarettes; Craving; Dietary restraint; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APPETITE; ARTICLE; CIGARETTE CRAVING; CONTROLLED STUDY; EATING DISORDER; FEMALE; FOOD PRIMING; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; RESTRAINED EATING; SELF REPORT; SMOKING; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TOBACCO USE; WEIGHT CONTROL; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; BODY IMAGE; CALORIC INTAKE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DRUG EFFECT; EATING; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; APPETITE; BODY IMAGE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; EATING; EATING DISORDERS; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; HUMANS; SMOKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84909638945     PISSN: 02786133     EISSN: 19307810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/hea0000123     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Addicott, A. K., Gray, J. J., & Todd, B. L. (2009). Mood, dietary restraint, and women's smoking and eating urges. Women & Health, 49, 310-320. doi:10.1080/03630240903158396
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London, UK: Sage.
3. Austin, S. B., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001). Dieting and smoking initiation in early adolescent girls and boys: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 446-450. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.3.446
4. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252
5. Brandon, T. H. (1994). Negative affect as motivation to smoke. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 33-37.
6. Brandon, T. H., & Baker, T. B. (1991). The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire: The subjective expected utility of smoking in college students. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 484-491. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.3.484
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 889-894.
8. Conklin, C. A., & Perkins, K. A. (2005). Subjective and reinforcing effects of smoking during negative mood induction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 153-164. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.153
9. Copeland, A. L., & Carney, C. E. (2003). Smoking expectancies as mediators between dietary restraint and disinhibition and smoking in college women. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 247-251. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.247
10. Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245-265. doi:10.1348/0144665031752934
11. Ditre, J. W., & Brandon, T. H. (2008). Pain as a motivator of smoking: Effects of pain induction on smoking urge and behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 467-472. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.467
12. Ditre, J. W., Heckman, B. W., Butts, E. A., & Brandon, T. H. (2010). Effects of expectancies and coping on pain-induced motivation to smoke. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 524-533. doi:10.1037/a0019568
13. Fidler, J. A., West, R., Van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Jarvis, M. J., & Wardle, J. (2007). Does smoking in adolescence affect body mass index, waist or height? Findings from a longitudinal study. Addiction, 102, 1493-1501. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01910.x
14. Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, A., Tice, D. M., ... Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325
15. Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Food addiction: An examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 3, 1-7. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e318193c993
16. Grunberg, N. E. (1982). The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking on food consumption and taste preferences. Addictive Behaviors, 7, 317-331. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90001-6
17. Grunberg, N. E., Greenwood, M. R. C., Collins, F., Epstein, L. H., Hatsukami, D., Niaura, R., ... Coday, M. (1992). Task force 1: Mechanisms relevant to the relations between cigarette smoking and body weight. Health Psychology, 11, 4-9. doi:10.1037/h0090345
18. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/bmsp.12028
19. Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119-1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
20. Heatherton, T. F., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1989). Restraint and internal responsiveness: Effects of placebo manipulations of hunger state on eating. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 89-92. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.98.1.89
21. Heatherton, T. F., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1991). Restraint, weight loss, and variability of body weight. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 78-83. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.1.78
22. Heckman, B. W., Ditre, J. W., & Brandon, T. H. (2012). The restorative effects of smoking upon self-control resources: A negative reinforcement pathway. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 244-249. doi: 10.1037/a0023032
23. Heckman, B. W., Kovacs, M., Marquinez, N., Meltzer, L., Tsambarlis, M., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H. (2013). Effects of mood manipulations on smoking motivation: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 108, 2068-2078. doi:10.1111/add.12284
24. Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H. (2006). The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects. Psychopharmacology, 187, 385-396. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9
25. Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1975). Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 666-672. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.84.6.666
26. Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1980). Restrained eating. In A. J. Stunkard (Ed.), Obesity (pp. 208-225). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
27. Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1993). Mental control of eating: Excitatory and inhibitory food thoughts. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 491-505). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
28. Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65-70.
