Alien chic: Posthumanism and the other within

Alien Chic: Posthumanism and the Other Within

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-207

  Badmington, Neil ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84909446946     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203307649     Document Type: Book

References (382)

1. Ella Fitzgerald, 'They all laughed', Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook, Verve Records, 1959.
2. Patrick Lucanio, Them or Us: Archetypal Interp retations of Fifties Alien Invasion Films, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987.
3. Bill Warren, Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997.
4. Brian Murphy, 'Monster movies: They came from beneath the fifties', Journal of Popular Film, 1972, vol. 1.1, pp. 31-44.
5. Peter Biskind, Seeing is Believing: How Hollywood Taught Us to Stop Worrying and, Love the Fifties, New York: Pantheon, 1983.
6. Bill Warren, Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997
7. Brian Murphy, 'Monster movies: They came from beneath the fifties', Journal of Popular Film, 1972, vol. 1.1, pp. 31-44
8. Peter Biskind, Seeing is Believing: How Hollywood Taught Us to Stop Worrying and, Love the Fifties, New York: Pantheon, 1983.
9. Nancy Steffen-Fluhr, 'Women and the inner game of Don Siegel's Invasion of the Body Snatchers', Science-Fiction Studies, 1984, vol. 11.2, p. 139.
10. LaValley (ed.) Invasion of the Body Snatchers: Don Siegel, Director, New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989, pp. 123-47.
11. Walter Benjamin, 'The author as producer', in Understanding Brecht, trans.
12. Anna Bostock, London: New Left Books, 1973, p. 101.
13. Karl Marx, 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte', in Surveys from Exile: Political Writings, Volume 2, ed. David Fernbach, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973, p. 146.
14. 'Interview with Larry McCaffery and Sinda Gregory', in The Red Notebook and Other Writings, London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1996, p. 119).
15. Barbara Johnson, London: Athlone, 1981, p. 25.
16. Robin McKie, "'Alien" lenses put young eyes at risk', Observer, 9 November 2003, p. 11.
17. Raël, Let's Welcome the Extra-Terrestrials: They Genetically Engineered All Life on Earth-Including Us!, London and Los Angeles: Tagman Press, 2002.
18. Erich von Däniken, Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past, trans. Michael Heron, London: Corgi, 1971.
19. Raël, The True Face of God, Geneva: The Raëlian Foundation, 1998, pp. 19-78.
20. Jodi Dean, Aliens in America,: Conspiracy Cultures from Outerspace to Cyberspace, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998, p. 182. Emphasis in original.
21. Available: (accessed-not, I should add, from a Cardiff University computer-12 December 2003).
22. Tom Wolfe, 'Radical Chic', in Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, London: Cardinal, 1989, p. 86.
23. Tony Davies, Humanism, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 2. As Davies notes on the previous page of his book, Lewis Carroll's Humpty Dumpty memorably declares: 'When I use a word...it means just what I choose it to mean-neither more nor less.'
24. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald Murdoch, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 21.
25. John Cottingham, 'Cartesian dualism: Theology, metaphysics, and science', in John Cottingham (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Descartes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 236.
26. Descartes, Discourse on the Method, p. 36.
27. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald Murdoch, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 120.
28. Descartes, Discourse on the Method, pp. 44-5.
29. Daniel Leonard Bernardi, Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998
30. Barbara Creed, 'Alien and the monstrous feminine', in Annette Kuhn (ed.) Alien Zone: Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema, London and New York: Verso, 1990, pp. 128-41.
31. Bob Balaban, Close Encounters of the Third Kind Diary, New York: Paradise Press, 1978, p.39.
32. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism, in Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 59. Emphasis in original.
33. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
34. 'Sweetness and light' is the title of chapter 1 of Arnold's Culture and Anarchy.
35. Van Morrison, 'Bein' green', Hard Nose the Highway, Warner Brothers Records, 1973.
36. For more information about the Herschel Museum, see (accessed 12 December 2003).
37. Figures taken from Tim Radford, 'Red mist: Earth's neighbour passes by', Guardian, 28 August 2003, p. 11.
38. Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars? The Case for a Cosmic Heritage, Bristol: Clinical Press, 1997, p. 8.
39. Hadley Cantril, The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940. Cantril's fascinating book also reproduces the radio script in full.
40. Simon Callow, Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu, London: Jonathan Cape, 1995, pp. 401-3.
41. Information about the aftermath of the broadcast is taken from Callow, Orson Welles, p. 404.
42. Dan Glaister, 'Spielberg and Cruise plan new War of the Worlds', Guardian, 18 March 2004, p. 12.
43. Thomas Doherty, Teenagers and Teenpics: The Juvenilization of American Movies in the 1950s, Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 8).
44. Patrick Lucanio, Them or Us: Archetypical Interpretations of Fifties Alien Invasion Films, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987, pp. 117-18.
