Representing Calcutta: Modernity, nationalism and the colonial uncanny

Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-314

  Chattopadhyay, Swati ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909409574     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203086834     Document Type: Book

References (319)

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69. Lady Maria Nugent, A Journal from the Year 1811 Till the Year 1815, Including a Voyage to and Residence in India, with a Tour to the Northwestern Part of the British Possessions in that Country, under the Bengal Government (London, 1839), 75-77.
70. Lord Viscount George Valentia, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the Years 1802-1806, vol. I (London: William Miller, 1809), 59.
71. Bishop Reginald Heber, Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay, 1824-1825 (London: John Murray, 1828), 7.
72. William Huggins, Sketches of India, Treatise on Subjects Connected with the Government; Civil and Military Establishments; Characters of the European, and Customs of the Native Inhabitants (London: John Letts, 1824), 3-4.
73. Bishop Heber, The Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India (London: John Murray, 1828), 7.
74. Sherwood, The Life of Mrs. Sherwood, 361.
75. Paul Greenough's "Hunter's Drowned Land: An Environmental Fantasy of the Victorian Sunderbans," in Richard Grove, Vinita Damodaran, Satpal Sangwan (eds), Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
76. Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 24-48.
77. Thomas Metcalf, An Imperial Vision (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
78. Fenton, A Narrative, 13.
79. Anonymous London Missionary, Travels in India (MDCCCLII; reproduced in Nair (ed.) Calcutta in the Nineteenth Century, Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1989), 917.
80. Ann Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology, the English Rustic Tradition, 1740-1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 11-14.
81. Uvedale Price, Essays on the Picturesque, vols. I-III (London: J. Mawman, 1810).
82. Christopher Hussey, Picturesque Studies in a Point of View (London: J. P. Putnam & Sons, 1927), 86.
83. Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology; and John Barrell, The Dark Side of the Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
84. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth- Century India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 32.
85. Fenton, A Narrative, 12.
86. Anthony Vidler, The Architectural Uncanny (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994), 18.
87. Fenton, A Narrative, 49.
88. Sigmund Freud, "The 'Uncanny'," Writings on Art and Literature (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 217.
89. G. H. R. Tillotson's essay "The Indian Picturesque," in C. A. Bayly (ed.) The Raj: India and the British 1600-1947 (London: National Portrait Gallery, 1990).
90. Sir William Foster, "British Artists in India, 1760-1820," The Walpole Society, Annual Volume, XIX, 1931, 20-23).
91. Mildred Archer, India and British Portraiture: 1770-1825 (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979).
92. Sir William Foster, "William Hodges, R. A. in India," Bengal Past and Present, vol. XXX, July-Sept 1925, 1-8, and "British Artists in India, 1760-1820," The Walpole Society, v. XIX, 1931, 40-42.
93. Thomas Daniell, A Picturesque Voyage to India by the Way of China, (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, 1810), i-ii.
94. Garland Cannon (ed.) The Letters of Sir William Jones (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 830-831, 879.
95. Mildred Archer, Early Views of India: The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1786-1794 (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980), 219-225.
96. Nicholas B. Dirks, "Guiltless Spoliations: Picturesque Beauty, Colonial Knowledge, and Colin Mackenzie's Survey of India," in Catherine Asher and Thomas R. Metcalf (eds) Perceptions of South Asia's Visual Past (New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1994).
97. Mathew Edney's discussion of the absence of representations of British surveyors in the field in India in Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 74-75.
98. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972); Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology.
99. S. Maclaren, "The Limits of the Picturesque in British N. America," Journal of Garden History 1, no. 5: 97-111.
100. William Daniell's Journal, Mss. Eur. 268.
101. Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
102. William Daniell's journal in M. Hardie and Muriel Clayton, "Thomas and William Daniell: Their Life and Work," Walkers Quarterly 35: 6.
103. Archer, Early Views of India (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980), 6-7.
104. Robert Orme's A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan, and James Mill's History of India (London: J. Madden, 1848).
105. Hodges, Travels in India, 30-33.
106. Richard Temple, A Bird's Eye View of Picturesque India (London: Chatto & Windus, 1898), 84-86.
107. Fenton, A Narrative, 46-49.
108. Jeremy P. Losty, Calcutta, City of Palaces: A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690-1858 (London: British Library and Arnold, 1990).