29. Hudmon, K. S., Gritz, E. R., Clayton, S., & Nisenbaum, R. (1999). Eating orientation, postcessation weight gain, and continued abstinence among female smokers receiving an unsolicited smoking cessation intervention. Health Psychology, 18, 29-36. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.1.29
30. Jansen, A., Nederkoorn, C., van Baak, L., Keirse, C., Guerrieri, R., & Havermans, R. (2009). High-restrained eaters only overeat when they are also impulsive. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 105-110. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.016
31. Jeffery, R. W., Hennrikus, D. J., Lando, H. A., Murray, D. M., & Liu, J. W. (2000). Reconciling conflicting findings regarding postcessation weight concerns and success in smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 19, 242-246. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.242
32. Jenks, R. A., & Higgs, S. (2007). Associations between dieting and smoking-related behaviors in young women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, 291-299. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.016
33. Kendzor, D. E., Baillie, L. E., Adams, C. E., Stewart, D. W., & Copeland, A. L. (2008). The effect of food deprivation on cigarette smoking in females. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1353-1359. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh .2008.06.008
34. Klesges, R. C., & Klesges, L. M. (1988). Cigarette smoking as a dietary strategy in a university population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 413-419. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198805)7:3_413:: AID-EAT2260070314_3.0.CO;2-D
35. Klesges, R. C., Winders, S. E., Meyers, A. W., Eck, L. H., Ward, K. D., Hultquist, C. M., ... Shadish, W. R. (1997). How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 286-291. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.2.286
36. Knight, L. J., & Boland, F. J. (1989). Restrained eating: An experimental disentanglement of the disinhibiting variables of perceived calories and food type. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 412-420. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.98.4.412
37. Lattimore, P., & Caswell, N. (2004). Differential effects of active and passive stress on food intake in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Appetite, 42, 167-173. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2003.09.002
38. Lopez, E. N., Drobes, D. J., Thompson, J. K., & Brandon, T. H. (2008). Effects of a body image challenge on smoking motivation among college females. Health Psychology, 27, S243-S251. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3(Suppl.).S243
39. Lopez Khoury, E. N., Litvin, E. B., & Brandon, T. H. (2009). The effect of body image threat on smoking motivation among college women: Mediation by negative affect. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 279-286. doi:10.1037/a0014291
40. Lowe, M. R., & Thomas, J. G. (2009). Measures of restrained eating: Conceptual evolution and psychometric update. In D. B. Allison & M. L. Baskin (Eds.), Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight related problems (2nd ed., pp. 137-185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41. Ludbrook, J. (1998). Multiple comparison procedures updated. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 25, 1032-1037. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02179.x
42. Lycett, D., Munafo, M., Johnstone, E., Murphy, M., & Aveyard, P. (2011). Associations between weight change over 8 years and baseline body mass index in a cohort of continuing and quitting smokers. Addiction, 106, 188-196. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03136.x
43. McKee, S. A., Nhean, S., Hinson, R. E., & Mase, T. (2006). Smoking for weight control: Effect of priming for body image in female restrained eaters. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 2319-2323. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.014
44. Mills, J. S., & Palandra, A. (2008). Perceived caloric content of a preload and disinhibition among restrained eaters. Appetite, 50, 240-245. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.007
45. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Larson, N. I., Eisenberg, M. E., & Loth, K. (2011). Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111, 1004-1011. doi:10.1016/j.jada .2011.04.012
46. Ogden, J. (1994). Effects of smoking cessation, restrained eating, and motivational states on food intake in the laboratory. Health Psychology, 13, 114-121. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.13.2.114
47. Perkins, K. A., Epstein, L. H., Fonte, C., Mitchell, S. L., & Grobe, J. E. (1995). Gender, dietary restraint, and smoking's influence hunger and the reinforcing value of food. Physiology & Behavior, 57, 675-680. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00320-3
48. Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1976). Effects of alcohol on eating behavior: Influence of mood and perceived intoxication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 601-606. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.85.6.601
49. Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Deo, R. (2010). Getting a bigger slice of the pie. Effects on eating and emotion in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Appetite, 55, 426-430. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.07.015
50. Pomerleau, C. S., & Kurth, C. L. (1996). Willingness of female smokers to tolerate postcessation weight gain. Journal of Substance Abuse, 8, 371-378. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(96)90215-1
51. Pomerleau, C. S., Ehrlich, E., Tate, J. C., Marks, J. L., Flessland, K. A., & Pomerleau, O. F. (1993). The female weight-control smoker: A profile. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 391-400. doi:10.1016/0899-3289(93)90007-X
52. Pomerleau, C. S., & Snedecor, S. M. (2008). Validity and reliability of the weight control smoking scale. Eating Behaviors, 9, 376-380. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.12.001
53. Roehrig, M. (2008). An experimental study of pro-dieting and anti-dieting psychoeducational messages: Effects on immediate and short-term psychological functioning and weight control practices in college women. Graduate School Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2343
54. Rogers, P. J., & Hill, A. J. (1989). Breakdown of dietary restraint following mere exposure to food stimuli: Interrelationships between restraint, hunger, salivation, and food intake. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 387-397. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(89)90026-9
55. Ruderman, A. J., & Grace, P. S. (1987). Restraint, bulimia, and psychopathology. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 249-255. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(87)90035-9
56. Shiffman, S., Dunbar, M., Kirchner, T., Li, X., Tindle, H., Anderson, S., & Scholl, S. (2013). Smoker reactivity to cues: Effects on craving and on smoking behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 264-280. doi:10.1037/a0028339
57. Shiffman, S., & Paty, J. (2006). Smoking patterns and dependence: Contrasting chippers and heavy smokers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 509-523. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.509
58. Sin, N. L. Y., & Vartanian L. R. (2012). Is counter-regulation among restrained eaters a result of motivated eating? Appetite, 59, 488-493. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.014
59. Spoor, S. T. P., Stice, E., Bekker, M. H. J., Van Strien, T., Croon, M. A., & Van Heck, G. L. (2006). Relations between dietary restraint, depressive symptoms, and binge eating: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 700-707. doi:10.1002/eat.20283
60. Stewart, S. H., Angelopoulos, M., Baker, J. M., & Boland, F. J. (2000). Relations between dietary restraint and patterns of alcohol use in young adult women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 77-82. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.14.1.77
61. Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S. (2010). Are dietary restraint scles valid measures of dietary restriction? Additional objective behavioral and biological data suggest not. Appetite, 54, 331-339. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.009
62. Stroebe, W. (2008). Restrained eating and the breakdown of selfregulation. In W. Stroebe, Dieting, overweight and obesity: Selfregulation in a food-rich environment (pp. 115-139). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11753-000
63. Stroebe, W., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Papies, E. K., & Aarts, H. (2013). Why most dieters fail but some succeed: A goal conflict model of eating behavior. Psychological Review, 120, 110-138. doi:10.1037/a0030849
64. Tiffany, S. T., & Drobes, D. J. (1991). The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1467-1476. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01732.x
65. van Strien, T., Herman, C. P., Engels, R. C., Larsen, J. K., & van Leeuwe, J. F. (2007). Construct validation of the Restraint Scale in normal-weight and overweight females. Appetite, 49, 109-121. doi:10.1016/j.appet .2007.01.003
66. Wansink, B., Cheney, M. M., & Chan, N. (2003). Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender. Physiology & Behavior 79, 739-747. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00203-8
67. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
68. White, M. A., McKee, S. A., & O'Malley, S. S. (2007). Smoke and mirrors: Magnified beliefs that cigarette smoking suppresses weight. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2200-2210. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.02.011