45. Christopher Frayling, Things to Come, London: BFI Publishing, 1995, p. 28.
46. As this brief plot summary probably makes clear, Cahn's film exerts a strong influence upon Ridley Scott's Alien.
47. This gesture is symbolically repeated at the end of the film, when the monster has finally been defeated.
48. 'Monster movies: They came from beneath the fifties', Journal of Popular Film, 1972, vol. 1.1, p. 41
49. Henri Bergson, 'Laughter', in Wylie Sypher (ed.) Comedy, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980, p. 62.
50. Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles, New York: Bantam, 1979.
51. Kim Stanley Robinson, Red Mars, New York: Bantam, 1993
52. Kim Stanley Robinson, The Martians, New York: Bantam, 2000.
53. 'Runaround', in The Complete Robot, London: Granada, 1982, pp. 257-79
54. Robert A.Heinlein, Starship Troopers, New York: Ace, 1987.
55. 'Mars rock', including photographic evidence, see (accessed 17 October 2003).
56. Elaine L.Graham, Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 118.
57. Tim Radford, 'Human code fully cracked', Guardian, 14 April 2003, p. 8.
58. Jean Baudrillard, 'The final solution: Cloning beyond the human and inhuman', in The Vital Illusion, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 22-3. Emphases in original.
59. I am alluding to Sigmund Freud, 'The dissection of the psychical personality', in New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, ed. James Strachey and Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 2, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973, p. 112.
60. Paul Auster, In the Country of Last Things, London: Faber and Faber, 1989, p. 28.
61. Kate Soper, Humanism and Anti-Humanism, London: Hutchinson, 1986, p. 99. Soper's book offers a fine overview of what was at stake, and also what was not always addressed, in anti-humanist thinking.
62. Roland Barthes, 'Preface', in Mythologies, ed. and trans. Annette Lavers, London: Vintage, 1993, p. 11.
63. Roland Barthes, 'Avant-propos', in Mythologies, Paris: Seuil, 1957, p. 9.
64. 'Astrologie' (Mythologies, French edition, pp. 165-8)
65. Edward Steichen, quoted in Penelope Niven, Steichen: A Biography, New York: Clarkson Potter, 1997, p. 633.
66. Eric J.Sandeen, Picturing an Exhibition: The Family of Man and 1950s America, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1995, p. 41.
67. Edward Steichen, quoted in Sandeen, Picturing an Exhibition, p. 41.
68. Edward Steichen, 'Introduction', in The Family of Man, New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1986, p. 3.
69. Niven, Steichen, p. 650.
70. Barthes, 'The Great Family of Man', in Mythologies, p. 101. Translation modified. For the original wording.
71. Roland Barthes, 'La Grande Famille des hommes', in Mythologies, p. 174.
72. Barthes, 'The Great Family of Man', p. 100.
73. Barthes, 'Myth today', in Mythologies, p. 143.
74. Barthes, 'The Great Family of Man', p. 102.
75. Barthes, 'Martians', in The Eiffel Tower and Other Mythologies, p. 28.
76. Barthes, 'Martians', p. 29.
77. Barthes, 'The Great Family of Man', p. 101.
78. Roland Barthes, Writing Degree Zero, trans. Annette Lavers and Colin Smith, New York: Hill and Wang, 1968, p. 2.
79. Barthes, 'The Great Family of Man', p. 101.
80. The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller, Oxford: Blackwell, 1990
81. Translated into English as: The Raw and the Cooked, trans. John and Doreen Weightman, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970
82. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, ed. Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye and Albert Reidlinger, trans. Wade Baskin, London: Fontana, 1974.
83. Roland Barthes, 'Preface to the 1970 edition (Collection "Points", Le Seuil, Paris)', in Mythologies, p. 9.
84. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, trans. John and Doreen Weightman, New York: Penguin, 1992, p. 55.
85. Jean-Paul Sartre, What is Literature?, trans. Bernard Frechtman, London: Methuen, 1950.
86. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind, trans. unnamed, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972, p. 245.
87. Ben Brewster, London: New Left Books, 1972, pp. 161-86.
88. Louis Althusser, 'Marxism and humanism', in For Marx, trans. Ben Brewster, London and New York: Verso, 1996, p. 227.
89. Louis Althusser, 'Marxisme et humanisme', in Pour Marx, Paris: La Découverte, 1996, pp. 233-4.
90. Louis Althusser, 'The humanist controversy', in The Humanist Controversy and Other Writings (1966-67), ed. François Matheron, trans. G.M.Goshgarian, London and New York: Verso, 2003, pp. 267-70.
91. Althusser, 'Marxism and humanism', p. 229.
92. Althusser, 'The humanist controversy', p. 266.
93. Louis Althusser, 'Reply to John Lewis (self-criticism)', in Essays in Self-Criticism, trans. Grahame Lock, London: New Left Books, 1976, pp. 52-3. Emphases in original.