109. Losty, Calcutta, 48.
110. Raymond Betts, "The Allusion to Rome in British Imperialist Thought of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," Victorian Studies (Dec. 1971): 149-159.
111. Malcolm Campbell and The Arthur Ross Foundation, Piranesi: Rome Recorded (Philadelphia: Smith-Edwards-Dunlap Company, 1990).
112. Archer, Early Views of India.
113. Mrs. Kindersley's long list of servants in Letters from the Islands of Teneriff, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope, and East Indies (London: J. Hourse, 1777).
114. Mildred Archer and Toby Falk, India Revealed: the Art and Adventure of James Baillie Fraser (London: Cassell, 1989), 40.
115. Charles D'Oyly, an amateur painter, was Collector of Dacca (1808-1818) and later an opium agent in Patna. He made several drawings of Calcutta, which were reproduced in 1848 as a set of colored lithographs entitled Views of Calcutta and its Environs (London, 1848).
116. John Falconer, "Ethnographical Photography in India, 1850-1900," The Photographic Collector 5, no. 1, 1984.
117. Falconer's essay, "Photography in Nineteenth-Century India," in C. A. Bayly (ed.) The Raj.
118. Arnold, Colonizing the Body.
119. James Johnson, The Influence on Tropical Climates, More Especially the Climate of India, on European Constitutions (London: J. J. Stockdale, 1813), 108.
120. Mark Harrison, "Tropical Medicine in Nineteenth Century India," The British Journal for the History of Science 25 (1992): 299-318.
121. Report of the Committee Appointed by the Right Honorable the Governor of Bengal for the Establishment of a Fever Hospital and for Inquiry into Local Management and Taxation in Calcutta (Calcutta: Bishop College Press, 1840), 14-15.
122. James Long, "Calcutta and Bombay in their Social Aspects." Read before the Bengal Social Science Association (Calcutta: City Press, 1870), 8.
123. Harrison, "Tropical Medicine.".
124. Johnson, The Influence of Tropical Climate, 71.
125. Fenton, A Narrative, 242.
126. William Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos (Serampore: Mission Press, 1818).
127. H. J. Dyos and Michael Wolff (eds) The Victorian City: Images and Realities (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973).
128. Judith Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
129. City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
130. Ward, A View of the History, 209.
131. "Resolution on the 1889-90 Calcutta Municipality Administration Report," Municipal Proceedings Nov. 1890, File M 1R/2, 15-18.
132. R. J. Morris, Cholera 1832: A Social Response to an Epidemic (New York: Holmes and Meir Publishers, 1976).
133. Charles Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
134. C. Macnamara, A History of Asiatic Cholera (London: Macmillan and Co., 1876).
135. Calcutta Municipality Administration Report, 1876.
136. "Report of the Health Officer," 1872, 10.
137. C. Fabre-Tonnerre, Health Officer of Calcutta to S. S. Hogg, Chairman of the Justices of the Peace," March 1874, and March 1875;.
138. Baron Dowlean, "Calcutta in 1860"; reproduced in N. Bose (ed.) Calcutta: People and Empire (Calcutta: India Book Exchange, 1975), 9.
139. A. Mackenzie, Secretary to the Government of India to the Secretary of the Government of Bengal, Municipal Department, Coll 2-78, 1885.
140. Norma Evenson, The Indian Metropolis: A View Towards the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989);.
141. Anthony D. King, Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power, and Environment (London: Routledge, 1977);.
142. Sten Nilsson, European Architecture in India, 1750-1850 (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1969);.
143. Pradip Sinha, Calcutta in Urban History (Calcutta: Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., 1978).
144. G. H. R. Tillotson, The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Controversy, Continuity and Change (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 12.
145. John Michael Vlach, "The Brazilian House in Nigeria: The Emergence of a Twentieth-century Vernacular House Type," Journal of American Folklore, 97, no. 383 (1984), 3-23.
146. Philip Davis, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India (London: John Murray, 1985);.
147. Ray, A Short History of Calcutta (1901; reprint, Calcutta: Riddhi, 1982), 116-119.
148. Seton-Kerr, Selections from Calcutta Gazettes (Calcutta: Military Orphan Press, 1864), vol. 3, 567.
149. Sinha, Calcutta in Urban History, 149-152.
150. R. H. Phillimore, Historical Records of the Survey of the Eighteenth Century, vol. 1 (Dehradun: Survey of India, 1945), 52.
151. Radharaman Mitra, "Gangar Ghat," Aitihashik (Jan. 1977): 49-108, for historical information on the large number of ghats in Calcutta.
152. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 1, 56-57.
153. I. H. T. Roberdeau, "A Young Civilian in Bengal in 1805," reproduced in P. T. Nair (ed.) Calcutta in the Nineteenth Century, 46-47.
154. Calcutta Gazette, April 7, 1785.
155. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 1, 69.
156. Keya Dasgupta, "A City Away from Home: The Mapping of Calcutta," in Partha Chatterjee (ed.) Texts of Power: Emerging Disciplines in Colonial Bengal (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
157. Arunkumar Mitra (ed.), Amritalal Basur Smriti O Atmasmriti (Calcutta: Sahityalok, 1982), 92.
158. S. W. Goode, Municipal Calcutta: Its Institutions in their Origin and Growth (Edinburgh: T. A. Constable, 1916), 237.
159. Lottery Committee Report cited in Keshab Chowdhuri, Calcutta: Story of Its Government (Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1973), 30.
160. Samita Gupta, "Theory and Practice of Town Planning in Calcutta, 1817-1912: An Appraisal," Indian Economic and Social History Review 30, no. 1 (January-March 1993): 29-55.
161. Gupta, "Theory and Practice of Town Planning in Calcutta," 44.
162. Goode, Municipal Calcutta, 238.
163. Lord Viscount George Valentia, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the Years 1802-1806, vol. I (London: William Miller, 1809).
164. Sir Charles D'Oyly, Views of Calcutta and Its Environs (London, 1835).
165. Jeremy P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces, A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company 1690-1858 (London: Arnold, 1990).
166. James Ranald Martin, Notes on the Medical Topography of Calcutta (Calcutta: Military Orphan Press, 1836), 63.
167. Anil K. Kundu and Prithvish Nag (eds) Atlas of the City of Calcutta and Its Environs (Calcutta: National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Government of India, 1990).
168. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 3, 581-582.
169. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 2, 543. Abdarkhanna means wine-cellar.
170. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 1, 34.
171. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 2, 501-502.
172. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 3, 533.
173. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 4, 432-433.
174. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 1, 292. Also vol. 2, 517.
175. Colesworthy Grant, Anglo-Indian Domestic Sketch (Calcutta: Thacker and Spink, 1862).
176. Robin Evans, "Figures, Doors, and Passages," Architectural Design 48, no. 4 (1978): 267-278.
177. W. Heysham in 1856, reproduced in Atlas of the City of Calcutta.
178. James Gibbs, Book of Architecture: Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments (London: W. Innys and R. Manby, 1739).
179. Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).
180. Nilsson, European Architecture.
181. Seton-Kerr, Selections, vol. 3, 563-564.
182. Nilsson, European Architecture.
183. Robert Kerr, The Gentleman's House (1864; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint, 1972).
184. H. E. A. Cotton, Calcutta Old and New (1907; reprint, Calcutta: General Publishers, 1980), 121.
185. Grant, Anglo-Indian Domestic Sketch.
186. William Huggins, Sketches in India: Treatise on Subjects Connected with the Government; Civil and Military Establishments; Characters of the European, and the Customs of the Native Inhabitants (London: John Letts, 1824), 110.
187. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
188. Lady Maria Nugent, A Journal from the Year 1811 Till the Year 1815 (London, 1839), 123.
189. Lord Viscount Valentia, Voyages and Travels, vol. 1, 242.
190. Emma Roberts, Scenes and Characteristics of Hindoostan, 7.
191. Laura Ann Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 157-164.
192. Emily Eden, Letters from India (London: Richard Bentley, 1872), 84-85.
193. Marchioness of Dufferin & Ava, Our Viceregal Life in India: Selections from My Journal 1884-1888 (New York: Scribner and Welford, 1890), 8-9.
194. Flora Annie Steel and Grace Gardiner, The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook (London: William Heineman, 1909, 7th edn).
195. Goods, Chattels, and Sundry Items: Constructing Nineteenthcentury Anglo-Indian Domestic Life," Journal of Material Culture 7. No. 3, (Fall 2002), 243-271.