94. Jean Baudrillard, Cool Memories, trans. Chris Turner, London and New York: Verso, 1990, p. 160.
95. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, trans. Richard Howard, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. At the time of writing, no complete English translation of Folie et déraison exists.
96. Jacques Derrida, 'Cogito and the history of madness', in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978, p. 31.
97. David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, London: Vintage, 1994, p. 144.
98. Derrida, 'Cogito and the history of madness', pp. 33-4. Emphases in original.
99. Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, p. 144.
100. Michel Foucault, 'My body, this paper, this fire', trans. Geoffrey Bennington, Oxford Literary Review, 1979, vol. 4.1, pp. 9-28.
101. Foucault, 'My body', p. 27.
102. Jacques Derrida and Maurizio Ferraris, A Taste for the Secret, ed. Giacomo Donis and David Webb, trans. Giacomo Donis, Cambridge: Polity, 2001, p. 20).
103. Jacques Derrida, 'Implications: Interview with Henri Ronse', in Positions, trans. Alan Bass, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 12.
104. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, trans. unnamed, London: Tavistock, 1970, p. 387.
105. Sigmund Freud, 'A note upon the "Mystic writing-pad"', in On Metapsychology: The Theory of Psychoanalysis, ed. Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 11, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991, pp. 427-34.
106. Information taken from Michael Rogin, Independence Day, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Enola, Gay, London: BFI Publishing 1998, p. 12.
107. Bill Clinton, quoted in Rogin, Independence Day, p. 9.
108. Bob Dole, quoted in Rogin, Independence Day, p. 12.
109. Vivian Sobchack, 'Cities on the edge of time: The urban sciencefiction film', in Annette Kuhn (ed.) Alien Zone II: The Spaces of Science-Fiction Cinema, London and New York: Verso, 1999, p. 139.
110. Independence Day opened in Canada on 2 July 1996, and in the United States, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico on the following day. Mars Attacks! was first released in the United States and Canada on 13 December 1996. Information taken from The Internet Movie Database. Available (accessed 13 December 2003).
111. Dean Devlin, quoted in Rogin, Independence Day, p. 28.
112. Jodi Dean, Aliens in America: Conspiracy Cultures from Outerspace to Cyberspace, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998, p. 29.
113. Rogin, Independence Day, p. 39.
114. Tim Shawcross, The Roswell File, London: Bloomsbury, 1997.
115. First aired in the United States on 21 September 1996.
116. First aired in the United States on 2 December 2002. For a brief discussion of the place of Taken in a culture of Alien Chic, see my 'Come on down!', Guardian, 11 January 2003, 'The Guide' section, pp. 4-6.
117. Rogin, Independence Day, p. 38.
118. William V. Spanos, The End of Education: Toward Posthumanism, Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1993, p. 3.
119. Jean-François Lyotard, The Differend: Phrases in Dispute, trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988, p. 98. Ellipsis and emphases in original.
120. Robert A.Heinlein, Starship Troopers, New York: Ace, 1987, p. 183
121. Walter Benjamin, 'The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction', in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn, New York: Schocken, 1969, p. 242.
122. Louis Althusser, 'Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (Notes towards an investigation)', in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971, pp. 127-86.
123. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, pp. 1, 13, 239.
124. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, pp. 99-104.
125. Manfred E.Clynes and Nathan S.Kline, 'Cyborgs and space', Astronautics, September 1960, pp. 26-7, 74-6.
126. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, p. 101.
127. Barry Keith Grant, "'Sensuous elaboration": Reason and the visible in the science-fiction film', in Annette Kuhn (ed.) Alien Zone II: The Spaces of Science-Fiction Cinema, London and New York: Verso, 1999, p. 27).
128. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, p. 26.
129. Raymond Williams, 'Base and superstructure in Marxist cultural theory', in Problems in Materialism and Culture: Selected Essays, London: Verso, 1980, pp. 31-49.
130. Patti Smith, 'Birdland', Horses, Arista Records, 1975.
131. Christopher Buckley, Little Green Men, London: Allison and Busby, 2001.
132. Jodi Dean, Aliens in America: Conspiracy Cultures from Outerspace to Cyberspace, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998.
133. David M.Jacobs, Alien Encounters: First-Hand Accounts of UFO Abductions, London: Virgin Books, 1994, pp. 293-4.
134. Whitley Strieber, Confirmation: The Hard Evidence of Aliens Among Us, New York: Pocket Books, 1999, p. 200.
135. Whitley Strieber, Communion: A True Story: Encounters with the Unknown, London: Arrow, 1988, p. 13.
136. John E.Mack, Abduction: Human Encounters with Aliens, New York: Scribners, 1994, p. 15.
137. Dean, Aliens in America, p. 30.
138. Elaine Showalter, Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture, rev. edn, London: Picador, 1998, p. 194.
139. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, p. 46.
140. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, p. 39.
141. John G.Fuller, The Interrupted Journey: Two Lost Hours
142. Aboard a Flying Saucer, new edn, London: Corgi, 1981, p. 36.
143. Fuller, The Interrupted Journey, p. 297.
144. Budd Hopkins, Witnessed: The True Story of the Brooklyn Bridge UFO Abductions, London: Bloomsbury, 1997, p. 398.
145. Budd Hopkins, Missing Time: A Documented Study of UFO Abductions, New York: Marek/Putnam, 1981.
146. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, p. 44.
147. Dean, Aliens in America, p. 52.
148. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, pp. 335-6
149. Dean, Aliens in America, pp. 29-30.
150. Michael Marshall Smith, One of Us, London: HarperCollins, 1998. I owe thanks to Robert Thomas for bringing this text to my attention.
151. Dean, Aliens in America, p. 18. Emphasis in original.
152. J.Allen Hynek, The Hynek UFO Report, London: Sphere, 1978, p. 12.
153. J.Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry, London: Corgi, 1974, p. 117.
154. Bryan, Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind, pp. 69-78, 270-311.
155. Showalter, Hystories, p. 199. University of Wyoming's Counseling-Psychology Department, who, in 1989, 'was forced to resign his tenure when it became public knowledge that he claimed to have been abducted by aliens as a child' (Bryan, Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind, p. 193).
156. Anne Taylor, quoted in Jim Marrs, Alien Agenda: The Untold Story of the Extraterrestrials Among Us, London: HarperCollins, 1997, p. 229.
157. Mack was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his book, A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E.Lawrence, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976.
158. John E.Mack, Passport to the Cosmos: Human Transformation and Alien Encounters, London: Thorsons, 2000, p. 6.
159. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, p. xi.
160. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, p. 310.
161. Mack, Abduction, p. 39.
162. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, p. 252.
163. Mack, Abduction, p. 374.
164. Showalter, Hystories, p. 196.
165. Mack, Abduction, p. 404.
166. Sigmund Freud, 'Fixation to traumas: The unconscious', in Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, ed. James Strachey and Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 1, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973, p. 326. Emphasis in original.
167. Charles Darwin, quoted in John Bowlby, Charles Darwin: A Biography, London: Hutchinson, 1990, p. 349.
168. Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, 3 vols, London: Hogarth Press, 1953-7, vol. 2, p. 120.
169. Mack, Abduction, p. 390.
170. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, pp. 34-5.
171. Quoted in Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, vol. 3, p. 42.
172. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in On Metapsychology: The Theory of Psychoanalysis, ed. Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 11, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991, pp. 269-338.
173. Jacques Derrida, 'To speculate-on "Freud"', in The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and, Beyond, trans. Alan Bass, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 261. Emphasis in original.
174. 'Paralysis', in fact, is the title of the third section of 'To speculate' (pp. 338-86).
175. Derrida, 'To speculate', p. 338.
176. Maurice Blanchot, Le Pas au-delà, Paris: Gallimard, 1973. Translated into English as The Step Not Beyond, trans. Lycette Nelson, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992.
177. Maurice Blanchot, The Writing of the Disaster, trans. Ann Smock, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
178. Roger Laporte, 'Maurice Blanchot today', in Carolyn Bailey Gill (ed.) Maurice Blanchot: The Demand of Writing, London and New York: Routledge, 1996, p. 25.
179. Paul de Man, 'Impersonality in the criticism of Maurice Blanchot', in Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, 2nd edn, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, p. 62.
180. Charlotte Mandell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995; The Space of Literature, trans.
181. Charlotte Mandell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001; The Work of Fire, trans.
182. Ann Smock, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
183. Translated into English as The One Who Was Standing Apart from Me, trans. Lydia Davis, Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 1992.
184. Budd Hopkins, Intruders: The Incredible Visitations at Copley Woods, New York: Random House, 1987.
185. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, p. 112.
186. Octavia E.Butler, Dawn, New York: Warner Books, 1987
187. Adulthood Rites, New York: Warner Books, 1988; Imago, New York: Warner Books, 1989.
188. Donna J.Haraway, 'A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century', in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books, 1991, pp. 149-81
189. Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La, Frontera: The New Mestiza, San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987
190. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and, Double Consciousness, London and New York: Verso, 1993.
191. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, p. 129.
192. Jacobs, Alien Encounters, p. 305. Emphasis in original.
193. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, pp. 128-9.
194. Strieber, Communion, p. 76. Emphasis in original.
195. Mack, Passport to the Cosmos, p. 128.
196. Mack, Abduction, pp. 242-3
197. Mack, Abduction, p. 293.
198. Jacques Derrida, Of Spirit: Heidegger and the Question, trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
199. The English language used to contain a transitive form of the verb 'to oblique', but this seems to have become obsolete towards the end of the nineteenth century. For more on this, see Neil Badmington, 'Post, oblique, human', Theology and Sexuality, 2004, vol. 10.2, pp. 56-64.