196. Homi Bhaba, "Signs Taken for Wonders," The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), 115.
197. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, translated by Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 61.
198. Tanika Sarkar, Words to Win: The Making of Amar Jiban: A Modern Autobiography (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1999), 21-22.
199. Ranajit Guha, The Rule of Property in Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement (original pub. 1963; Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
200. Bandopadhyay, Kalikata Kamalalaya (1823; reprint, Bishnu Basu (ed.) Calcutta: Pratibhas, 1986), 117-118.
201. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 23.
202. William Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos (Serampore: Mission Press, 1818).
203. Partha Mitter, Art and Nationalism in India 1850-1922 Occidental Orientations (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 171, 173;.
204. Tanika Sarkar, Words to Win, 109-110.
205. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 221-224.
206. Tejaswini Niranjana, Siting Translation: History, Post-structuralism and the Colonial Context (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 3.
207. Sahitya Sadhak Charitmala, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 1976).
208. Ramchandra Palit (ed.), Speeches by Babu Surendranath Banerjee (Calcutta: S. K. Lahiri & Co., 1890-91).
209. A Nation in the Making: Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life, New York: Oxford University Press, 1925).
210. Loknath Ghosh, Kolkatar Babubrittanta (1881; reprint, Calcutta: Ayan, 1983).
211. Ghosh, Kolkatar Babubrittanta; Beepin Beharry Mittra, Life of Maharaja Nava Krishna Deva Bahadoor (Calcutta: Stanhope Press, 1879).
212. S. N. Mukherjee, Calcutta: Aspects of Urban History (Calcutta: Subornorekha, 1993), 127.
213. Ghosh, Kolkatar Babubrittanta, 78-80.
214. Dhriti Kanta Lahiri Chowdhuri, "Trends in Calcutta Architecture, 1690-1903," in Sukanta Chowdhury (ed.) Calcutta: A Living City (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
215. Lahiri Chowdhury's description of the house in "Trends in Calcutta Architecture." 30 George Mitchell (ed.), Brick Temples of Bengal (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).
216. G. H. R. Tillotson, The Tradition of Indian Architecture: Continuity, Controversy and Change since 1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
217. Bernard Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 54-55.
218. Jeremy P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces (London: British Library).
219. Rajah Rajendra Narayan Deb Bahadur, Rajah Sir Radhakant Deb Bahadur: A Brief Account of His Life and Character (Calcutta: Indian Daily News Press, 1880).
220. Charles D'Oyly's aquatint "Tom Raw's Misfortune at the Ball," c.1820, in his Tom Raw Griffin (London: Ackerman, 1828).
221. Alexander Duff, India and Indian Missions (Edinburgh: J. Johnstone, 1839), 253.
222. Homi Bhaba's analysis of Alexander Duff's writings in The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).
223. Abanindranath Tagore, Putur Boi, in Abanindra Rachanabali, vol. 3 (Calcutta: Prakash Bhavan, 1985).
224. Tagore, Apan Katha, in Abanindra Rachanabli, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Prakash Bhavan, 1985), 51-52.
225. Mohanlal Gangopadhyay, Dakshiner Baranda (Calcutta: Viswabharati, 1980), 50.
226. Ramananda Chattopadhyay, Arabya Upanyas, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Prabasi, 1921).
227. Frances Yates, The Art of Memory (London: Routledge, 1966), 3.
228. Tagore, Apan Katha, 30. "Baroduari " literally means a 12-door room.
229. Tagore, Abanindra Rachanabali, vol. 1, 61-62.
230. R. Sivakumar, "Abanindranath's Arabian Nights: Native Flanerie and Anticolonial Narration," Nandan, Essays in Honor of K. G. Subramanyan (No. XIX, 1999), 167.
231. Tagore, Apan Katha, 57.
232. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, 172-179.
233. Purnima Debi, Thakurbarir Gaganthakur (Calcutta: Punascha, 1999), 44.
234. Gangopadhyay, Dakshiner Baranda, 105.
235. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 180.
236. Pramatha Bishi, "Katharasik Sayyad Mujtaba Ali," Mujtaba Rachanabali, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Mitra & Ghosh, 1990).