200. Tom Wolfe, 'Radical Chic', in Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, London: Cardinal, 1989, p. 91.
201. H.P.Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy, 2 vols, Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1952, vol. 2, p. 684. Emphasis in original.
202. Ihab Hassan, 'Prometheus as performer: Toward a posthumanist culture? A university masque in five scenes', The Georgia Review, 1977, vol. 31, pp. 830-50.
203. Donna J.Haraway, 'Ecce homo, ain't (ar'n't) I a woman, and inappropriate/d others: The human in a posthumanist landscape', in Judith Butler and Joan W.Scott (eds) Feminists Theorize the Political, New York and London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 86-100
204. K.Michael Hays, Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1992
205. William V.Spanos, The End of Education: Toward Posthumanism, Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1993
206. Judith Halberstam and Ira Livingston (eds) Posthuman Bodies, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995
207. Thomas Foster, "The sex appeal of the inorganic": Posthuman narratives and the construction of desire', in Robert Newman (ed.) Centuries' Ends, Narrative Means, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996, pp. 276-301
208. Scott McCracken, 'Cyborg fictions: The cultural logic of posthumanism', in Leo Panitch (ed.) Socialist Register 1997, London: Merlin, 1997, pp. 288-301
209. Keith Ansell Pearson, 'Life becoming body: On the "meaning" of post human evolution', Cultural Values, 1997, vol. 1.2, pp. 219-40
210. Robert Pepperell, The Post-Human Condition, 2nd edn, Exeter: Intellect Books, 1997
211. Ross Farnell, 'Posthuman topologies: William Gibson's "architexture" in Virtual Light and Idoru', Science-Fiction Studies, 1998, vol. 25.3, pp. 459-80
212. N.Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999
213. Gregory M.Grazevich, 'Emerging terminology in the MLA International Bibliography', MLA Newsletter, 2002, vol. 34.1, p. 6.1 owe this reference to Claire Connolly.
214. Haraway, 'A cyborg manifesto', p. 150.
215. Donna J.Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003, p. 4.
216. Wolfe, Animal Rites, p. 1.
217. Roland Barthes, A Lover's Discourse: Fragments, trans. Richard Howard, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990, p. 73.
218. Wolfe, 'Radical Chic', p. 4.
219. Philip Roth, The Human Stain, London: Vintage, 2001, p. 242
220. Bob Dylan, 'Masters of war', The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, Columbia Records, 1963.
221. G.W.Leibniz, 'Principles of nature and of grace, founded on reason', in Philosophical Writings, trans. Mary Morris, London: J.M. Dent, 1934, p. 26
222. Michel Foucault, 'Preface to Anti-Oedipus', in Power: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984, Volume Three, ed. James D.Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley et al., Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2002, p. 107.
223. Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity, London and New York: Verso, 1983, p. 146.
224. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin, Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.
225. Benjamin, The Arcades Project, p. 37.
226. Walter Benjamin, 'Unpacking my library: A talk about book collecting', in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn, New York: Schocken, 1969, pp. 59-67.
227. Benjamin, The Arcades Project, pp. 203-11.
228. Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects, trans. James Benedict, London and New York: Verso, 1996, p. 3.
229. Jean Baudrillard, Passwords, trans. Chris Turner, London and New York: Verso, 2003, p. 4.
230. The System of Objects, p. 199. Translation modified. For the original wording.
231. Baudrillard, Le Système des objets, p. 275.
232. Baudrillard, The System of Objects, p. 199. Translation modified. For the original wording.
233. Baudrillard, The System of Objects, p. 86.
234. Baudrillard, The System of Objects, p. 96. Emphasis in original.
235. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in On Metapsychology: The Theory of Psychoanalysis, ed. Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 11, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991, p. 283.
236. The boy remains unidentified in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, however. For confirmation of his identity
237. Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, 3 vols, London: Hogarth Press, 1953-7, vol. 3, p. 288.
238. Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, p. 284.
239. Sigmund Freud, 'Parapraxes', in Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, ed. James Strachey and Angela Richards, trans. James Strachey, Penguin Freud Library, vol. 1, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973, p. 52.
240. Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, p. 285.
241. Baudrillard, The System of Objects, p. 91.
242. Charles Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish compared as means of augmenting the individuality', in Artificial Paradises, trans. Stacy Diamond, New York: Citadel Press, 1996, p. 14.
243. Charles Baudelaire, 'The soul of wine', in The Flowers of Evil, trans. James McGowan, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 215.
244. Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish', p. 6.
245. Charles Baudelaire, 'The poem of hashish', in Artificial Paradises, 1996, pp. 31-76.
246. Kingsley Shorter, London and New York: Verso, 1997, pp. 215-22.
247. Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish', p. 20.
248. Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish', p. 15.
249. Baudelaire, 'The poem of hashish', p. 51.
250. Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish', p. 22.
251. Baudelaire, 'On wine and hashish', pp. 22-3.
252. Baudelaire, 'The poem of hashish', p. 61.
253. Baudrillard, Fatal Strategies, p. 111.
254. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Way of the Masks, trans. Sylvia Modelski, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press/Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press, 1988, p. 144. Emphasis in original.
255. David B.Allison, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973.
256. Derrida, Of Grammatology, p. 3.
257. Benjamin, 'Unpacking my library', p. 64.
258. Gene Brewer, K-PAX, London: Bloomsbury, 1996
259. Steve Beard, Logic Bomb: Transmissions from the Edge of Style Culture, London and New York: Serpent's Tail, 1998, p. 114.
260. Jacques Derrida, 'Of an apocalyptic tone recently adopted in philosophy', trans. John P.Leavey, Jr., The Oxford Literary Review, 1984, vol. 6.2, pp. 3-37.
261. Jacques Derrida, 'No apocalypse, not now (full speed ahead, seven missiles, seven missives)', trans. Catherine Porter, Diacritics, 1984, vol. 14, pp. 20-31.
262. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 15.
263. Ovid, Metamorphoses, trans. Mary M.Innes, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955, p. 203.
264. Jill Didur usefully names 'critical posthumanism' in her fine essay, 'Re-embodying technoscientific fantasies: Posthumanism, genetically modified foods, and the colonization of life', Cultural Critique, 2003, vol. 53, pp. 98-115.
265. N.Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 1.
266. Fred Botting, Sex, Machines and Navels: Fiction, Fantasy and History in the Future Present, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999
267. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Typography: Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics, ed. Christopher Fynsk, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
268. Neil Badmington, 'Introduction: Approaching posthumanism', in Neil Badmington (ed.) Posthumanism, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2000, p. 1.
269. Time, 3 January 1983, p. 3.
270. Well, almost. Deep within the issue in question (pp. 26-7)
271. Letters page, Time, 24 January 1983.
272. Jacques Derrida, 'The ends of Man', in Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1982, p. 117.
273. Derrida, 'The ends of Man', p. 135.
274. Jacques Derrida, 'Structure, sign, and play in the discourse of the human sciences', in Richard Mackey and Eugenio Donato (eds) The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and, the Sciences of Man, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972, p. 271.
275. Derrida, 'The ends of Man', p. 135.
276. Derrida, 'Les fins de I'homme', p. 162.
277. Derrida, 'The ends of Man', p. 135.
278. Constance Penley and Andrew Ross, 'Cyborgs at large: Interview with Donna Haraway', in Constance Penley and Andrew Ross (eds) Technoculture, Minneapolis and Oxford: University of Minnesota Press, 1991, p. 18
279. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe provide of their own work in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, London and New York: Verso, 1985, p. 4
280. Derrida, Of Grammatology, p. 24. Emphasis in original
281. Jacques Derrida, Mémoires for Paul de Man, rev. edn, trans. Cecile Lindsay, Jonathan Culler and Eduardo Cadava, New York: Columbia University Press, 1989, p. 73. Emphases in original.
282. Don DeLillo, Valparaiso, New York: Scribner, 1999, p. 45.
283. Derrida, Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson, London: Athlone, 1981, p. 99.
284. Derrida, 'Violence and metaphysics: An essay on the thought of Emmanuel Lévinas', in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978, p. 111.
285. Jacques Derrida, The animal that therefore I am (more to follow)', trans. David Wills, Critical Inquiry, 2002, vol. 28.2, pp. 369-418.
286. L.Graham, Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
287. Donna J.Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003, p. 51.
288. This wonderful phrase was suggested to me by Catherine Belsey
289. Philip K.Dick, A Scanner Darkly, London: HarperCollins, 1996, p. 223. Emphasis in original.
290. Slavoj Žižek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993, p. 12
291. Kevin McCarron, 'Corpses, animals, machines and mannequins: The body and cyberpunk', in Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows (eds) Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment, London: Sage, 1995, p. 264.
292. Philip K.Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, London: Panther, 1972.
293. Derrida, 'Structure, sign, and play', p. 254.
294. Donna J.Haraway, 'Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective', in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books, 1991, p. 189.
295. Mark Z.Danielewski, House of Leaves, London: Anchor, 2000.
296. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
297. Jean-François Lyotard, 'Answer to the question: What is the postmodern?', in The Postmodern Explained to Children: Correspondence 1982-1985, trans. Don Barry et al., ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas, London: Turnaround, 1992, pp. 87-93
298. Jean-François Lyotard, 'Rewriting modernity', in The Inhuman: Reflections on Time, trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991, p. 24.