237. Gajendrakumar Mitra, "Introduction," in the same volume.
238. Sayyad Mujtaba Ali, "Adda," Rachanabali, vol. 1, 83.
239. Mujtaba Ali, "Adda," Rachanabali, vol. 3, 318-319.
240. Mujtaba Ali, "Adda," Rachanabali, vol. 3, 319.
241. Mujtaba Ali, "Adda," Rachanabali, vol. 1, 82.
242. Mujtaba Ali, "Adda," Rachanabali, vol. 3, 317.
243. Mujtaba Ali, "Kisher Sandhane," Rachanabali, vol. 1, 42.
244. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, 212.
245. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 55.
246. Pramila Pandhe, Suppression of Drama in Nineteenth-Century India (Calcutta: India Book Exchange, 1978).
247. Sumanta Banerjee, The Parlour and the Streets (Calcutta: Seagull, 1989).
248. S. N. Mukherjee, "Introduction," The Poison Tree, translated by Marian Maddern and S. N. Mukherjee, (New Dehli: Penguin, 1996), xxviii.
249. Arun Nag, Satik Hutom Penchar Naksha (Calcutta: Subarnorekha, 1990).
250. Pyarichand Mitra's Alaler Ghare Dulal published two years before Hutom Penchar Naksha, was also hailed for its success in colloquial Bengali. Mitra noted in his introduction that his book was meant to be read by women, and not designed for the pundits.
251. Nag, Satik Hutom, 21.
252. Arun Kumar Mitra, Amritalal Basur Smriti O Atmasmriti (Calcutta: Sahityalok, 1982), 139.
253. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Lokshiksha," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 323-325.
254. Sureshchandra Samajpati, "Bankimchandra," in Bankim Prasanga (Calcutta: Mukherjee Bose and Company, n.d.), 140.
255. Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 323.
256. Gautam Bhadra (ed.), Yogasutra (Oct.-Dec., 1993).
257. Bhadra, "Kathakathar Nanan Katha," in Yogasutra (Oct.-Dec., 1993), 169-278.
258. Purnachandra Chattopadhyay, "Bankim Prasanga," cited in Jogeschandra Bagal, "Upanyash Prasanga," in Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 1, 28.
259. Shyamali Chakrabarty, Bankimchandrer Shilpa O Sangiter Jagat (Calcutta: Aruna Prakashani, 1990).
260. Samajpati, "Bankimchandra," 329.
261. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, (1951; reprint, Reading: Addison Wesley, 1989), 381.
262. Kanny Loll Dey, "Hindu Social Laws and Habits Viewed in Relation to Health," An address delivered at the 3rd Anniversary of the Bengal Branch of the British Medical Association on the 15th March, 1886 (Calcutta: R. C. Lepage & Co., 1886), 4-5.
263. "Ramanir Kartabya," Bamabodhini Patrika, no. 265 (Feb. 1887), 303.
264. Mitra, Amritalal Basur Smriti, 94.
265. Nag, Satik Hutom, 34.
266. Richard Schechner's discussion of the Ramlila in Ramnagar, India, in Between Theater and Anthropology, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985).
267. Mitra, Amritalal Basur Smriti, 54.
268. Banerjee, The Parlour and the Streets, 182.
269. Mitra, Amritalal Basur Smriti, 183-186.
270. Sumanta Banerjee, Dangerous Outcast: Prostitutes in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Calcutta: Seagull, 2000), 134.
271. Rimli Bhattacharyya, Binodini Dasi: My Story and My Life as an Actress (New Delhi: Kali, 1998), 206.
272. Banerjee, Dangerous Outcast, 122.
273. Benodini Dasi, Amar Katha O Ananya Rachana (Calcutta: Subarnorekha, 1987).
274. Kalyani Dutta, Thor, Bari, Khara (Calcutta: Thema, 1992), 15.
275. Rameshchandra Dutta, Samsaar, Granthabali, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Basumati, 1894), 88-89.
276. Prabhat Mukhopadhyay, "Gahanar Baksha," Prabhat Rachanabali (Calcutta, n.d.).
277. Gayatri Chakaravorty Spivak, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988).
278. "Chattopadhyay Bangsher Ekadesh Karika," (Calcutta: Banimandir Prachar Bibhag, 1961).
279. Premankur Atarthi, Mahasthabira Jataka (Calcutta: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Ltd, 1955), 55-57.