299. Jean-François Lyotard, 'Rules and paradoxes and svelte appendix', trans. Brian Massumi, Cultural Critique 1986/7, vol. 5, p. 209.
300. Lyotard, 'Rewriting modernity', p. 34.
301. Jürgen Habermas, 'Modernity versus postmodernity', trans. Seyla Ben-Habib, New German Critique, 1981, vol. 22, pp. 3-14.
302. Lyotard, 'Rewriting modernity', p. 26.
303. Sigmund Freud, 'Remembering, repeating and working-through (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis II)', in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 vols, ed. and trans. James Strachey, with Anna Freud, Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953-74, vol. 12, p. 155. Emphasis in original.
304. Lyotard, 'Rewriting modernity', p. 33.
305. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971, p. 276.
306. Ted Mooney, Easy Travel to Other Planets, New York: Vintage, 1992, p. 186.
307. Paul Celan, 'Fadensonnen', in Gesammelte Werke, 5 vols, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1983, vol. 2, p. 26.
308. Martin Heidegger, 'The question concerning technology', in The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, trans. William Lovitt, New York: Harper & Row, 1977, p. 3.
309. Don DeLillo, Americana, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990, p. 364.
310. Although the series has always been known in the United States as Roswell, it was first transmitted in Britain under the title Roswell High.
311. Richard Vine, 'Home and away', Guardian, 7 September 2000, section G2, p. 17.
312. Available: (accessed 18 November 2003).
313. Available: (accessed 18 November 2003).
314. Thomas Doherty, Teenagers and Teenpics: The Juvenilization of American Movies in the 1950s, Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 245-61
315. Martin Heidegger, 'What is metaphysics?', in Basic Writings, ed. David Farrell Krell, rev. edn, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 98.
316. GALA Committee homepage, see (accessed on 19 November 2003).
317. Jean-François Lyotard, 'A podium without a podium: Television according to J.-F.Lyotard', in Political Writings, trans. Bill Readings and Kevin Paul Geiman, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993, p. 91.
318. Jean-François Lyotard, 'Introduction: About the human', in The Inhuman: Reflections on Time, trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991, p. 3. Ellipsis in original.
319. Raymond Williams, 'Culture is ordinary', in Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism, ed. Robin Gable, London and New York: Verso, 1989, pp. 3-18.
320. Louis Althusser, 'Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (Notes towards an investigation)', in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971, pp. 156-7
321. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York and London: Routledge, 1990, p. vii.
322. Jean-François Lyotard, The Confession of Augustine, trans. Richard Beardsworth, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 36).
323. Don DeLillo, End Zone, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986, p. 118. Emphasis added.
324. Melinda Metz, Roswell High: The Outsider, New York: Pocket Books, 1998, p. 13. Emphasis in original.
325. Frank Sinatra, 'Young at heart', The Very Best of Frank Sinatra, Warner Brothers Records, 1997.
326. Frank Sinatra, 'Love and marriage', The Very Best of Frank Sinatra, Warner Brothers Records, 1997.
327. Metz, Roswell High: The Outsider, pp. 11-12.
328. Jacques Derrida, 'Ellipsis', in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978, p. 296.
329. Vladimir Nabokov, Pnin, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960, p. 14.
330. Brian Murphy, 'Monster movies: They came from beneath the fifties', Journal of Popular Film, 1972, vol. 1.1, p. 43.
331. Vivian Sobchack, Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film, 2nd edn, New York: Ungar, 1987, p. 125. Emphasis in original.
332. David Lavery, 'Departure of the body snatchers, or the confessions of a carbon chauvinist', The Hudson Review, 1986, vol. 39.3, pp. 383-404.
333. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, p. 217
334. Cyndy Hendershot, 'The invaded body: Paranoia and radiation anxiety in Invaders from Mars, It Came from Outer Space, and Invasion of the Body Snatchers', Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 1998, vol. 39.1, p. 34. Emphasis in original.
335. Al LaValley (ed.), Invasion of the Body Snatchers: Don Siegel, Director, New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989, p. 25.
336. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book II: The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954-1955, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Sylvana Tomaselli, New York and London: W.W.Norton, 1988, p. 175.
337. Jacques Lacan, 'The subversion of the subject and the dialectic of desire in the Freudian unconscious', in écrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan, London: Tavistock, 1977, p. 324.
338. Jacques Lacan, 'The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience', in écrits: A Selection, p. 1.
339. Jacques Lacan, 'Le Stade du miroir comme formateur de la fonction du Je telle qu'elle nous est révélée dans l'expérience psychanalytique', in écrits, Paris: Seuil, 1966, p. 93.
340. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book III: The Psychoses 1955-1956, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Russell Grigg, New York and London: W.W.Norton, 1993, p. 82.
341. Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Alan Sheridan, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994, p. 205.