280. Tanika Sarkar, Words to Win, 77.
281. Arun Kumar Mitra, Amritalal Basur Smriti O Atmasmriti (Calcutta: Ranjan Publishing House 1943), 56-58.
282. Bhavanicharan Bandopadhyay, Dutibilas, in Rasarachanasamagra (Calcutta: Nabapatra Prakashan, 1987).
283. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, Bishabriksha, in Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad, 1994), 299.
284. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, Achar Prabandha (Hooghly, 1893; original publication 1882), 132-134.
285. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Dharma ebong Sahitya," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 225.
286. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Uttarcharit," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 161.
287. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Krishnacharitra," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 353-524. The first part of Krishnacharitra was published in 1886, and in 1892 it was published in its entirety.
288. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Dharmatatwa," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 558-559.
289. Sudipta Kaviraj, "A Taste for Transgression: Liminality in the novels of Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay," Occasional Papers on History and Society (New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Library, 1987), 40-65.
290. Sudipta Kaviraj, Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Indian Nationalist Discourse (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
291. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Samya," Bankim Rachanabali vol. 2, 348.
292. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, "Striloker Rup," in "Kamalakanta," Bankim Rachanabali, vol. 2, 63.
293. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, 231.
294. Rabindranath Tagore, Strir Patra, in Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 12 (Calcutta: Viswabharati, 1995).
295. Sumit Sarkar, "Nationalism and Stri-swadhinata," Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002).
296. Rassundari Dasi, Amar Jiban (1876; reprint Calcutta: De Book Store, 1987).
297. See Sukumar Sen, Battalar Chaapa o Chabi (Calcutta: Ananda Publishers, 1989), 14-16.
298. Rabindranath Tagore, Jibansmriti, in Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 9 (Calcutta: Viswabharati, 1994), 492.
299. Kenneth Ballhatchet, Race, Sex, and Class (New York, 1980).
300. Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine, 1859-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
301. Sumanta Banerjee, Dangerous Outcast: the Prostitute in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Calcutta: Seagull, 2000).
302. Arun Nag, Satik Hutom Penchar Naksha (Calcutta: Subarnorekha, 1990), 35-36.
303. "Kaliprasanna Sinha," Brajendranath Bandopadhyay (ed.), Sahitya Sadhak Charitmala, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 1986), 20-23.
304. Jogendranath Chattopadhyay, Khurima ba Prayaschitta, (Calcutta, 1906), 83-85.
305. Satishchandra Chakrabarty, Lalana Suhrid (Calcutta, 1924; first publication 1889) 16.
306. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, Paribarik Prabandha (Calcutta: Bhudev Publishing House, 1921), 15-17.
307. Dr. Ajij Ahmed, Lalana Suhrid (Gahrastha Niti) (Chakbere: Amiya Prakashan, n.d.),.
308. Uma Chakrabarty, Condition of Women in the Second-Half of the Nineteenth Century (Calcutta, 1963).
309. Ghulam Murshid, Reluctant Debutante: Response of Bengali Women to Modernization 1849-1905 (Rajshahi: Rajshahi University Press, 1983).
310. Meredith Borthwick, The Changing Role of Women in Bengal 1849-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
311. Malavika Karlekar, Voices from Within: Early Personal Narratives of Bengali Women (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993).
312. Purnima Devi, Thakurbarir Gaganthakur (Calcutta: Punascha, 1999).
313. Kailash Basini Gupta, Hindu Abalakuler Bidyabhyash (Calcutta, 1872), 2.
314. Abanindranath Tagore, Gharoa, in Abanindra Rachanabali, vol. 1 (Calcutta: Prakash Bhavan, 1985), 127.
315. Arun Nag, Chitrita Padme (Calcutta: Subarnorekha, 1999), 90-92.
316. Gautam Bhadra, "Ekti Paribarer Nathipatra," Aitihashik 6, no. 1 (June 1998), 83-125.
317. W. H. Auden, Selected Poems, Edward Mendelson (ed.) (New York: Vintage, 1979), 74.
318. Durgacharan Ray, Debganer Martye Agaman (1880; reprint, Calcutta: Dey's Publication, 1984).
319. Ramchandra Palit (ed.), Speeches of Babu Surendranath Banerjee, vol. 6 (Calcutta: S. K. Lahiri & Co., 1890-91), 445.