342. Jacques Lacan, Le Séminaire de Jacques Lacan, livre XI: Les quatres concepts fondamenteux de la, psychanalyse, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil, 1973, p. 187.
343. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XX: Encore: On Feminine Sexuality, The Limits of Love and Knowledge 1972-1973, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Bruce Fink, London and New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.
344. Catherine Belsey, Desire: Love Stories in Western Culture, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, p. 61. Emphases in original.
345. Jacques Lacan, 'The agency of the letter in the unconscious or reason since Freud', in écrits: A Selection, p. 167. Emphasis in original.
346. David Macey, Lacan in Contexts, London and New York: Verso, 1988, p. 49).
347. Jacques Derrida, 'The almost nothing of the unpresentable', in Points... Interviews, 1974-1994, ed. Elisabeth Weber, trans. Peggy Kamuf et al., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 83.
348. Paul Virilio, Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light, trans. Michael Degener, London and New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 9)
349. Antony Easthope, The Unconscious, London and New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 166.
350. Nancy Steffen-Fluhr, 'Women and the inner game of Don Siegel's Invasion of the Body Snatchers', Science Fiction Studies, 1984, vol. 11.2, p. 141.
351. Sumiko Higashi, 'Invasion of the body snatchers: Pods then and now', Jump Cut, 1981, vols 24/25, p. 3.
352. LaValley, Invasion of the Body Snatchers, pp. 112-13).
353. Gl en M. Johnson, "'We'd fight...we had to": The Body Snatchers as novel and film', Journal of Popular Culture, 1979, vol. 13, p. 8.
354. Jack Finney, 'The body snatchers', Collier's, 26 November 1954, pp. 26-7, 90-4, 96-9
355. Jacques Derrida, 'Positions: Interview with Jean-Louis Houdebine and Guy Scarpetta', in Positions, trans. Alan Bass, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 52.
356. Jacques Derrida, 'The Villanova roundtable: A conversation with Jacques Derrida', in John D.Caputo (ed.) Deconstruction in a, Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, New York: Fordham University Press, 1997, p. 9.
357. Samuel Beckett, Worstward Ho, London: John Calder, 1983, p. 11.
358. N.Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 6.
359. Stuart Rosenthal and Judith M. Kass, Tod Browning/Don Siegel, New York: A.S.Barnes, 1975, p. 119
360. Lavery, 'Departure of the body snatchers', p. 387
361. Johnson, 'The Body Snatchers as novel and film', pp. 11, 12-13
362. Charles T.Gregory, 'The pod society versus the rugged individualists', Journal of Popular Film, 1972, vol. l.l, p. 8
363. Cyndy Hendershot, 'Vampire and replicant: The one-sex body in a twosex world', Science-Fiction Studies, 1995, vol. 22.3, p. 395 n. 26
364. Stuart Samuels, 'The age of conspiracy and conformity: Invasion of the Body Snatchers', in in John E.O'Connor and Martin A.Jackson (eds) American History/American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image, New York: Ungar, 1979, p. 214
365. John Brosnan, The Primal Screen: A History of Science Fiction Film, London: Orbit, 1991, p. 78
366. J.Hoberman, 'Paranoia and the pods', Sight and Sound, May 1994, p. 29
367. Mark Jancovich, Horror, London: B.T.Batsford, 1992, p. 68
368. Arthur Le Gacy, 'The Invasion of the Body Snatchers: A metaphor for the fifties', Literature/Film Quarterly, 1978, vol. 1, p. 286.
369. Don Siegel, A Siegel Film: An Autobiography, London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1993, p. 178.
370. I take this idea from Shoshana Felman, 'Turning the screw of interpretation', Yale French Studies, 1977, vols 55/56, pp. 94-207.
371. Philip Kaufman, 'Are we pods...yet?', interview with Ralph Appelbaum, Films and Filming, April 1979, p. 11.
372. Although it is never mentioned, it seems to me that Kaufman's movie is a particularly fine example of the 'incoherent' film identified by Robin Wood in his fine book, Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
373. Kaufman, 'Are we pods...yet?', p. 13.
374. Lavery, 'Departure of the body snatchers', p. 389.
375. Hoberman, 'Paranoia and the pods', p. 31.
376. Philip Roth, The Human Stain, London: Vintage, 2001, p. 52.
377. Stuart Hall, 'Cultural identity and diaspora', in Jonathan Rutherford (ed.) Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990, p. 229.
378. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, ed. Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye and Albert Reidlinger, trans. Wade Baskin, London: Fontana, 1974, p. 65.
379. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, p. 43. Emphasis in original.
380. Jacques Derrida, 'Differance', in 'Speech and Phenomena' and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, trans. David B.Allison, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973, pp. 129-30. Emphases in original.
381. R.L.Rutsky, High Techne: Art and Technol ogy from the Machine Aesthetic to the Posthuman, Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1999, p. 21.
382. Elaine L. Graham, Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and, Others in Popular Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.